JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2022 | Volume:24 | Issue:2 (117)|Papers Count:20

Investigating the importance of the position of the environment and the principle of equity in determining the boundaries of land borders (Emphasis on the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice) The International Court of Justice, as the judicial body of the United Nations, has an irreplaceable role in determining the boundaries of land borders between countries. The Court does this with the tools at hand, that is, with respect for the stability of border and territorial treaties, the principle of legal possession and effective domination, and in this regard, its auxiliary tools are principles such as fairness and so on. It must be said,if in the past, the factor of force and power determined the boundaries, but today, the agreement determines the boundaries. Principles such as fairness, etc., all reflect the factor of agreement to determine the boundaries of land borders. In some cases,Some justifications have been raised by the parties to territorial and border disputes before the International Court of Justice, but the Court has not substantiated these justifications, and although in some cases, such as the environment, it has turned its attention to these documents, He has never considered them as a factor in determining the boundaries of land, and the issue of the environment is one of the unacceptable justifications for the acquisition of land ownership by the International Court of Justice. In this descriptive-analytical study, an attempt has been made to examine the importance of the status of the environment and the principle of fairness in determining the boundaries of land borders (with emphasis on the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice).

Background and Objective: Landfill leachate contains heavy metals that cause toxic effects on water and soil near landfills. Phytoremediation is one of the control methods in which native plants with accumulation ability are used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accumulation strength of heavy metals by nettle from leachate. Material and Methodology: In the present study, after collecting nettle seeds from Tonekabon landfill, they were planted in 16 pots and after the 6-leaf stage, placed under four concentrations of fresh leachate (0, 30, 60 and 100%) and after the growth period, the amount of metals Heavy (by atomic absorption spectrometer) and morphological traits were measured. Findings: The result showed that with increasing leachate concentration, the amount of heavy metals in all organs increased (Ni> Pb > Cd> Ar) and the aerial parts were more absorbed. In parallel with this result, dry weight factors of stem and leaf, root and leaf area index also decreased. Calculation of TF> 1 in nettle organs showed its ability to be more accumulative in the face of leachate. Discussion and Conclusion: Bioremediation with using of native plants and accumulators to remove heavy metals is a low cost and environmentally friendly method. Nettle is a native and wild plant that grows in landfills in the north of the country and due to its accumulative power, it is a suitable species for clearing the soil of heavy metals.

Background and Objective: The increase in development of urban spaces has caused the phenomenon of urban heat island. One of the main factors that disrupts the rain cycle, reduces relative humidity in urban environments, and ultimately raises the temperature is the reduction of permeable surfaces and green spaces in cities. The heat island is intensified in the city center and in high-traffic areas. The purpose of this study was to modulate this phenomenon at the central part of Tehran and to provide solutions to adjust the temperature. Material and Methodology: This research was carried out in two phases by using a simulation method. In the first phase (on an urban block scale) the current situation and the situation proposed by the authors were simulated using Ladybug and Dragon Fly to compare UTCI index and dry-bulb temperature. In the second phase, part of the studied urban block was selected and the micro-climatic model were simulated in three modes of the current, proposed and the optimal situation with Envi-met on August 6, 1998. Subsequently, the effect of building materials, floors with different permeability, grass, trees and water on wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, radiant temperature and carbon dioxide concentration was studied. Findings: Finally, the optimal model that included trees, water, grass, permeable materials, trees and green roofs reduced the temperature (to four degrees), irradiation temperature (4 to 5 degrees), the carbon monoxide concentration and wind speed and meanwhile increased the relative humidity up to 10% compared to the current situation. Discussion and conclusion: The results indicated that the UTCI index was adjusted as urban green infrastructure and permeable pavement increased. The tree also had the greatest effect on lowering the temperature than other parameters.

Background and Objective: Industrial and occupational accidents mostly have adverse consequences. Analyzing the accidents to identify how and why they happened has been one of the key subjects in safety engineering. Tripod-Beta model is one of the most widely-used models for accidents investigation, which step by step identifies the causes of accidents occurrence. However, the role of human factors, as one of the most important causes of accidents, has not noticeably been addressed in this model. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to enhance Tripod-Beta model based on human factors engineering. Material and Methodology: In this research, Tripod-Beta model has been enhanced applying TRACEr in a way that the improved model is able to identify and analyze the human errors involved in accidents occurrence in terms of four elements: external error modes, internal error modes, psychological error mechanisms and performance shaping factors. The new model was then applied to investigate some of the accidents happened in Esfahan’, s Mobarakeh Steel Company. Findings: In the enhanced model, two tables of “, external-based human error”,including 5 preconditions and 11 underlying causes, and “, internal-based human error”,including 7 preconditions and 11 underlying causes have been added to the primary model. Also, one group named “, human factors”,has been incorporated into the basic risk factors of the old model. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering the applicability of the new model to investigate the selected accidents, the meaningfulness of the results of the accidents analyses, and also the capability of the model in identifying the accidents causes related to human factors, this can be inferred that the enhanced model has the appropriate validity.

Background and Objective: Today, with the entry of Persian squirrel species by humans into the foothills of Alborz mountain range, especially Qazvin and Alborz provinces, it has caused damage to the environment and local communities. The aim of this study was to provide a structural model of attitudes of gardeners damaged by the infestation of Persian Squirrels in Qazvin and Alborz provinces for efficient management and control of squirrel invasion in the region. Material and Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection, it is of survey type. In this study, a questionnaire was used in Alborz and Qazvin provinces. Validity of the questionnaire from three methods,Convergent validity, Factor Analysis and Divergent validity was used,And for the reliability of the questionnaire in two methods,Cronbach's alpha and sequential theta were used and the questionnaire was reviewed and validated,The statistical population of gardeners is damaged,Its size was estimated based on the Cochran's formula of 392 people. Then the structural equation model with partial least squares method was used to estimate the Unknown parameters of the model used. Findings: Research findings showed, the degree of agreement with control strategies, Knowledge about squirrels and ethical considerations are the most important determinants of a reliable level 99% P≤, 0. 01 Respectively with effect coefficients 0. 330, 0. 256,-0. 258 has a Meaningful effect on attitudes damaged gardeners. our other findings showed that the damage factor as an independent external factor added to the model had the most significant effect on the 99% confidence level of P P≤, 0. 01 on the attitude of ethical considerations, beliefs, squirrel control feasibility and agreement with control strategies,There is with effect coefficients-0. 236,-0. 172,-0. 175, 0. 244. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that increasing knowledge and awareness about the effects and harms of squirrel invasion in the region is the main factor in increasing public support for control management or eradication of invasive squirrels.

Background and Objective: To determine and zonation of flood prone hazardous area and prioritization the sub-basins in terms of flood potential can have great contributions in promising watershed management. The present research aims to prioritize flood and sedimentation potential in the sub-basins of the Bonekooh watershed using TOPSIS, SAW, ELECTRE and VIKOR methods. Material and Methodology: In this present study, we used area estimation indices, drainage density, gravel coefficient, basin average height, basin average slope, curve number, sediment yield, cover percentage, sediment delivery ratio, runoff height and concentration time as an important indicators affecting water permeability, runoff production and, consequently, the potential for flooding and sedimentation. Then, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, the weight of each index is met. Following the formation of decision matrix with 18 options (sub-basins) and 11 criteria (evaluation index), Technique for order Preference by Similarity to ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), Elimination Et Choice Translation Reality (ELECTRE) and Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) techniques were used to prioritize subbasins. Borda and Copland methods were used to combine the rank of proposed techniques. The residual sum of squares (RSS) method was used to determine the closest method to the final result. Also, in order to validate the models, we estimated the percentage change and the intensity of the changes. Findings: The results showed that the highest runoff height index (0. 18) and the gravel coefficient had the lowest weight (0. 028), according to experts. Prioritization results showed that in SAW, TOPSIS and VIKOR methods, sub-zones 9, 4, and 2 ranked first to third priorities respectively and are in a more critical situation, but in the ELECTRE approach sub-basins 9, 4, 2 and 7, respectively, have the first to third priorities. Considering the results of the combined ranking of the proposed techniques, sub-basins 9, 4 and 2 are in first to third priority, respectively, and have a more critical situation than the rest of the sub-basins. Also, zones with flood and sedimentation potential in the area showed that 32% of the area in high and very high risk. The results of the sum squared error showed that the VIKOR method had the least error and the ELECTRE method had the most error than the final ranking. Also, the TOPSIS and VIKOR methods with the lowest percentage of change (59. 72%) were ranked first and the ELECTRE method with the highest percentage change (65. 27%) is the last rank. The lowest intensity was also observed in the VIKOR method (4. 59) and the highest intensity variation was observed in ELECTRE method (5. 61). Discussion and Conclusion: Therefore, it can be said that multi-criteria decision-making techniques are a practical and appropriate approach for better decision-making based on mathematical sciences and optimization. Therefore, these types of low-cost and fast-track research can be prioritized to protect watersheds.

Background and Objective: Porcupine (Hystrix indica) is the largest rodent found in Iran and causes a lot of damage to protected areas and forest plantations every year. Material and Methodology: investigation of the environment and damage to trees in Sefidkouh forest of Doureh Chegini city of Lorestan province was performed using transect method and marking damaged trees between 2011-2015, which finally, damage to damaged trees with different criteria and characteristics were determined. Also, three conventional methods of fencing, hedging and crimping were used to control the porcupine damage. Findings: The study of porcupine damage to trees showed that it had an increasing trend during the years under study and among the existing tree species (Persian oak, fig and almond) only oak trees were damaged. The highest damage of porcupine was observed in spring on trees with a diameter class of 25-50 cm. Also, the most damage to tree trunks was observed at a height class of 40-60 cm, and the thickness of the bark of tree trunks fed by porcupine was between the two classes of <1 cm and 1-1. 5 cm. Among the direct and indirect damages caused by porcupine, peeling the tree has caused the most damage to the stems. The results of Spearman correlation between the variables of degree of damage with tree form, diameter class, bark thickness, time of damage showed a positive and significant relationship between the degree of damage caused by porcupine to Quercus brantii trees with diameter class, time of damage and there was negative and significant relationship between the degree of damage with the thickness of the bark and the form of the tree. The results of mechanical control of the porcupine had significant difference in the three methods of hedge fencing and crimping, so that the fencing method was effective in controlling this rodent. Discussion and Conclusion: Porcupine causes damage to oak trees, especially in the protected areas of Zagros forests due to the conservation and protection conditions of these forests and mechanical control methods are effective in controlling the damage of this rodent.

Background and Objective: With the development of nanotechnology and materials science, however, these materials also have been used increasingly with the potential toxic effects of many unknown substances and many nano-particles were built with new properties and new despite. Therefore, in this study the effects of feeding with different sources of iron and zinc in the tissue of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were measured. Material and Methodology: For this purpose, 420 common carp (with an average initial weight 45±, 4. 7 g) was prepared, the fish sterilization and adapted to the laboratory conditions for 10 days. Then fish were randomly divided into seven groups, the first group was considered as control groups respectively and other fish received values of 10, 50 and 100 micrograms of iron and zinc nanoparticles per gram of food for 60 days. Findings: Microscopic studies of organs (liver, kidney) study showed that increasing the concentration of nano-materials could have more evenly histopathological lesions in the liver tissue and cells. In the medium and low concentrations of both nano-particle and in high doses of iron nanoparticles, by removing the inducer tissues could again resume their physiological activity, but in high doses, unlike the iron nano-particles, the repair tissue was not resumable. Discussion and Conclusion: From the above results it can be concluded that increasing the concentration of the nano-particles could increase tissue damage and can be considerable factors.

Environmental Law, enjoying a unique position in various legal systems of countries, is one of the significant majors of Public Law. The importance of the topic is due to the fact that Sustainable Development, as a fundamental concept, could only be achieved through its relation with this legal filed. Great importance has been attached to this matter to the extent that it has been identified as a necessary process by international conventions. Recently, in Iran’, s legal system, the Environment Law has been studied within the framework of Community Law breaching of which would be subject to criminal punishment. The main goal of the present study is to elaborate on the claim right essence of the Environmental Law and to provide required protective solutions. In this article, the legal foundation of the Environmental Law has been reviewed and it has been revealed that the legislative body of the country, in spite of its claim-right nature, has not been successful in this regard and it is also possible to recognize Environmental Law as a Sustainable Development right.

Background and Objective: The main objective of this research is to determine the key drivers for the sustainable development of machine carpet industry and to determine the scenarios for the future of sustainable development of Iranian carpet industry. Material and Methodology: In this research, using two methods of structural analysis and scenario analysis, first, identifying the key factors affecting the sustainable development of Iran's machine carpet industry and then developing future scenarios. Subsequently, using one of the soft opreation research tools that include soft systems methodology, these scenarios will become better. Initial research data were collected using interviews with Iranian carpet managers and experts and reviewing the literature and the background of the research. The data were analyzed through a questionnaire of expert opinion and using Mic-Mac software. Findings: Among the 34 key factors extracted, by reviewing the literature and interviewing the experts, key factors entered the checklist questionnaire, and the 16 key factors, according to their assumptions related to them at 0. 05, were selected according to experts' opinion. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the results of the research, two factors of Business conditions and weakness in design were considered as influential variables in the sustainable development of Iran's machine carpet industry and finally, four scenarios of blossoming, lazy actors, disasters and the unpredictable world were presented.

Background and Objective: In this research, it is tried to find the location of solar panels using climate and geographic information systems in the province of Khuzestan. Material and Methodology: At first, climatic data (total annual precipitation, annual average, sunshine and number of days of dust) related to 21 meteorological stations and elevation, slope, tilt, fault, fault, land use and road layers as the most important climatic factors, Topography, environment and human environment, which were influenced by the amount of solar panels in GIS, were generated using the IDW method, then weighed according to the FTOPSIS model, and these layers were combined through the overlapping method and the layer layers To establish solar panels in the province was provided. Findings: After creating the layered layers, they were finally placed in the GIS environment by combining different layers of information and determining the weight of each information layer. The classification of the map of the solar panels in 5 highly desirable categories with (2. 020-3. 020-3. 050), in the desirable range (1. 540-2. 090), moderate (1. 220-1. 530), in the unfavorable range (941-1. 210) and very unfavorable (512-940). Discussion and Conclusion: The study showed that, by combining different information layers and applying limitations and potentials, the eastern boundary zones including the cities of Dahdz and Izeh have the highest degree of utility in the construction of solar panels. The results also showed that the GIS as a decision support system and fuzzy overhead analysis process (FTOPSIS) is a flexible model for locating data in the selection of suitable solar panels.

Background and Objective: The pressure of the natural gas at the pressure reduction station is reduced by the regulator and by the general law of the gases, the gas temperature is reduced by decreasing in constant volume. If the gas temperature falls below the dew point temperature, it can form hydrates, freeze, and eventually blockage and clogging of the gas passage. Therefore, indirect water bath heater is used to increase the gas temperature before the pressure reduction. At present, the thermal efficiency of these heaters is very low and a large amount of fuel is wasted in the heaters. Material and Methodology: In this paper, using fin in the gas pressure reduction station heater fire tube on its thermal efficiency and greenhouse gas investigated experimentally and and the thermodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of the heater are compared in the usual case and in the fin state. Findings: The results showed that using fin in the heater fire tube increased the thermal efficiency of the heater and the heat transfer coefficient by 14% and 19%, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: If the results of the increasing in efficiency were applied to all gas pressure reduction station heaters, the energy saving and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions over one year were estimated to be 40 million cubic meters and 76. 75 thousand tons, respectively.

Background and Objective: Today, land governance is considered to be the most efficient way of managing land issues, By accepting land as a local resource and commodity at the urban level, the present study considers the local level as the most appropriate official institution under the banner of the central government to manage it. This study investigates the situation of urban land management in Iran and introduces a new proposed model called the model of integrated urban land governance for its efficiency. Material and Methodology: This research is presented with inductive strategy and a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods at three spatial levels (Iran, Golestan province and Gorgan city). The statistical population is the main institutions in charge of urban land and those who refer to them in 1398. Data collection was done by documentary and field methods and for data analysis, Spearman model with Amos software and Swat method and quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) were used. Findings: Inefficient institutional arrangements, lack of integration of land-related institutions contribute to poor land governance and efficiency of measures. The analyzes showed that independent variable of agreement-oriented integration has total effects on dependent variable and the proposed research model and sustainable urban land management have a statistically significant relationship. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that urban land management in Iran is centralized, closed and inefficient, with local levels acting as agents. themodel of integrated urban land governance based onthe formulation of a clear meta-institutional vision and integrated meta-strategic strategic policy was proposed withthe coordination and consensus of allstakeholders andactors by delegating some government powers tothe lowest level of local institutions with the necessary capacity building.

Background and Objective: In today’, s world, describing the standards of environment dynamics is one of the most important subjects in the field of architectural and urban planning, which should be considered in the architectural design process. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effective components on improving the spatial quality of cinema campuses in order to promote spatial dynamics. Material and Methodology: The current research was carried out in 2019 and uses the "descriptiveanalytical" method and the construction of a questionnaire to identify factors affecting spatial dynamics. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was tested among 20 users of cultural spaces. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula and was performed by 150 people consisting of 72 women and 78 men. Using SPSS software and the Kolmogorov Smirnov test to evaluate the normality of the data and the correlation coefficient, the relationship between the variables was determined, and by calculating the score of each, the most effective components were determined. Findings: This research shows that there is a relationship between spatial dynamics and functional, formal, semantic, environmental and social criteria and in designing cultural spaces, they improve the quality of space for citizens in a desirable way. Discussion and Conclusion: Functional, environmental and social criteria have the highest numerical quantity and as a result have the maximum impact on spatial dynamics. Also, formal and semantic criteria are other important factors that affect spatial dynamics in the next stage.

Background and Objective: The global view of the environmental elements shows the dangerous situation in the world. Among the serious dangers of the 21st century are various environmental issues such as the destruction of forests and green spaces, global warming, the rapid consumption of energy and food, the depletion of the ozone layer, the reduction of natural resources, drought, the increasing population growth, and the loss of diversity. Biological, and all types of pollution. One of the ways to reduce these problems is teaching environmental concepts in childhood and using children's literature. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to investigate and evaluate the level of attention to environmental elements in Persian books of the elementary school. Material and Methodology: The research method is descriptive of type of content analysis. The statistical population includes the books of persian from the first to the sixth grade, which investigated totally without any sampling. A researcher-made content analysis inventory which was compiled by expert judgments. Findings: The results of the research showed that in the Persian books of the elementary period, the most attention is paid to the elements of "natural places and wildlife" with 43. 3%, "tree work, green space and forest preservation" with 24. 7% of cases. The lowest frequency is related to the elements "biodiversity", "population growth", "natural resources", "optimal consumption", "environmental definitions", "garbage", "biological problems and threats" and "environmental pollution". Discussion and Conclusion: Environmental concepts and teachings do not have a proper place in Persian books of the elementary school. Considering the environmental problems in the country, environmental components should be more prominent in Persian books and other books related to children.

Background and Objective: Current research is carried out with the aim of new approach in proper training of students To achieve more environmental awareness considering academic members opinions through case studies of professional, dependent, and related Faculties to the environmental topic in science and research branch, Islamic Azad university(SRB-IAU). Material and Methodology: This investigation is an applied via purpose and descriptive survey via research method. Statistical society of this research is consisting of all of academic member 149 members in academic years 1399-1400 Faculty of Food Industry Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment and Faculty of Mechanics, Electrical Power and Computer of (SRB-IAU). Sample size is chosen 107 members using Morgan Table based on simple random sampling method. Data collection tools is a 30-item research-made questionnaire with Likert scale answer pack. Questionnaire reliability is obtained bused on Cronbach’, s alpha coefficient equal to 0/793. To Determine the validity of the questionnaire, expert person certification is used. Data is analysed using descriptive statistics (Percentage, Frequency, Average, Standard deviation) and inferential statics (Single variable t-Test, and Friedman test for determing the share of each factors in training and learning quality improvement with the help of SPSS software. Findings: Results indicate that students interest factors to their field of study, amount student participation in educational activities, teaching method of faculty members. Organising educational content, university equipment and facilities are effective more than avarage level in the proper education of students to achieve more environmental awareness. Discussion and Conclusion: To Train knowledgeable students on environmental issues, principled education must be applied in universities. This education should be surveyed through several point of view and it’, s quality must be improved continuously. In this study, maximum rank is belonging to student Participation in educational activities index and minimum rank is related to organising educational content index.

Background and Objective: Technology fast growth, attaining to production new processes, replacement artificial materials with natural fiber and thousands synthesis of materials kind and chemical compounds, lead to increasing much amount of industrial wastes and in some cases it has leaded to producing dangerous solid and liquid residue. Accordingly, the aim of this research is identification and classification of residues and consumer chemical identification and classification of residues and consumer chemical materials in Maroon Petrochemical Company Olefin Unit. Material and Methodology: Method in this research includes library studies and field observations from Olefin Unit and finally residues classification was based on Basel Convention. Findings: Studies showed that unit has 18 non-dangerous and 9 dangerous residues all those have identified on solid, semi solid, and liquid phase. The most non-dangerous residue belongs to wastage flea with 60 tons and the least was cloth element with 0. 144 in year. Also, the most dangerous residue belongs to heavy oil with 144 tons and the least was petroleum with 1 ton in year. Discussion and Conclusion: Therefore, by 1. 900. 000 tons in year of consumer raw materials for producing of product in Olefin Unit, there was 323. 9 tons of dangerous residue production in year. It is suggested that the performance of the olefin unit should be controlled according to the designed conditions and the catalysts and absorbents in the unit should be replaced with better types with a longer useful life.

Background and Objective: Metal mining has significant negative effects on natural ecosystems within the mining site. Considering that the consequences of metal mining on ecosystem services provided by natural ecosystems within the influence of the mining sites in the country have not been evaluated so far, the main objective of this study is to estimate the cost of environmental damages in order to protect natural ecosystems which can better facilitate decision making of the environmental planners. Material and Methodology: In this study, the cost of the damages on ecosystem services due to metal mining was estimated using the benefits transfer approach, and a comparative analysis of the estimated damages with global findings related to the ecosystem services costs of the four four metals gold, copper, bauxite, and iron ore were conducted in 2020. Findings: In this rsearch, the total cost of damages to ecosystem services (loss of ecosystem services values) due to mining of four metals gold, copper, bauxite, and iron ore, in the total relevant biomes, is estimated at 57253180 million IRR (equivalent to the US $ 248 million) in the year (2020), which Its share is estimated at 4. 6% compared to the global estimate of the total cost of ecosystem services resulting from the mining of four metals, gold, iron ore, copper and bauxite ($ 5. 4 billion in 2016), which is a significant figure. The share of the total cost of ecosystem services due to mining the four metals in the forest ecosystem is approximately 86%, in the rangeland ecosystem 14%, and for the wetland ecosystem 0. 06%. Discussion and Conclusion: The highest damage costs for ES are estimated for forest and rangeland ecosystems, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary to try to create and implement sustainable development laws in the mining life cycle, even after the closure of mines due to long-term effects on the environment.

Background and Objective: Considering the importance of fish production and consumption in the human food chain and human food security, and on the other hand, the possible adverse effects of fish pond effluents on river water quality,the present study was carried out by considering the effect of fish farm effluents on river water quality, with a case study on fish farms along the Great Ghezel Ozan river (from Chehelcheshmeh mountains of Kurdistan province to Manjil or Sefidrood dam). Material and Methods: Fish farms were identified based on field surveys along the river. Sampling from a depth of 0 –,10 cm from the water surface in summer (2017) With 5 samples about 500 meters before the pools (control) that were not affected by fish farming activities and 5 samples in approximately100 –,150 meters after the pools (where the effluents of fish farms entered the river) was done. Sampling and analysis of physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Nitrate (NO3), Phosphate (PO4), Dissolved oxygen (DO) and Chemical oxygen demand (COD), according to the instructions in the standard methods book was done. Findings: The results indicated that the average values of the parameters in the input and output stations, respectively for pH (7. 24 –,7. 21), EC (2250. 6 –,2282. 8 dS/m), DO (7. 41 –,6. 94 mg/L), COD (24. 94 –,29. 63 mg/L), Temp (14. 8 –,15. 5 °, C), NO3 (4. 1 –,5. 9 mg/L), PO4 (1. 1 –,1. 84 mg/L) was obtained. Discussion and Conclusion: In general, the process of acidity and oxygen parameters of the solution decreased, and the parameters of electrical conductivity, oxygen demand, chemical temperature, temperature, nitrate and phosphate, increased.

Background and Objective: Sustainable development policies are expected to be designed in such a way that the production process and products are environmentally friendly and have the least negative side effects on the environment. The concern of developed countries these days is to achieve sustainable development, and this is measured by the tools of environmental efficiency. Environmental efficiency is the most well-known and widely used valuation indicator in relation to environmental development. Material and Methods: this study evaluated the technical and environmental efficiencies of energy industries in Isfahan province and compared the results using the data envelopment analysis and nonparametric random envelopment analysis approach(StoNED). Financial data including annual sales, labor force, cost of raw materials and capital stock were collected from the audited financial statements of companies for the year ending 2017, and the amount of energy consumption and the type of energy consumed and the percentage of each one, collected and Completed using a questionnaire from the technical department of the factory. Findings: One of the assumptions of this study was that the average environmental efficiency was lower than the average technical efficiency and expected a significant difference between environmental and technical efficiency in each group of industries. The results showed that the average environmental efficiency was significantly lower than the average technical efficiency of firms. The results also showed that the average technical efficiency in selected energy industries in Isfahan province, using DEA method, was calculated 67. 4% and using StoNED method was 75. 7% and the average environmental efficiency in StoNED method was 52. 1%. Thus, the average environmental efficiency of energy industries in Isfahan province was 23. 6% lower than their average technical efficiency. Among the three groups studied, non-metallic industries such as cement and refractory brick factories had the highest average technical efficiency with 87. 35%, while the average environmental efficiency of this group with 48. 79% was lower than the other two groups. The average technical efficiency of metal industries was 81. 23% and the average environmental efficiency of this group was 55. 61% and the average technical efficiency of chemical and petrochemical industries was 55. 9% and the average environmental efficiency of this group was 49. 54%. Discussion and Conclusion: Due to the difference in the average environmental efficiency calculated for selected industries, it is suggested that environmental standards appropriate to each industry be developed to have a greater impact on environmental efficiency.