RAYS OF CRITICISM IN ARABIC AND PERSIAN
Year:2014 | Volume:4 | Issue:15|Papers Count:7

Ahmed Mahmud is one of the most prominent Iranian writers in recent decades. He began his work with writing the short story entitled “Sob Mishe” and continued with” Mool”. He received a position among top rank writers with writing the novel Hamsayeha. Many critics have criticized and studied his works and often dealt with the content of his stories. The paper first addresses form and structure briefly and then looks at Ahmad Mahmud's works and his writing style. In the main part of the paper, morphology of Ahmad Mahmud's 23 short stories in the collection of “az Mosafer ta Tabkhal” is investigated and analyzed in plan and plot, viewing point of view, narrator, characterization, the beginning and the end to show how the author narrates fate of urban poor classes in his stories through applying descriptive language and structural components of story harmonically.

Literature severely needs innovation and renewal to exit from weakness and inanition mood and there must be a strong connection between renewal and literal- cultural heritage. The renewal must prepare context to create new literal genres in addition to utilizing positive aspects of other cultures. So, this type of renewal is positive. Hadith of Isa ibn Hisham, essay of Mohammad Al Mavilhi is considered as the most significant literary essay in the field of renaissance which is published at the end of 19th century. This renaissance essay is reasonable and could prepare ground for creating new literal genres like story and novel. It is hard to consider this book as a special literary genre because it contains properties of old Arabic literature and also western modern literature simultaneously. So, Mavilhi didn’t completely have commitment to any form of modern literature and traditional shapes of Arabic literature until this book is counted as beginning of story and novel in contemporary Arabic literature.The present paper is going to investigate this essay and its structural and content to explain aspects borrowed from heritage on the one hand and signs of renewal in this work on the other hand. Investigation of this work shows clearly that in compilation of this book, the writer was inspired by Maghamat among his own heritage as he used new western achievements, i.e. story and novel as his pattern in writing. So this book has a strong relation with Maghamat and has similarity with novel or story in some aspects.

Synesthesia is an extended type of poetic image through transferring five natural senses of human from a sense to another which poet creates by expanding his imagination and producing and influencing images on the audience. The present study has investigated Synesthesia in poems of Abol Qasem Ahshabi and Sohrab Sepehri since this phenomenon influences and attracts audience's attention and exacts transferring of his inner sense and involving him in poet's spiritual experience in poems of these poets. Rate of applying synesthesia in poems of Alshabi and Sepehri and creating original and new words and meanings via this visual technique is our subject in this research which investigates and analyzes poems using descriptive- analytical method by bringing comparative poetic samples of two the poets. It can be said that in poems of these poets, senses were synthesized and expressed interchangeably which led to breaking boarder between senses and poets went beyond conventional meanings so that the audience experiences writer's inner impression through literary text.

Qeysar Aminpour (1959-2007) is one of the outstanding figures in contemporary Persian poetry. One of the prominent aspects of his poetic style is the distinct language of his poems in the three areas of lexicon, compositions and syntax. Relying on these three areas, this study attempted to investigate the most important linguistic features of his poetry in order to figure out special style of the poet in the realm of language and to answer the fundamental question “What are the prominent features of Aminpour’s style of poetry that make it idiosyncratic? ” Simple and modern language, innovative in lexicon and compositions, collocation of lexicon (symmetry), prominence of some words, playing on words and meanings, using codes and symbols, grammaticality and prosaic structure of sentences are among the most significant characteristics of Aminpour’s language which were examined and analyzed in this paper.

Freedom is one of the greatest and highest human values and of necessities of life and evolution that all nations have wanted its realization. The word freedom dates back to human history and it has found criterion and rate through indicators such as truth-seeking, justice and human's existential growth and defines its own limits and is manifested in literature of different nations in various forms. Freedom in contemporary Arabic Literature is proposed in different ways especially existentialistic freedom origin of which is human's knowledge and wisdom that were revealed in Salah Abd-al Sabour's and Adonis’ poems. This inquiry is going to investigate and analyze this concept in the thoughts ofYusuf Alkhal, contemporary modernist Syrian poet, from political, social and existential perspective as he has been tired of Zionist's oppression and believes that freedom will not be achieved without effort, great suffering and sacrifice. He sees social freedom as establishment and stability of freedom in society as far as people's presence will be provided in various areas and is an existentialist whose thought’s main and axial issue is man and his concerns. His thinking and thought is focused on freedom for reaching the truth and power of reasoning is the most important basis of freedom and considers it as a tool for reaching true freedom.

Researches support that color is like a force that affects on nervous system and this effect is not less than music and sometimes it may be more than that. Poets throughout history have shown great interest in color, but this interest varies from time to time. As at Pre-Islamic era, color was used in its original meaning in most situations and this view has slowly gone toward using color in symbolic meanings. As far as we can see poets of next eras especially in contemporary period use color in its symbolic meaning. Since the Abbasid period is golden period of Arabic literature and according to Motanabbi’s prominent situation among the poets of this period, we tried to study color in poems of this valuable poet using descriptive-analytic method and expressing color application in two symbolic and explicit kinds. It is observed that the poet sometimes uses the color in symbolic meaning and sometimes in original meaning and sometimes he uses both meanings together in a couplet.

Image recognition is a branch of comparative literature studying the image of foreign other in a literary text. This science is a proper context to differentiate human beings from each other and by this recognition, common essence of humanity is revealed and a gate is opened to brotherhood world that brings together "I" with the other. Therefore, comparative researches that evaluate our relation with others are very important. Albayati is one of the biggest contemporary Arab poets most of whose odes have been dedicated to investigating the other's image. Meanwhile, he composed three odes in description of three Kurdish artists: Abd-allah Gooran, Yashar Kamal and Aylmaz Güney. Arabic" I" in Albayati's poem has drawn a system of relations with other Kurdish artist. The present paper tries to investigate Albayati's image of other Kurdish artist using descriptive- analytical method, based on comparative criticism. Results of the paper suggest that the poet has shown image of other Kurdish artist neglectfully. This kind of reading the other is one of the most beautiful possible methods and a unique true way of recognizing the other.