Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences
Year:2021 | Volume:18 | Issue:4|Papers Count:16

Aim and Background: Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder causes significant impairment in social, educational, occupational and motor abilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of motor skills training on executive functions in children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. Methods and Materials: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest and posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all male sixth grade elementary school students in Kerman in the academic year 2009-2010; The study sample consisted of 30 people who were selected by available sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental groups (15 people) and control (15 people). Subjects in two stages of pre-test and post-test were Swanson and Nolan Pelham (1980) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Questionnaires, Wechsler IQ (2002) Numerical Memory and Similarities Subcommittee, and Andrehori Complex Imaging Test. (1942) responded. The experimental group received motor skills training as a group during 18 sessions of 45 minutes, while the control group did not receive any training. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS software version 25. Findings: The results of comparison of the experimental group with the control group showed that the executive functions of working memory and programming-organizing of the experimental group were significantly increased compared to the control group. And the effectiveness of motor skills training on executive functions in the post-test neighborhood was confirmed (p<. 01). The magnitude of this effect on the executive function of working memory was 0. 64 and planning-organizing was 0. 69 (p<. 01). Conclusions: In general, the results showed the effect of motor skills training on executive functions in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. And this method can be used to treat these children.

Aim and Background: Research has shown that the conditions and characteristics of subcultures can be one of the causes of addiction and drug use, and the study of psychosocial factors in any society can clarify the characteristics of that culture and provide clues about its problems. Society is especially addicted; therefore, this study seeks to understand and identify the psychosocial factors of subcultures related to drug use. Methods and Materials: The study is qualitative and grounded in theory. The city of Isfahan was selected as a research pilot. Variables and categories were extracted from 32 interviews that were validated by professors and subject matter experts. Out of 18 pivotal categories, 5 main categories including causal conditions, contextual conditions, interventionist conditions, strategies and consequences were identified. Findings: Substance abuse is associated with "practical-emotional dependence", "social exclusion" and "deviant subculture". People in their addictive lifestyle suffer from a kind of separation from society. Continuity of membership in the deviant subculture is considered as the only capital of the addicted person and provides the ground for the formation of more deviant and deviant behaviors. Consequences will include: persistence of addiction, psychosocial decline, formation of new negative values, subculture of discrete support and trust in the face of intergroup distrust. Conclusions: According to the results, it seems that social and emotional support of addicts and helping them to quit drugs prevents them from being absorbed into aggressive and delinquent subcultures. However, in order to increase the external credibility of the research, it is suggested that similar research be conducted in other societies.

Aim and Background: Overweight and obesity is one of the health problems of developing and developed countries and is increasing at an alarming rate throughout the world, especially in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of emotion regulation training along with diet on psychological flexibility and self-regulatory behavior of overweight adolescents. Methods and Materials: This research was a quasi-experimental study that was a practical and semiexperimental design of pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control and experimental group. The statistical population of the present study included all female adolescents of the first secondary school of Tonekabon city in the academic year of 1998-99, whose number was 286. Research sample 30 students were selected by multistage cluster sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (15 experimental, 15 control). For data collection, Brown et al. (1991) Self-Regulation Scale, Bond et al. (2011) Acceptance and Practice Questionnaire (Mental Flexibility), and Body Mass Index (BMI) were used before and after the training. Emotion regulation training was performed as a group on the experimental group and during this period the members of the control group did not receive any intervention. Research data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance and Bonferren post hoc test in SPSS24. Findings: It showed that emotion regulation training along with diet was effective on psychological flexibility and self-regulatory behavior of overweight adolescents. Conclusions: According to the obtained results, emotion regulation training along with diet has an effect on increasing mental flexibility and improving the self-regulatory behavior of overweight adolescents.

Aim and Background: Comparing different therapeutic approaches in psychology can help therapists identify their time, cost, and effectiveness. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of Gestalt coaching training and treatment based on acceptance and commitment on emotional intelligence and selfefficacy of Tehran Telecommunication Company employees. Methods and Materials: The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up with control group. The statistical population included all employees of Perso Electronic Telecommunication Company in Tehran in 1398, from which according to Cohen's table, 45 people were selected by relative random sampling and randomly divided into two experimental groups and a control group. The research instruments included Bar-Ann (1980) and Scherer and Maddox (1982) self-efficacy questionnaires. The experimental groups underwent Gestalt coaching training and acceptance and commitment treatment. Data were analyzed by repeated measures and ANOVA test. Findings: The results showed that Gestalt coaching training has a significant effect on increasing employees' emotional intelligence in three stages of the test (P ≥ 0. 001). Acceptance and commitment-based therapy had a significant effect on increasing employees' emotional intelligence between pre-test and post-test (P ≥ 0. 001). But there is no significant effect between post-test and follow-up (P 00 0. 001). Also, Gestalt coaching training and treatment based on acceptance and commitment on increasing employee self-efficacy, in the pre-test and posttest phase has a significant effect (P ≥ 0. 001). However, Gestalt coaching training and treatment based on acceptance and commitment on increasing employee self-efficacy, in the post-test and follow-up phase, there is no significant effect (P ≤ 0. 001). Conclusions: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that Gestalt coaching training and treatment based on acceptance and commitment can be a good way to reduce control and increase emotional intelligence and selfefficacy of employees.

Aim and Background: Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive movement and postural disorder that occurs following nerve damage in the early years and causes motor and neurological disabilities. Disorders in daily life activities, heavy medical expenses and severe dependence on others affect the functioning of the family, especially mothers. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of self-compassion therapy and psychological capital training on the tolerance of anxiety and emotional self-regulation of mothers of children with cerebral palsy. Methods and Materials: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test and followup design. The statistical population of the study included mothers with children with cerebral palsy in rehabilitation centers under the supervision of Shahrekord Welfare in 2019 (270 subjects) of which a sample of 45 subjects were selected and randomly divided into three groups (two experimental and a control group) were assigned. Individuals in both experimental groups participated in 10 sessions of 90 minutes in self-compassion and psychoanalytic courses. Participants answered the Simmons and Gaher (2005) Emotional Distress Tolerance Questionnaire and the Emotional Self-Regulation Questionnaire (2010) in three stages. Research data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and independent t-test. Findings: The results showed that self-compassion training and psychological capital training have increased the stress tolerance of mothers with children with cerebral palsy in the same and effective way(p<0. 05) and among the two intervention methods, only psychological capital training was able to improve mothers' emotional selfregulation (p<0. 001). Conclusions: Based on the results of the present study, it can be said that two methods of self-compassion training intervention and psychological capital training can be used as effective intervention options to improve anxiety tolerance and self-regulation of mothers of children with cerebral palsy.

Aim and Background: Obesity is a complex problem that can be caused by a large number of biological, psychological and social factors. The study aimed to examine the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on self-control and flexibility of body image in obese patients volunteering for sleeve and gastric bypass surgery. Methods and Materials: The method of the study was semi-experimental with pretest, posttest, and follow-up with control group design. The research population included all obese patients who volunteered for sleeve and gastric bypass surgery referred to Tehran Obesity Treatment Center in 2020 and in the period from January to February. Among them, a 30-subject sample was selected by convenience sampling and were assigned randomly in tow groups (15 subjects in each group). The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions two days a week of compassion-focused treatment intervention, and the control group were on the waiting list. Collecting the data were gathered Tanji et al. 's self-control questionnaire (2004) and Sands et al. 's body image flexibility questionnaire (2013). Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24 and statistical test of analysis of variance with repeated measures. Findings: The results of repeated measure ANOVA showed the subjects of experimental group, after receiving intervention, had better self-control and flexibility of body image than subjects of control group. Conclusions: Therefore, it seems that compassion-focused therapy significantly increased self-control and flexibility of body image of obese patients. Theoretical and practical implications have been discussed in this article.

Aim and Background: The birth of a disabled child influences a wonderful effect on parents psych especially mothers. The birth of disabled child could be let parents down and cause to be hard to cope with. Therefore, the present research aimed to study of effectiveness of native solution-focused therapy based on narrations of mothers with mentally retarded children on their resilience. Methods and Materials: The research method of this paper was semi-experimental with pretest, posttest, and control group design. The research population include all mothers who has disable child and were referred to Welfare Organization of Arak in the first 3-month of 2019 year. The research sample includes 40 mothers who were selected randomly among research population (each group 20 subjects). To gather the data Conner and Davidson’ s questionnaire was used. The experimental group received solution-focused therapy intervention and the subjects of control group were in waitlist. Analyzing the data carried out by Repeated Measure ANOVA. Findings: The results showed that native solution-focused therapy intervention has been effective on resiliency of mothers with disabled children (p<. 05). Conclusions: According to the findings, it seems to intervention of native solution-focused therapy based on narrations of mothers with disabled children on increasing of their resilience has been effective. Theoretical and practical implications discussed in this research.

Aim and Background: Alexithymia is prevalent in several psychological disorders, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder. Due to the prevalence of alexithymia and interpersonal problems among people with substance use disorder, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on alexithymia and interpersonal problems in men with substance use disorders. Methods and Materials: The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test design and two-month follow-up with control group. The statistical population was men with substance abuse who in 2019 had referred to private addiction treatment centers in Tehran for treatment. Two centers were chosen for convenience and among them 42 subjects who fill informed consent were selected and randomly assigned in experimental and control group. Data were collected by Bagby et al. 's Toronto Alexithymian Scale (1994) and Barkham et al. ’ s Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (1996) in three stages of evaluation. The research findings were finally analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance test using SPSS software version 22. Findings: The results of data analysis showed that acceptance and commitment therapy was effective on alexithymia and interpersonal problems (p<. 05). In addition, the results of the follow-up phase also showed that the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on alexithymia and interpersonal problems in men with substance use disorder was consistent. Conclusions: According to these results, addiction therapists can use acceptance and commitment therapy to reduce mood disorders and interpersonal problems in people with a history of addiction.

Aim and Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental neurological disorder characterized by several symptoms including impulsive behavior and inability to attention. To reduce such symptoms, it is necessary to use appropriate psychological therapies. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness on behavioral inhibition, self-control, and high-risk behaviors in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Methods and Materials: The study method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design including a control group and a three-month follow-up period. The statistical population of this study included adolescent boys aged 13 to 18, with ADHD who had been admitted to the social emergency of the city of Shiraz city in the year 2019. Thirty adolescents with ADHD were selected through psychiatric evaluation and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) through convenience sampling after which they were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (with 15 individuals in each). The experimental group received mindfulness-based intervention during two and a half months which included ten 90-minute sessions while the control group did not experience training and remained on the waiting list. The questionnaires used in this study included the Go/No-Go test, the Tangney self-control questionnaire, and the Iranian adolescents’ risk-taking questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS-26 software in two sections, namely descriptive (mean and standard deviation), and inferential (analysis of variance with repeated measures). Findings: The results showed that mindfulness-based intervention had a significant effect on behavioral inhibition and increased self-control, and it reduces high-risk behavior in adolescents with ADHD (P<0/01). Conclusions: Based on the results of the present study, it is safe to say that mindfulness-based therapy improved behavioral inhibition, increased self-control, and reduced high-risk behavior in adolescents with ADHD. Accordingly, this treatment is suggested to be used along with other approaches to reduce the symptoms of people with ADHD.

Aim and Background: Due to the differences in happiness index and its affecting factors in different geographical and organizational environments, in this study has developed the native model of the effective factors on employee happiness in Mobarakeh Steel Company in Isfahan. Methods and Materials: This research is a descriptive type that has been done in terms of mixed methodology (including qualitative and quantitative methods) and its qualitative part is based on grounded theory approach and its quantitative part is correlation method. The study population of this project includes all of the Mobarakeh Steel of Isfahan personnel, 14529 people in 1398. By conducting semi-structured interview with 75 employees who were selected by cluster random samling and completion of a researcher-made questionnaire by 407 employees that selected purposefully and data analysis, five factors affecting happiness employees was developed including the foundations of happiness(Familial Communication, Communication types in workplace, Justice and Social Support, Material and Spiritual Reward), makers happiness(Positive thinking, Good mood, Targeted, Job security), happiness breakers(Stress, Sickness, Lack of justice, Inadequate Organizational Environment), happiness mechanisms(Emotional Intelligence, Intimacy, Social skills, Meeting basic needs) and consequences of happiness(Peace, Job and Familial Satisfaction, Health) and the native model of the effective factors on employees happiness. Research data were analyzed by using SPSS 21 and SMART-PLS3 structural equation modeling software at descriptive and inferential level and to perform model fitting was used PLS3 software. Findings: The results showed that five factors of happiness foundations, happiness makers, happiness breakers, happiness mechanisms and happiness consequences has direct and indirect relationship with each other and the happiness native model of Mobarakeh steel company employees has a good fit(p<0. 01). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that five factors of foundations of happiness, happiness makers, happiness breakers, happiness mechanisms and consequences of happiness have mutual effects on each other and are affective factors on the happiness of Mobarakeh steel company employees.

Aim and Background: Research has shown that bullying in cyberspace has negative consequences on adolescents' educational performance and there is an inverse relationship between emotional intelligence and bullying; therefore, the purpose of this study was to comparison of effectiveness of empathy training and social perspective-taking training on emotional intelligence of adolescents with cyber bullying. Methods and Materials: This experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design with control group and follow-up one month. The statistical population of this study included all the female students high school in Bushehr city in year academic 2018-2019 and 45 students were considered as the sample size in two experimental groups (each group of 15 student) and control (15 student). The experimental groups underwent empathy training (10 sessions 90 minutes) and social perspective-taking training (10 sessions 90 minutes), but the control group received no training and remained in the waiting list. To collect data cyber bullying questionnaire of Antoniadou, Kokkinos and Markos (2016) and modified emotional intelligence scale of Schutte and et al (1998). Data analysis was performed using SPSS-24 software in two sections: descriptive and inferential (analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni). Findings: The results of the study showed that both types of treatment in post-test and follow up had a significant effect on emotional intelligence of adolescents with cyber bullying (P<0. 05). Also, social perspectivetaking training had stronger effects than empathy training in improvement of emotional intelligence (P<0. 05). Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it can be said that social perspective-taking training and empathy training can be used as a treatment to improvement of emotional intelligence in educational and therapeutic settings.

Aim and Background: Processing speed plays an important role in specific learning disorder. Therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the mediating role of processing speed in the relationship between working memory and phonological awareness with reading in students with reading disorder. Methods and Materials: The present study is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study included all students with specific learning disorder-reading from the end of the first grade to the fifth grade of elementary school in the seven districts of Mashhad and referring to special centers for learning disabilities in Mashhad in the academic year 2019-2020. The sample consisted of 150 students with specific learning disorder-reading who were selected by convenience sampling. To collect the data, reading and dyslexia test (NEMA), phonological awareness test (PAT) and The Wechsler intelligence scale for children, fourth edition (WISC-IV) were used. Research data were analyzed using PLS and SPSS statistical software as well as structural equation modeling. Findings: The findings showed that there is a relationship between working memory, phonological awareness, processing speed and reading of students with reading disorder. Processing speed mediated the relationship between working memory and reading of students with reading disorder. Also, processing speed mediated the relationship between phonological awareness and reading of students. Conclusions: The results showed that processing speed is mediated the relationship between working memory and phonological awareness with reading of students with reading disorders. Paying attention to these processes and the interventions related with them can help improve students' reading disorder.

Aim and Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of parenting based on organizational skills on symptoms of students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Methods and Materials: This was a quasi-experimental research with pretest, posttest, and follow up, as well as the control group. The study population consisted of all children aged 8-10 years with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Isfahan who were educated in Isfahan public schools in 2019-2020. In this study, participated 30 male children (15 control group and 15 experimental group) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder that diagnosed on the basis of the Child Psychiatry and Fourth edition of Swanson-Nolan and Pelham Scale (SNAP-IV). In the experimental group, parents of children of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 11 therapy sessions were conducted with an average of 90-minute. The participants answered to Fourth edition of Swanson-Nolan and Pelham Scale (SNAP-IV) in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Data were analyzed by MANCOVA using SPSS23 software. Findings: Parenting based on organizational skills improved attention deficit and total attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in the post-test and the effects have been significant and the effect on follow-up stage also remains(p≤ 05). But parenting based on organizational skills did not have a significant effect on symptoms of hyperactivity / impulsivity (P≥ 0. 05). Conclusions: This study shows promising results for parenting based on organizational skills as an intervention for improving Symptoms of Attention Deficit in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and suggest that Symptoms of Attention Deficit are malleable through implementation of parenting based on organizational skills.

Aim and Background: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on the severity of symptoms and Function of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Methods and Materials: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test with 3-month follow-up and control group. The statistical population of the study included all children with obsessivecompulsive disorder aged 8 to 12 years in Esfahan in 2019, along with their mothers at the time of the study, of which 20 children with their parents, after an authentic psychiatrist or psychologist diagnosed them with obsessive-compulsive disorder and they obtained at least a score of 14 on the Children's Yale-Brown OCD Scale, were selected based on Purposive sampling method and randomly assigned into the experimental and control groups. Instruments used in the study included Children's Yale-Brown OCD Scale, Children's Global Assessment Scale and Child Obsessive Compulsive Impact Scale– Revised. To analyze the findings, inferential statistics methods of analysis of repeated measures were used. Findings: Comparison of experimental group with control group showed that the symptoms of obsessivecompulsive disorder were significantly reduced in the experimental group compared to the control group and the improvement of children's overall function in the post-test and follow-up stages was confirmed (p≤ . 0. 05). So that 71% and 63% of the changes in overall functioning and Total score of symptom severity are affected by acceptance and commitment therapy, respectively. But the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on family and social functioning was not significant (P≥ 0. 05). Conclusions: Acceptance and commitment therapy is effective in reducing symptoms and improving overall function in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Aim and Background: Skin diseases, such as psoriasis, are associated with significant psychological and social disabilities. Therefore, the current research was done with the aim of examining the effectiveness of selfcompassion Therapy on psychological distress and quality of the life of Psoriasis Skin Patients. Methods and Materials: This research is a semi-experimental with control group and follow-up which was observed for a month. The statistical population of the research includes all skin patients with psoriasis who went to skin treatment centers in Tehran between Dec and Feb in 2019. From this population, 40 people were selected by available sampling method and after matching were randomly assigned to experimental (20 people) and control (20 people) groups. The subjects of experimental group received seven sessions of self-compassion Therapy, however, the control group did not receive any training. The questionnaires of Kessler's Psychological Distress (2002) and Bref's Quality of Life (1996) were distributed before and after educational interventions as pretest, posttest and follow up study on all subjects. The findings of the research were analyzed with Variance with repeated measures and SPSS-20 software. Findings: The results of the analysis showed that the self-compassion Therapy was significantly effective in reducing psychological distress and increasing quality of life in Psoriasis Skin Patients (p<0. 05). Conclusions: It seems that self-compassion Therapy can help improve psychological distress and quality of life of Psoriasis Skin Patients by increasing kindness to oneself and others and managing emotions.

Aim and Background: The concept of mentalization as a purely human capacity refers to the understanding of one's own and others' psychological processes, which in 4 dimensions forms the basis of one's daily interactions. Today, this basic psychological process has been considered in all major mental disorders. In this study, a summary review of the concept and multidimensional nature of mentalization has been studied. Methods and Materials: This review study was conducted in December 2020 from indexed articles on mentalization and its four dimensions in PubMed Databases (SID), Scientific Information Database, Google Scholar, Scopus using related key words such as: Mentalization، Automatic mentalizing، Controlled mentalizing، Cognitive mentalizing، Affective mentalizing. Findings: Neuroscientists have identified four components or different dimensions of mentalization: 1. automatic mentalizing versus controlled mentalizing 2. Self-mentalizing versus another mentalizing 3. Internal mentalizing versus external mentalizing 4. Cognitive mentalizing versus Affective mentalizing which indicates different social cognitive processes and different forms of mental illness can be explained as an imbalance in these dimensions. Conclusions: Applications of mindfulness and treatment based on it indicate the treatment of several different mental health disorders Such as psychosis, depression, eating disorders as well as personality disorders. This model is applicable to a wide range of contexts and conditions, such as parenting, couple therapy, family therapy, art therapy, and services to help some of the most vulnerable, and social contexts such as schools and even prisons.