SPORT PHYSIOLOGY (RESEARCH ON SPORT SCIENCE)
Year:2017 | Volume:9 | Issue:33 |Papers Count:12

Currently, sport researchers try to identify the proper dietary supplements, that is essential for modern sports. Therefore, most professional athletes to maximize their performance, use these supplements. Creatine recognized as a supplement for enhancing the effectiveness of athletes. So, due to its widespread use among athletes, study of its possible positive or negative impact on the body is a necessity. The researcher in this study investigated the effect of short-term creatine supplementation on markers of cardiovascular risk factor after exhaustive exercise in elite karate athletes. For this purpose, 8 karate ka athletes (age 21.0±5.1 yr., weight 71.2±9.6 kg, height 180.4±4.7 cm) participated in the study, voluntarily. Study method was double-blind. Cardiovascular and respiratory data were gathered by incremental exercise test on treadmill with gas analyzer system and cardio screen at rest and Wingate test, before and after creatine supplementation. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software and repeated measure technique. Subjects consumed 20 grams of creatine or placebo per day for 5 days in 4 steps. Between the use of creatine or placebo supplement for 10 days was considered to body clean. The results showed that short-term creatine supplementation have desirable but non-significant effects on cardiovascular and respiratory function.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of intensity and specificity of muscle pre-activation on maximum force, leg velocity and vertical jump performance in athlete men.13 athlete university students (weight: 70.61 ± 3.76 kg, age: 22.69 ± 1.75 years, and height: 174.84±1.15cm) were selected. Subjects did exposure to five different protocols randomly in cross design method. Protocols were warming up alone, warming up and performing static half Squat movement with 60% and 90% of maximum force, warming up and performing vertical jump exercise with weighted vest that was 5% and 10% of one maximum repetition in each subject. The result by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that vertical jump performance after performing protocol of 5% with weighted vest in comparison with warming up protocols was higher significantly (P=0.003). But in comparison to each two Protocols, despite apparent differences, no significant differences were found. In leg velocity Variable, results showed that performance after the performing Protocol of 5% and %10 weighted vest was significantly increased Compared with the warming up alone Protocol (P=0.02, P=0.04). In The maximum power variable, the results showed that the subjects' performance increased after performing each protocol and even after warming up protocol alone. In general, the results of this study showed that the using a special warm up (movement patterns) in the combine with the exercise intensity and load, cause significant increase in explosive performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the blood flow restriction deal (Kaatsu) during isometric exercise on growth hormone and testosterone in active males. This study was a semi-experimental research.10 active males (1 to 3 times training per week, age: 23.8±2.32 years, BMI: 24.26±1.80 kg/m2) were participated in this study voluntarily. Subject’s ankle blood pressures were determined by color Doppler ultrasound. Then, subjects performed the study protocol that consisted of six 10-second isometric contractions with 60 seconds’ rest between each contraction with varying levels of external compression (0% (without compression), 70%, 100%, and 130% of systolic pressure). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after and 15 minute after exercise. Statistical analysis of data did not show significant difference (time ´ trial) between varying levels of external compression in growth hormone (GH), testosterone (T) and blood lactate (BL). GH, T and BL increased significantly (time) from pre-to post exercise in the all varying levels of external compression (P<0.05), and except of T (P=0.074), GH and BL was increased significantly pre-to 15 minute after exercise in all varying levels of external compression. On the basis of results, by increasing pressure of blood flow restriction the levels of GH and T increased further but there was no significant difference in the levels of GH and T between varying levels of external compression with the same intensity.  

The purpose of this study was to compare effects of three combined aerobic-resistance exercise training protocols with different intensities on adiponectin, retinol binding protein4 and lipid profile in men with type 2diabetes.43male patients with type2 diabetes were randomly divided into 4groups (three combined aerobic-resistance exercise training groups 1 (Age 47.3±9.0, Weight 77.1±9.1, BMI 26.6±3.5), 2 (Age 45.6±8.3, Weight 80.6±8.7, BMI 26.9±1.8), 3 (Age 47.0±5.9, Weight 82.9±11.7, BMI 28.0±2.9) and control (Age 46.1±9.2, Weight 84.4±10.3, BMI 28.2±2.4)). Training groups performed combined aerobic-resistance exercises for 12 weeks, 3 times a week with given intensities) group 1: resistance 50-60% one repetition maximum- aerobic 70-80% maximum heart rate, group 2: resistance 60-70% one repetition maximum- aerobic 60-70% maximum heart rate and group 3: resistance 70-80% one repetition maximum- aerobic 50-60% maximum heart rate). The blood sampling to determine the levels of adiponectin, retinol binding protein 4 and lipid profile before and after 12 weeks, were conducted. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance. Retinol binding protein 4 levels significantly decreased in 2 and 3 combined training groups compared with control group (P<0.05). Triglyceride levels was significantly decreased in all training groups (P<0.05). No significant difference were observed between groups in body weight, Body mass index, fat mass, adiponectin, cholesterol, High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol.12weeks of combined aerobic-resistance exercise training protocols with different intensities has no significant effect on adiponectin and anthropometric indices. But, two combined exercise training protocols of 2 and 3 through decreasing retinol binding protein 4 and triglyceride levels could be helpful on improvement of metabolic disorders in patient with type 2 diabetes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of folate supplementation during 10 weeks of resistance training on serum and stomach level of ghrelin and serum level of insulin in male Wistar rats. Thirty-two male Wistar rats (8 weeks old, 204.4±18.2 g.BW) after 1 week familiarization and based on their weights, were randomly divided into four equal groups (8 rats in each group): control, folate supplementation, resistance training, resistance + supplementation groups. Training groups carried out 10 weeks (5 session/week) of resistance training on 1 meter height ladder (divided by 26 stairs) with load corresponding to30℅ of their body weight (suspended from tail) at the first week and was gradually increased to 250℅ at the last week. Supplementation was conducted by dissolving 10 mg folic acid in per liter of consumed water. Forty-eight hours following last session of training, animals were anesthetized, sacrificed and their gastric tissues and serums were collected. Serum concentrations of ghrelin and insulin and stomach concentrations of ghrelin were assessed using ELISA method and analyzed by ANOVA and kruskal vallis tests (P<0.05). The results showed that serum level of ghrelin in resistance group decreased significantly in compare with control (P=0.002), supplementation (P=0.001) and resistance + supplementation (P=0.017) groups. Also, the ghrelin of stomach increased significantly in resistance + supplementation group in compare with control (P=0.014) and resistance (P=0.017) groups. There was no significant differences between 4 groups in serum insulin (P=0.673). Based on our results, folate supplementation during resistance training increases the ghrelin of stomach or at least prevents from decreases the serum ghrelin.

The purpose of study was to determine the effect of aerobic and resistance training on resistin, fasting blood sugar, insulin and insulin resistance in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. For this purpose, 34 women with gestational diabetes voluntarily participated which were selected from the available sampling pool. The subjects were simple random assigned in 3 groups.12 subjects (age 28.92 ± 3.60 years) participated in an aerobic training group (3 days/week, 30-45 min/day, 50-70%maximum heart rate), 11subject (age 30.27 ± 4.14 years) participated in a resistance training group (3 days/week, 2-3 set of 15 repetition, 50-70%maximum heart rate and Rating of perceived exertion), and 11 subjects (age 29.18 ± 4.23 years) were in control group who did not participate in any exercise program during the study period. Blood samples were collected in the pre-test and post-test to assess the level of blood sugar, insulin and resistin. ELISA method was used to measure resistin. Paired samples T Test results showed that resistance training leads to significant decrease in fasting blood sugar (P=0.012) and insignificant reduction in aerobic group (P=0.31), in training groups was observed insignificant changes in resistin, insulin levels, insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity. The results of covariance analysis indicated a significant difference in decreased insulin resistance index (P=0.008) and increased insulin plasma levels (P=0.031), and insulin sensitivity between groups. While variance analysis did not show significant difference in resistin levels in groups. It seems likely resistance training is more effective in compression to aerobic training in reducing fasting glucose levels and insulin resistance in women with gestational diabetes.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of high intensity aerobic training on migraine indexes and quality of life improvement in women with migraine disorder. This semi-experimental study with tow pretest-posttest groups (control (n=9) and high intensity aerobic training (n=9)) and randomized sampling have been done in women with migraine disorder with a mean age (22.8 ± 2.5), the mean BMI (20.40 ± 2.8) and %BF (22.41 ± 6.01). High intensity aerobic training protocol (15-17 Borg RPE Scale) consisted of 8 weeks/ 3session per week/ and 30 minutes per session. Migraine indices (frequency, duration, and intensity) were assessed during one month pre- and post via headache daily records questionnaire as well as the quality of life (HIT-6 questionnaire) and Vo2max (Strand bike Monark E839, Sweden) were assessed at 48 hours pre-and post of training program. The data using ANCOVA and LSD was analyzed. With considering pretests data, there was a significant difference between groups in posttests (P<0.001). Data analysis, moreover, showed that high intensity aerobic training resulted in a significant decrease in the intensity (P<0.05). Frequency (P<0.001) and duration (P<0.05) of headache attacks and improved quality of life (P<0.001) and increased aerobic fitness (P<0.001). High intensity aerobic training, probably can be considered as a non-pharmaceutical treatment approach with positive affecting on migraine indices, quality of life, and improving of aerobic fitness in people with migraine.

The purpose of this study was the comparison effect of eight weeks continuous and interval training on PRO- BNP/CORIN system in coronary artery disease patients after CABG surgery. Methodology: 36 patients were selected purposive (27 men and 9 women with mean of age 60.32±5.81 year, height 164.64 ± 9.25 cm, weight 73.86±14.23 kg, fat 32.30±4.28, SBP 142.67 ± 6.49, DBP 84.5±5.16 mmhg in seated position at rest situation and functional capacity of 7.08±2.49 METs) and then divided randomly into three groups: control (C) group (without training program) aerobic continuous (AC) training and aerobic interval (AI) training (exercise training program was performed 3 day/week for 8 weeks) with intensities 65% to 80% and 80% to 95% of reserve heart rate in order.48 hours before the first session of training program and after the final training session blood samples were collected. wilcoxin and kruskal wallis tests were used for analyzing data. Results indicate that PRO-BNP is increased, CORIN is decreased and BNP also is decreased significantly in (C) group (P=0.005, 0.012, 0.003). In both (AC) and (AI) groups, PRO-BNP is decreased, CORIN is increased and BNP also is decreased but these variations was significant only in AI group (P=0.005, 0.002, 0.002). Between group analyze also indicated that there is significant difference between groups in variation of PRO-BNP, CORIN and BNP (P£0.001). Conclusion: (AI) training in contrast of (AC) training is more effective in PRO-BNP/CORIN system development after CABG.

The aim of this semi-experimental study was to examine the effects of 2 and 4 weeks of CoQ10 supplementation on the ventilator threshold and respiratory compensation point in Young male endurance athletes. Fourteen (22.4±1.2 y, 12.5±4.4 fat percent, 53.3±2.7 ml.kg-1.min-1) young male athletes randomly were divided into two equal groups (n=7). In a double-blind four weeks study, experimental group and control group consumed 60 mg/daily CoQ10 and dextrose, respectively. Two groups performed Iliev GXT on the treadmill to measure ventilator threshold (VT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP) on the 1, 14 and 28 days. Respiratory gases collected automatically through the gas analyzer breath by breath and VO2, VCO2 and VE recorded. VO2 equivalent to VT and RCP automatically calculated at 15s intervals. Analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test (within group), independent t test (between groups) have been used (P<0.05). The results showed that; mean VO2 equivalent to VT and RCP in Q10 group had a significant increase but there was no significant difference between two groups (P>0.05). In none of the groups, RCP hadn’t a significant difference in three stages (F (2, 12)=1.19, P=0.34). Therefore, supplementation with 60 mg/d CoQ10 for either 2 or 4 weeks had no significant effects on the ventilator threshold (VT) and respiratory compensation threshold (RCP) in young male endurance athletes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of L-arginine supplementation on the nAchR response in hind limb of old male rats after exhaustive acute exercise. For this purpose, 32 Wistar rats (age: 22 months, weight: 380±20gr) were selected. After one week of familiarization with laboratory environment, they were randomly divided into four groups consisted of: 1) L-Arginine supplement with one session of exhaustive endurance exercise, 2) L-arginine supplement 3) exercise and 4) control group. For the supplementation groups, they consumed water containing 2.5% L-Arginine for two weeks. In the exercise day, the training groups performed an exhaustive running with 30 meters per minute speed and 5-degree incline, equivalent to approximately 75-80% of their VO2max. Immediately and four hours after exercise they anesthesia and sampling was performed from EDL and Soleus muscles. Then, for statistical analysis of the data' s, the one-way ANOVA was used. data of this study illustrate that nAchR level in L-arginine supplement, significantly was higher than control group in EDL and Soleus muscles (P<0.001). And also, nAchR level in L-Arginine supplement with exercise and exercise group was increased significantly four hours after exhaustive exercise than control group in EDL and Soleus muscles (P<0.001). The result showed that L-Arginine supplementation with exercise increased of nAchR levels in old rat. It seems L-Arginine supplementation with exercise can be an appropriate approach to decrease Sarcopenia with effect on nAchR level in old aged people.

The aim of this study was to evaluate two different intensity of resistance training with the same volume on the plasma levels of malonyl dialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in healthy men.30 healthy men with aged 20-25 years participated in this study and were randomly divided into three groups of moderate-intensity resistance training (hypertrophy), high intensity resistance training (strength) and the control group. Hypertrophy resistance training (3 sets of 10 repetitions with 70% of one repetition maximum) and strength training (4 sets of 6 reps with 85% of one repetition maximum) for 8 weeks and were administered three times a week. Venous blood samples were obtained from the subjects during fasting and two times, 24 hours before the start of the protocol and 48 hours after the last training session. Repeated measure ANOVA revealed that MDA concentration was significantly reduced in exercise groups compared to control group. In addition, the amount of the reduction in hypertrophy training was more compared with strength training group (P=0.0.4). GSH concentration was significantly increased in exercise groups compared to control group. Hypertrophy training was more increases in GSH levels compared with strength training. TAC levels increased in both groups, but the increase was significantly only in hypertrophy training but was not found a significant difference between the groups. In conclusion may be resistance training could improve antioxidant system (GSH and TAC) and decrease the MDA and it was independent from intensity of training.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks aerobic training on appetite, caloric intake and nutritional behavior in sedentary overweight women. For this, 30 overweight students were selected and randomly divided: training (age: 22.73±3.67, height: 165.5±6.65, weight: 74.48±10.03, BMI: 27.5±2.47) and control (age: 22.91±2.51, height: 163.73±3.55, weight: 74.83±8.15, BMI: 28.20±2.75). Before the start of practice period, and 48-hr after their last exercise session subjects completed the nutritional behavior, food frequency and appetite questionnaires and also their anthropometric characteristics were measured. The Training group participate in 8 weeks moderate intensity aerobic training while the control group continued their normal daily activities. Statistical analysis of results with paired and independent t test showed that calorie intake, fat and carbohydrate consumption were significantly decreased in training group (P<0.05), while differences in calorie intake changes between groups was not significant (P>0.05). Results did not show any significant differences in appetite between groups (P>0.05). The results of this study showed that, although 8 weeks moderate intensity aerobic training led to decrease in calorie intake, fat and carbohydrate consumption but these changes were not significant. Possibly, offering nutritional education and program along with exercise program can lead to more effective results.