IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC NURSING (IJPN)
Year:2018 | Volume:6 | Issue:1 |Papers Count:8

Introduction: Early maladaptive schemas are one of the most important psychological issues. Also, one of the most important variables related to early maladaptive schemas is anger. The present study aimed at examining the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and anger rumination in students.Methods: This study had a descriptive-analytic and correlational design. The statistical population included all male and female students of the Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch, in different fields and different grades during the academic year of 2015 to 2016. Among this population, a total of 378 students (184 females and 194 males) were selected from 3 colleges and 5 branches of science, using a random multistage cluster sampling method. After obtaining the necessary permissions, the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) and the Anger Rumination Scale (FARS) were respectively used to assess early maladaptive schemas and anger rumination in the students. All students participated voluntarily, and were allowed to quit the study at any time.Results: Positive correlations were found between the domains of early maladaptive schemas and anger rumination subscales. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that disconnection and rejection, impaired limits, and excessive vigilance or inhibition positively predicted anger rumination. The independent samples t-test revealed a significant difference between male and female students in early maladaptive schemas, yet not significant difference was found in anger rumination.Conclusions: According to the study, it could be concluded that early maladaptive schemas explain a high proportion of the variance of anger rumination, and there is a significant gender difference in early maladaptive schemas. The study suggests mental health professionals and researchers, especially in student counselling and treatment centers, to consider these findings in their interventions.

Introduction: Migrant adolescents have a high incidence of Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) due to the nature of the migration process and changes occurring during adolescence. Regarding the role of empathy in the onset, survival and treatment of this disorder, it is necessary to examine empathy with neutral situations in these individuals. The purpose of this study was to investigate dimensions of empathy with neutral situations in migrant adolescents with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.Methods: For this purpose, in this Ex post- facto research, 15 subjects were selected with the convenience sampling method for each group (the group with PTSD, without symptoms of PTSD, and controls). The five applied assessment tools were the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM Axis I Disorders (SCID-1), the Impact of Event Scale- Revised questionnaire (IES-R), Beck’s anxiety Inventory (BAI), Children’s depression Inventory (CDI), and the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). Data were analyzed using statistical analysis and post hoc test with the SPSS 22 software.Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference between dimensions of empathy with neutral situations of people with PTSD in comparison with other groups (F=0.799, P=0.574). There was a significant difference between anxiety (P=0.001) and depression (P= 0.001) scores in the PTSD group when compared with the control group. Also, compared with the control group, the differences of anxiety scores in adolescents without PTSD were significant (P= 0.017).Conclusions: According to the results, it could be concluded that previous reports about deficits in low level of empathy in individuals with PTSD does not include neutral situations, and this group of individuals do not show any deficit in empathy when they face individuals without emotion and they have recognizable, constructive, and emotional excitement in these situations.

Introduction: The prevailing atmosphere of the family is the foundation of many of the issues people experience at all stages of life. Family function is affected by several factors. The purpose of this study was to predict family function based on communication patterns and perceived social support in nurses of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences.Methods: This descriptive study had a correlational design. The statistical population of this study was all married nursing students of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences during the academic year of 2012 to 2013. Using Morgan’s table, 221 people (126 males and 95 females) were selected using the available sampling method and Epstein, Baldwin and Bisbev family function questionnaire (1983), Fitzpatrick and Ritchie communication patterns (1990) and perceived support by Wax et al. (1986). The SPSS 16 software was used to analyze the data and Pearson correlation and multiple regression tests were used to examine the hypotheses.Results: The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between the components of communication patterns and perceived social support. Furthermore, the components of conversation, consistency, family support and friends significantly predicted the function of the family.Conclusions: Communication patterns and social support play a significant role in family function and function of the nursing community.

Introduction: The body image is a multidimensional structure extensively studied over the last few decades. Several studies investigated the relationship between body image and socio- psychological factors, vice versa. The current study aimed at determining the relationship between self- efficacy and attachment styles, and body image among female students.Methods: The current descriptive, correlational study was conducted on 181 students selected by the multistage cluster sampling method out of 373 freshman grade female students studying at state vocational-technical high schools in Qazvin, Iran, in the academic year 2016-2017. The research instruments included the revised adult attachment scale (RAAS), general self- efficacy scale developed by Sherer et al., and the physical self-description questionnaire developed by Marsh et al. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis with SPSS.Results: The findings of data analysis showed a significant relationship between self- efficacy and body image in the subjects (P<0.01). In other words, the higher the students’ self- efficacy, the more positive body image. Of different types of attachment styles (secure, avoidant, and ambivalent), the students with secure attachment style enjoyed a better body image (P<0.01), and those with avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles did not enjoy a good body image. Moreover, among predictor variables, self- efficacy as well as secure and avoidant attachment styles could predict body image among the female students (P<0.01).Conclusions: Overall, the results showed a significant relationship between general self-efficacy and attachment styles, and visual imaging. According to the results, it is suggested to plan educational programs for students, parents, and teachers based on the principles and concepts of self- efficacy using scientific and applicable methods to promote it.

Introduction: In recent years, in line with the development of various psychotherapies, many studies are conducted on the effect of transactional analysis on depression and its’ consequences on married couple’s behaviors. The current study mainly aimed at investigating the effectiveness of transactional analysis psychotherapy on marital intimacy and sexual satisfaction in females with non- clinical depression.Methods: The current semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group was conducted on a population of females with non-clinical depression referring to health centers in Tehran, Iran, of which 40 individuals were selected by the purposive sampling method based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly assigned into experimental (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. The experimental group received 10 psychotherapeutic sessions based on transactional analysis. In the pre- test and post- test stages, both groups completed the Beck depression inventory as well as couple's intimacy needs and the Hudson sexual satisfaction questionnaires. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis with SPSS version 22.Results: The findings of the study showed a significant difference in the mean of marital intimacy (emotional, psychological, sexual, physical, spiritual, and recreational dimensions) and sexual satisfaction between the experimental and control groups in the post-test stage (P<0.01).Conclusions: The study results indicated that psychotherapy based on the transactional analysis has a positive impact on marital intimacy and sexual satisfaction in females with non- clinical depression.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes are the psychophysiological disorders. In addition to physical problems, psychosocial factors play an important role in its exacerbation. The current study aimed at comparing the emotion regulation, self- control, and defense mechanisms in patients with coronary heart diseases or type 2 diabetes and healthy persons.Methods: The current post- event, causal comparative study was conducted on 3 groups as: patients with cardiovascular diseases, patients with diabetes, and healthy people. A total of 40 patients with coronary heart disease as well as 40 patients with type 2 diabetes were matched with 40 normal subjects by the variables of age, gender, educational level, and marital status. The data collection instruments were the defense styles questionnaire (DSQ-40), the emotional regulation questionnaire (CERQ-10), and the self-control questionnaire (SC-13). Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance.Results: The findings showed a significant difference among the 3 groups in the variables of reappraisal (P<0.001), suppression (P<0.001), self- control (P<0.001), mature defense (P< 0.001), neurotic defense (P<0.001), and immature defense (P<0.001).Conclusions: Considering the findings of the current research, emotional regulation training, stress management, and self- control can be used to promote the psychiatric nursing for patients with cardiovascular diseases and the ones with diabetes.

Introduction: Washing obsession, as the most common type of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), represents one of the serious psychological health problems causing considerable anxiety and discomfort for an individual and imposing exorbitant social and economic costs on society every year. The current study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of psychological well- being treatment on clinical symptoms and the positive and negative affections in patients with OCD.Methods: The current semi- experimental study, with pretest and posttest design and a control group, was conducted on 40 females with OCD referring to Khan-e-Mehr and Haram Motahhar clinics in Mashhad, Iran, in 2017, selected using the random sampling method. Finally, according to the inclusion criteria, 30 patients were randomly divided into 2 groups of intervention (n=15) and control (n=15). The intervention group received psychological well- being therapy for 12 sessions of 90-minute over a period of 3 months. During this period, no intervention was implemented for the control group. The Yale-Brown scale and positive and negative effect scale were used as the data collection tools in pretest, posttest, and follow-up periods. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS version 23.Results: The findings suggested that psychological well-being therapy had a significant and positive effect on the clinical symptoms of OCD (P<0.001), which persisted 2 months after the intervention. Data analysis indicated that psychological well- being therapy had a significant effect on positive and negative affections of patients with washing obsession (P<0.001). Moreover, statistical analysis suggested the lasting effectiveness of this treatment during the follow-up.Conclusions: The results of the study showed that psychological well-being therapy was effective in mitigating OCD, increasing positive affections, and decreasing negative affections in patients with washing obsession. The employed interventional method can be used as an effective method to treat patients with obsessive- compulsive in counseling centers.

Introduction: Children are different in their physical, cognitive, and motor development as well as motivation to move. The current study aimed at designing the children movement motivation questionnaire (CMMQ) in the age range of 3 to 6 years.Methods: The present methodological research used the Waltz 4-step method to design the questionnaire. The psychometric properties of the instrument such as face validity, content validity, construct validity, and internal consistency were determined. For this purpose, 580 parents and their male offspring were randomly selected from preschool and kindergartens of Khoramabad City, Lorestan Province, Iran, and enrolled in the current study.Results: Based on the theory of motivation and review of the literature, 40 items of the questionnaire were extracted. After determining the face and content validity of the questionnaire using qualitative and quantitative methods, a 40-item questionnaire was assessed. However, the result of exploratory factor analysis reduced the number of items to 34 and categorized them into 4 groups of activity, explorative, motivation, and adaptation. These 4 factors explained nearly 64.26% of the variance of the questionnaire. Also, the internal consistency (Cronbach a) was 0.864.Conclusions: The findings of the study indicate that the 34-item CMMQ is an appropriate tool to evaluate movement motivation in children 3 to 6 year, in spite of features such as designing based on the results of review of the literature on motivational theories, simple scoring, reliability and validity, and fitness and feasibility of the tool in different situations evaluated by parents, trainers, nurses, and occupational therapists.