IRANIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS
Year:2019 | Volume:9 | Issue:29|Papers Count:7

Regarding the importance of energy consumption and trade liberalization in economic growth, the effects of these two variables on GDP examined during the 2016-1995 for OPEC countries. First, the relationship between variables was evaluated with a panel vector autoregressive model. The results showed that there is a two-way causal relationship between the variables. Afterward, confirmed the presence of a causal relationship between the variables, the long-run and short-run relationship between variables was investigated with a panel co-integration approach. Results showed that energy consumption and trade liberalization had a significant effect on GDP in long-run. However, the role of trade liberalization in GDP growth was less important than energy consumption. Short-run results were similar to long-run but the error correction term represented the low-speed adjustment in this study.

The population is one of the most important categories and interdisciplinary concepts in which the changes have many socio-economic implications. Therefore, recognizing the factors affecting it and analyzing the trends of their changes is one of the most important issues for the purpose of proper and principled economic and social policy. In this regard, the present study addresses the socio-economic factors affecting population growth in Iran. For this purpose, using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method, the components affecting population growth have been analyzed and analyzed. The variables of GDP, women's employment, total literacy rate and mortality of infants under one year were identified as explanatory variables that affect the total fertility rate in Iran as an independent variable. The results of this study indicate that the long-term fertility rate has a direct relation with the overall literacy rate, the rate of infant mortality and the employment of women, and has an inverse relationship with the growth rate of gross domestic product. In other words, women's employment is consistent with their cyclical behaviour, and national production has anticyclical behaiviour.

In the process of moving towards sustainable development, it is necessary to study the environmental damage caused by the energy sector and its appropriate solutions. In this study, the relationship between air pollution emissions (measured by per capita CO2 emissions) with per capita income, energy consumption and electricity generation from fossil and non-fossil fuels in Iran by ARDL method in the period 1971-2018 has been investigated. The results of this paper show that there is an environmental relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution in Kuznets. This means that in the early stages of the country's economic growth, with the increase in per capita income, the amount of CO2 emissions increases. But as economic growth and development improve, per capita incomes will reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Energy consumption coefficient was obtained positive in both models. Also, electricity generation coefficient from fossil fuels (such as coal, oil and natural gas) was positive and finally electricity generation coefficient from non-fossil fuels (such as water and wind) was negative.

In recent decades, much research has focused on the direct and indirect effects of human capital and structural changes on economic growth, and different views and opinions have been presented. Environmental pollution has also been emphasized as one of the indirect factors affecting economic growth. But, one should not ignore the limitations of the theory's implications for the use of human capital and structural changes to reduce environmental pollution in order to achieve economic development goals and policies. Accordingly, since economic growth is one of the important goals of countries and the study of the causes of economic growth is of particular importance, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of structural change and human capital shocks on the relationship between environmental pollution and growth using data from 15 countries of the MENA area from 2000 to 2016 using both Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and Panel Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) methods. The results show that environmental pollution has a significant negative impact on economic growth in the sample under study. Concurrent human capital shocks and structural changes have a moderating role on the negative impact of greenhouse gas emissions on economic growth in the MENA countries.

In societies that have international trade interactions, inflation and inflation uncertainty can be affected by external factors such as exchange rate volatility and inflation in trading partners. These effects are most important in the sanctioned countries with high fluctuations. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of inflation in Iran’ s top trading partners (i. e. United Arabic Emirates, China, Germany, Turkey and South Korea, based on the latest statistics provided by the Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration (IRICA)) on inflation uncertainty in Iran during the period from 1981 to 2018. In order to measure inflation uncertainty in Iran, conditional variance of residuals was used in the equation of inflation rate. Using Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models, conditional variance was estimated, and the Exponential GARCH (EGARCH) model was chosen as the most efficient one based on prediction error statistics. Finally, the causality relationship between Iran and its trading partners’ inflation and conditional variance of inflation in Iran was investigated using the Granger causality test. The results show that there is a unilateral causality relationship from Iran’ s inflation to inflation uncertainty. Furthermore, inflation rates of China and Turkey were identified as Granger causality in Iran’ s inflation uncertainty.

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the percentage and the way in which Islamic conventions affect banking facilities in Iran's economy. First, the business cycle is extracted and evaluated using Hodrick Prescott filter and Markov switching model, and then the model estimation is performed by vector error correction method. The statistical population in this study is GDP at constant prices of 2004 without oil, banking facilities and non-bank credit institutions in the period of 1396-1386, which are extracted annually from the central bank using soft data. Eviews software has been analyzed. The results show that the average boom and recession cycles were-53928. 92 and-13787. 51, respectively. Indicators of business cycle facts showed that the only Islamic convention of banking facilities that could be the cause of business cycle was civil participation. The Johansson test also confirms the convergence of variables in the long run. The error correction model associated with the equilibrium relationship indicates that the error correction coefficient is estimated to be-0. 50, and the business cycle response to liquidity momentum shocks, bank facilities and civil partnership contracts over the ten periods are respectively 8, 20 and 13 percent, respectively.