SPORT SCIENCES QUARTERLY
Year:2011 | Volume:2 | Issue:6|Papers Count:8

The purpose of this study was to investigate the range, incidence, location and mechanism of injury in elite male Kabaddi players. Kabaddi is a team contact sport and as the players try to catch the forwards or to run away from the defenders, Kabaddi players face morefighting and more injuries than the players of other fields. Injury data were collected from 73 elite Iranian Kabaddi players using a questionnaire. Data recorded included the site, nature; cause and severity of injury.1083 training injuries (23.68 per capita) were recorded. Due to the contact nature of this sport, injury was relatively common. The most common injuries were muscular injuries (45.13%), skin injuries (26.96%), bone injuries (14.7%) and joint injuries (13.1%). The majority of injuries were recorded in the upper limb (41.55%), lower limb (32.77%), head and face (15.28%) and trunk and neck (10.3%). The most common cause of injuries was ‘to contact the opponent’ which played a more important role in bone injuries (75.8%) and muscular injuries (66%).The second cause of injuries was ‘falling’. These findings demonstrated that the incidence of elite Kabaddi injuries was similar to that reported for rugby players. To implement such programs would require a universal definition of injury and a focus on important events and competitions and such programs could provide important information on the identification and prevention of injury risk factors.

This research aimed to study the effect of aquatic plyometric training on vertical jump and delayed onset muscle soreness in amateur taekwondo players aged between 10 and 14. In this research, 26 taekwondo players out of 120 taekwondo players (age: 12.19±1.80 yr, weight: 41.5±1 kg, and height: 156.49±4 cm) were randomly selected and divided into two groups of aquatic and control (each of them included 13 members). The aquatic group performed aquatic training two sessions (each session about 45-55 minutes) per week for six weeks and after four weeks of training; training increased to four 10-frequency sets while the control group continued the usual taekwondo training and only after four and six weeks, they performed mid-test and posttest of vertical jump.Descriptive statistical methods such as mean and standard deviation were used to statistically study the data and inferential methods including dependent t-test, multivariable variance analysis (MANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze the data (a=0.05). Results indicated that six weeks of aquatic training significantly affected the vertical jump (p≤0.05) which can improve the vertical jump in athletes. In addition, plyometric training in water reduced fatigue and damage to muscle (α=0.05). In aquatic plyometric training, even after four weeks that the overload increased, muscle soreness and muscle damage were lower in aquatic group especially 24 and 48 hours after training. Also, aquatic plyometric training increased vertical jump.Therefore, it seems that aquatic plyometric training can be alternated with land plyometric training.

The aim of this study was to compare of oxygen puls (VO2/HR), VO2max, HRmax in two mode of exercise (running and cycling) during the early follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Twenty healthy moderately active women who had taken part in (3-4) sessions of aerobic physical activity each week were randomly divided into two equal groups (Treadmill; T and Cycle Ergometer; CE). An incremental graded exercise test (GXT) was conducted on a cycle ergometer (Astrand test) and treadmill (Bruse test) in the early follicular and luteal of menstrual phase until they were unable to continue. The luteal phase was determined by the level of Progesterone, Prolactin, FSH and LH hormones in blood samples. The pulmonary gas analyzer (K4B2) was applied to measure the, oxygen pulse (VO2/HR), maximum heart rate and oxygen uptake in two phases. T-tests were performed to detect baseline differences across menstrual phases by mode of exercise. Significance was set at the 0.05. The results indicated no significant differences in maximal (VO2/HR), VO2max, HRmax across the menstrual cycle. Additionally, the differences between average of (VO2/HR) were significant in mode of exercise in the moderately active group, it was more in T than CE (P<0.05).

The aim of this research was to study the effect of walking, yoga and hypiran on depression in middle-aged non-athlete females in Karaj/Iran. The research was an applied semi-experimental research and data were collected through afield study. The statistic population included 384 middle-aged non-athlete females who had participated in aerobic classes for the first time (age=35 to 65).80 participants who met the age and depression criteria (mild and moderate to average intensity) volunteered and after they had been normalized, they were randomly divided into four groups (20 members): three experimental groups (yoga, walking and herbal medicine) and one control group. Walking group members walked for 1 hour per day, three days per week. Yoga group members practiced Asana Yoga for 1.5 hours per day, two days per week for 8 weeks. Also, the medicinal herb group members took 20 drops of hypiran twice a day for 8 weeks. Depression level was measured using Beck Depression Inventory Questionnaire before and after the experiment. The results showed that yoga and walking significantly decreased depression level in non-athlete middle-aged women. Also, the herbal medicine decreased depression level in the subjects significantly. However, overall comparison showed significant differences among the three treatment methods. Based on the score mean differences, walking had the highest effect on depression decrease followed by yoga and herbal medicine. Overall, the findings of this research confirmed the efficacy of the three depression treatment methods.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship among perceived motivational climate, goal orientation, and performance in elite adolescent and young wrestlers of Mazandaran province. For this purpose, all Mazandaran adolescent (15-17 yr.) and young (18-20 yr.) freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers who had been dispatched to the competitions of national championships were selected (N=36). They filled out the demographic, perceived motivational climate, and task and ego orientation in sport questionnaires. Data of the wrestlers’ performance including positive, negative, and technical scores, and their final ranking were derived from the recorded results in the tables of “bulletin of matches” with the cooperation of wrestling federation referees. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient indicated a direct significant relationship between mastery climate and task orientation and also performance climate and ego orientation in wrestlers (p<0.05); but the relationship of performance to motivational climate (mastery and performance) and goal orientation (ego and task) was not significant (p>0.05). Thus, wrestling coaches can try to make a perceived mastery climate in wrestlers of this age range and to benefit the behavioral and psychological advantages of the resulted task orientation.

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of gender and sport field on the functions of observational learning (OL) and to determine the relationship between these functions and trait and state self-confidence in elite athletes. For this purpose, 247 athletes of national teams (20.77±4.87 years) completed the Functions of Observational Learning Questionnaire (FOLQ; Cumming et. Al., 2005) to assess how they used skill, strategy and performance functions of OL. Results indicated that athletes used the skill function of OL most, followed by the performance and strategy functions respectively.MANOVA analysis also revealed gender differences in the performance function, in the other words, females used the performance function significantly more than males. In addition, team sport athletes significantly used the strategy function of OL more than individual sport athletes. The results also revealed that the functions of OL were significantly and positively related to age, trait and state self-confidence. Finally, hierarchical multiple regression analysis found that skill and strategy functions of OL predicted trait self-confidence while the performance and strategy functions of OL were significant predictors of state self-confidence. These findings suggest that coaches, sport psychologists and athletes could effectively use different functions of observational learning as a powerful means to acquire motor skills and to mentally prepare athletes.

With respect to the fact that fatigue is an undeniable component of sports, the main aim of this survey was to study the effect of three different types of fatigue protocols on dynamic balance in female athlete students of Karaj Islamic Azad University. Among those who volunteered to participate in this study, 20 female athlete students were randomly selected. In order to measure balance and fatigue, Star Excursion Balance Test and Borg’s Perceived Exertion Scale were employed. The Star Excursion Balance Test was used as a pretest. All subjects participated every other week in three different protocols (aerobic, anaerobic, and functional). The Bruce standard protocol (1973), Wilkins’s seven steps protocol (2004), and Susco treadmill protocol (2004) were used to measure aerobic, anaerobic, and functional protocols respectively. After performing each level of the protocol and when the participants scored 15 on the Perceived Exertion Scale, the subjects stopped the protocol, and the Star Excursion Balance Test was then performed. The scores of this test were used as the posttest. The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that the three different protocols had different effects on generating fatigue and the differences were significant at P<0.05. The results of the post hoc test indicated that anaerobic protocol group showed lower balance (M=90.30) in comparison with aerobic (M=98.75) and functional protocol (M=101.59) groups. On the basis of these results, it is recommended that coaches should pay attention to the effect of fatigue that is more produced during anaerobic training.

The aim of this study was to investigate the sport injuries and their financial cost in Iran super league karate teams (2009-2010).86 karate players (mean age: 23.6±3.9 yrs; history of playing: 7.0±4.2 yrs) from 10 karate teams who participated in Iran karate super league were voluntarily selected. Data were collected by modified Howkins and Fuller risk factors questionnaire (r=0.79). A checklist of financial costs of injuries was prepared and assessed by specialists and coaches. Injury costs. Including direct and indirect costs were collected as well. Average direct cost was 2, 780,000 Rials and indirect cost was 6,188,000 Rials. Average cost for head, face and neck with maximum injury prevalence was 675,000 Rials, upper extremity 638,000 Rials and lower extremity with the highest rate was 1,740,000 Rials. The results showed a significant difference between hospital and non-hospital costs with Kata and Kumite injury costs. Also, there was a significant relationship between injury rate and awareness of injury risk factors (p<0.05).These data can be used as a good source and guideline for coaches and managers of karate teams to decrease injury prevalence and injury costs, because many of these risk factors which lead to injury can be detected, prevented and eliminated.