Biotechnological Journal of Environmental Microorganisms
Year:2012 | Volume:6 | Issue:1|Papers Count:8

Bacterial diseases of fruit plants are known as cause great damages all over the world. In order to control of plant diseases, various chemicals are used around the world. They accumulate in animal tissues and endanger human health. Green plants as a reservoir of effective chemotherapeutants can provide valuable sources of natural pesticides. Diversis Plant species are important for the contorol of phytopathogenic microorganisms. Among the obtained extracts, only leaf and flower extracts showed more activity against Gram-negative bacteria. The genus Capsicum belongs to the Solanaceae family and includes major types of chilli peppers. In the present study, In vitro antibacterial activity of alcoholic, Hexane, Ethyl acetate, chloroform and Petroleum ether extracts of the fruit of capsicum annuum were investigated against to E.carotovora isolates using agar disk diffusion method compared to selected antibiotics. The extracts exhibited antibacterial activities with inhibition zones ranging from 12 to 18 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts was between 0.031 and 0.14 mgml-1 following broth dilution assay. The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) for extracts ranged between 0.53 and 1.24 mgml-1. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponin, phenolic compounds, tannin, alkaloids and flavonoids in the various extracts. The ability of the fruit extracts of capsicum annuum to inhibit the growth of E.carotovora is an indication of its antibacterial potential which may be employed in the biocontrol of other phytopathogens. The results obtained in the present study indicated that the ethanol and methanol extracts of capsicum annuum revealed a significant scope to develop a novel broad spectrum of antimicrobial herbal formulation.

Removal of poisonous metals by bacteria for decreasing soil and environmental pollution is cheaper and more efficiency than the other proposed methods. The aim of this study was screening of cadmium resistant bacteria, assessment of minimum inhibitory concentration of growth (MIC) and determination of kinetic metal adsorption of bacteria. Samplings have gotten from soil, active sludge or both of them from six various industrial factories. All of these samples were measured for amount of cadmium and were cultured with two methods, enrichment and serial dilution in Muller-Hinton agar medium containing various concentrations of cadmium sulphate for screening of resistant bacteria, (MIC) was determined and the bacteria were identified by biochemical and morphological tests. Metal adsorption kinetic was measured by wet bacteria which had the most resistant in 30, 45 and 60 mg/L from cadmium soluble. The findings showed that among six factories, only a food factory without any cadmium in soil and active sludge, had five cadmium resistant bacteria. Enrichment method rather than serial dilution method could isolate bacteria in a shorter time and also more resistant bacteria were isolated in higher concentrations of cadmium. Among these bacteria, Pseudomonas aeroginosa had the most resistant to cadmium (MIC=6 mM). The metal adsorption kinetic of bacteria showed that amounts of metal adsorption by P.aeruginosa in 30, 45 and 60 mg/L were 76.03%, 63.64% and 38.68% respectively. These data were followed by Langmuir isotherm equation. we can use P.aeruginosa in polluted wastewaters of various industries.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major infectious disease agent among intravenous drug addicts, Thalassemiac, Hemophiliac, hemodialysis patients, who were nominated as population at high risk of acquiring hepatitis C infection. Hepatitis C virus is spread either through intravenous drug use or, in lesser-developed countries, through the frequently blood transfusions or blood contamination during medical procedures. Genotype determination of HCV is clinically valuable as it provides important information which can be used to determine the type and duration of therapy and to predict the outcome. We carried out this study to provide epidemiologic data on hepatitis C virus genotype among this high-risk population in mazandaran province, Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 132 patients with established hepatitis C infection. All samples were submitted to RNA extraction, We used manual protocol to RNA extraction upon RNX- plus solution (Cinnagen) reverse transcription and PCR genotyping. By Amplysens HCV-genotype kit. Genotypes were determined. Genotyping analysis determined that Type 3a was the most frequent type, (%71.2), followed by type 1b ….%8.3 and 1a ( %8.3), mixed HCV genotypes were found in 6 (1a/1b …%8.3), 2 (2/3a...%2.3 ), /1b/1c (%1.5) we had no genotype 2 in this populate. Our results are in accordance with other reports that genotypes 3a, 1a are dominant in Iran which is different from Europe, USA and even some parts of Asia. It is important to note that Genotype3 has high prevalence in Iran, and represent more response to treatment and in comprise with Genotype 1 and Genotype 4 has high rate of slow virological response (SVR).But rate of recur in patients who have infected by Genotype 3 is more than those who have infected by Genotype2.Reasons of high prevalence of Genotype3 in Iran maybe are due to geographical situations or ethics backgrounds. Frequency of Genotype3 in Iran is same as different parts of India and some regions of west southern of Asia. This analogues maybe due to geographical adjacency and long-term history of travelling, trade and connections between people of these regions.

The limited resources and fast diminishing of fossil fuels increasing prices of crude oil, and environmental concerns have been the diverse reasons for exploring the use of vegetable oils as alternative fuel. The biodiesel can be obtained from vegetable oils by transesterification with methanol / ethanol. The transesterification can be carried out chemically or enzymetically. Transesterification reaction was performed using olive oil as cheap alternative for triglyceride and short-chain alcohol (methanol) by native Pseudomonas sp. free lipase. The long- chain fatty acid ester, which is the product of this reaction, is named biodiesel, can be used as a diesel fuel that does not produce sulfur oxide and minimize the soot particulate. Lipase that was extracted from native strain of Peudomonas. sp was use for transesterification. This strain with most enzyme production was isolated from different soil samples of Guilan province. Lipase was produced by growing the culture in GYP medium, for 8h at 37oC. Activity of secreted lipase was induced by olive oil. The life of the free enzyme was more than 2 days. For boidiesel production, olive oil and methanol were taken in the ratio of 1:4 (mol/mol-1). To the mixture 2ml of enzyme solution was added and then incubated at 40oC with constant shaking at 200 rpm, for 12h. Formation of methyl ester was analyzed by column chromatography. That final yield of boidiesel was more than %70.

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common infections among people. Early diagnosis and proper treatment of UTI can prevent complication and mortality of this infection. Antibiotic resistance patterns and common organisms in these infections vary in different areas. In this study the samples were collected from the 520 patients who visit Rasht’s Razi hospital laboratory since July to end of September 2009. The urine samples were cultured in blood agar and Eosin methylene blue media at 37°C for 24 hours. The gram -positive colonies were excluded and the gram-negative ones were identified through using differential media. The gram-negative were isolated from the samples of 54.5% of women and 45.5% of men. The most isolated bacteria were E. coli 29 (36.7%), Entrobacter 20 (25.31%), Citrobacter 12 (15.18%), Pseudomonas 2 (2.53%), and Klebsiella (1.27%) strains, respectively. Among the strains, the most common antibiotic resistance to Amoxicillin was (87.5%) and the least to resistance to Nitro Furantoin was (17.18%). It seems that the incidence of antibiotic resistance is increasing, particularly Amoxicillin.

The btuB gene of E. coli O157:H7 is made up of 1845 base pairs. This gene codes BtuB protein that is called vitamin B12 transporter. BtuB protein is necessary for absorbing vitamin B12 in E. coli. This transporter has two domains: The outer membrane b barrel domain and plug domain. The plug domain blocks b barrel channel. Vitamin B12 in presence of calcium is absorbed to BtuB with high affinity. Extracellular loops L2 and L3 bind to vitamin B12. The gene coding for BtuB protein from E. coli O157:H7 was amplified. This gene was cloned and expressed as C-terminal His (6) -tagged protein. btuB gene by designing special primer reproduced with PCR. PCR product and selected vector cutting with limited enzyms and connected together and produce construct which transformed to E. coli BL21 (DE3). Then, transformed cells after induction with IPTG detect just one band with molecular weight about 66 KDalton which indicates BtuB protein molecular weight. The SDS-PAGE analysis of the total protein revealed only 1 distinct bands, with molecular masses of 66 kDalton. purification of BtuB helped reveal its appropriate molecular mass. Regarding to this issue that protein has many Extracellular lopes, therefore, One of the purpose of this study was producing and recognizing periplasmic connecting protein of (BtuB) B12 vitamin transferred of E. coli O157:H7 and the other purpose is determination of proper molecular weight of BtuB protein.

Cholestrol esterase activity was measured in whole saliva of 55 healthy volunteers. The aim of research was to evaluate the esterase, in particular cholesterol esterase activity, in human saliva together with investigating its effect on monomers and resins composed of these monomers separately. Two typical resin monomers, bis-phenyl glycidyl dimethacrylate, BisGMA (hydrophobic structure) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, TEGDMA (hydrophilic structure), were selected for our investigations. Human saliva samples were processed, fractionated on a gel filtration column and assayed for CE activity. Selected fractions were incubated at 37oC with the above monomers and some commercial composites made of both types of monomers. Degradation was monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The fraction with the highest cholesterol esterase character preferentially degraded the hydrophilic monomer and significantly degraded more of the composite’s material. It was, therefore, concluded that salivary cholesterol esterase had preferences for distinct composite resin components and care should be taken in selection of monomers when synthesizing composite resins.

In most studies related to plants transformation, the antibiotic resistance genes are used for recovery of transgenic plants, but introducing such products into the food chain may lead to biosafety concerns. In this study, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (BADH) was used as a safe and valuable non-antibiotic marker for construction of Agrobacterium vectors suitable for plant transformation. This gene sequences from spinach decreased from 6111bp to 1494bp after splicing. Nucleotide sequences were changed for remove of eight internal restriction enzyme recognition sites that do not result in a change to the amino acid sequence of BADH protein. badh gene with 5’UTR of T7gene10 was cloned from pB plastid vector into pTZ57R/T vector. This cloning procedure was performed in several stages including enzymatic double digestion, sticky ends to blunt ends conversion, adding of ATG start codon and adding of A nucleotide in the ends of fragment. Then this fragment was Re-cloned from pTZ-BADH recombinant plasmid into T-DNA regions of two Agrobacterium binary vectors. Finally in this study two recombinant vectors were obtained, pBI-BADH and pBI (-k) BADH, that containing badh gene under control of CaMV35S promoter and Nos terminator. pBI (-k) BADH vector is an antibiotic marker free vector that can be used for plant transformation in order to producing resistant plants against salt, drought and cold stresses.