Journal of Comparative Literature
Year:2019 | Volume:9 | Issue:3 (35) |Papers Count:8

Comparative literature is the study of literature beyond the boundaries of a specific country. It is the study of relationships between literature on the one hand and other fields of knowledge and wisdom like arts, philosophy, history, social studies, sciences, religion etc on the other hand. Generally, comparative literature is the comparison of one literature to one or several other literatures and also, it is the comparison of literature to another fields of human expression. The foundation of the comparative literature in Arabic countries, primarily established by Mohammad Ghanimi Helal. However, it is necessary to consider the introduction of the Islamic comparative literature theory by authors like Eghbal Lahoori, Taher Ahmad Makki, Taha Neda, Hossein Mojib Almesri and etc, the theory which is very important in this situation The theory which is considered as a new way in arena of the literature and critic which makes the Islamic nations close to each other through the study of their literary works relations. Taher Ahmad Makki who is the greatest theorist in this arena played a remarkable role to introduce The School through his precious works and view points. He also established a new era about comparative literature studies and he didn't accept survey only on the basis of French school and he also noticed other comparative literature schools including American ones. This study introduces Taher Ahmad Makki through his works in a descriptive-analytical method. It introduces his works and views on comparative literature generally and Islamic comparative literature specifically.

Today poems, not as a personal interest, but as a tool to instill a culture that sometimes faulty thinking or amend a particular trend in society, and everyone knows its importance. The precursors of gender equality have used this tool according to their conditions and positions to define their demands. Simin Behbahani and Saad al-Sabah are two contemporary poets who used this tool to draw a picture of a man in their poems. This research is used descriptive analysis comparative study of the man as the other gender in the poems of these two poets. Findings show that these two poets or their poems are true pictures of contemporary man, they have tried to depict two cursed and praised views of them. Simin Behbahani and Saad complained against men and the bad conditions of women resulting of incorrect behaviors of men in order to provide the equal rights for women. Besides, they exalted their husbands.

Forough Farrokhzad and Ghada al-Saman are two contemporary female poets. Unlike the past literary traditions of their land, they have presented their own poetic imagery in the form of new poems, but they have not completely departed from the tradition of Eastern thoughts. Understanding the time of poem is the same as understanding of their past ancestors. Forough and Ghada al-Saman, such as in their past ancestors believe in the circular time. In their views, time starts from the origin and ends in the time. This end means another beginning. In a world where time is circular, concepts are formed that are consistent and harmonious with all human children, and Forough and Ghada are not exceptional. In this research, based on the American School of Comparative Literature, the authors have come to the basic analytical method of the conclusion that Forough Farrokhzad and al-Saman understand of time that is common and identical. This has led to diverging notions of circular understanding of time in these two poems. The concepts such as expectation, delay, recursive past, repetition, and futurism, which are among the most important concepts of mythological time are analyzed.

One of the attitudinal aspects of Jenah al-Kazimi (Born in 1949) and Mohtasham Kashani (905 AH-996 AH) as poets of Ahl al-Bayt, is the expression of the tragedies of Imam Hussein (AS) and his companions on Ashura Day, and portraying this event as a huge catastrophes that happened to the Ahlul-Bayt (AS) in the Karbala Desert. This research is a descriptive-analytical study based on the theory of comparative Islamic literature which explores the most important attributes of the misery of these two poets in Imam Hossein's Elegies. The two poets are fascinated by their awe and sadness that is pained by this tragedy and finally, the study answers the questions that what are the most important commonalities used in the poems of these two poets? How did the two of them use figurative language to visualize Karbala? The findings of the study indicate that the two poets in Imam Hussein's Elegy have used common themes, the most important of which are thirst, captivity, martyrdom, sadness and the grief of Zaynab and. . . also the study of the style which is used in his poems shows that both poets have succeeded in applying various forms of imagination to portray the catastrophe of Karbala and the superficial layers of this event, but the expression of underlying layers of its epistemic and semantic meaning, which are the basic aims of the Karbala uprising have not been successful.

The issues of women, as one of the main human issues in contemporary literature, have a special place. Prinoush Sanei and Raja Abdullah al-Sane, who are among the most accomplished writers in Persian and Arabic poets who put their exuberance in their two novels My Share and Benat al-Riyad. In this descriptive-analytical study, it is a small and positive step towards identifying both feminist thoughts by examining the female characters in two novels Benat al-Riyad by Raja Abdullah al-Sanei and My Share by Parnoush Sanei. They outline the similarities and differences, both authors are influenced by feminist theories. In examining the works of both authors, we find that the women portrayed in both novels are bold and normative women who have been exploited by the gender culture dominating their traditionalist societies and who instead resort to traditionalism in order to escape the clutches of the court to abandon the cultural antidote to their society.

Comparative literature has opened many fields of study to researchers, one of them is interdisciplinary studies. The relationship between cinema and literature as two human arts is not pervasive, and social drama directors make their drama audiences more lucrative, engage in sweeter and farther ironies to bring the genre of dialogue closer to people's conversations. The present study is a qualitative and audiovisual study and content analysis, so that the drama is examined by using CD (cd), then conversations are recorded and finally analyzed. According to comparative literature schools, this approach is based on the American school, which does not seek to develop the fixed and restrictive rules. The reason for choosing this drama was the type of artistic thought of the director, its dramatic character and the particular style of the director. In Separation of Nader and Simin, we are confronted with common conversations of people use in their daily lives. The irony in this drama is examined in three categories: consonantal, linguistic, and inventive. The irony in this work is neither poetic nor out of mind, nor superficial, that is to say, according to the situation of each character and the process of the story. Of the seventy-six ironies used in this drama, forty-three are linguistic, twenty-three are vulgar, and eight are inventive. Rather than expressing the hidden layers and clarifying the social complexes and presenting the solution, the drama focuses more on everyday social issues.

Each of the Arabic translations of Hafiz's poems has undoubtly many advantages and disadvantages, which are remarkable in comparative studies of Persian and Arabic literature. Simultaneously, each of these translations has its own value, and they are respectful in their own places. But given the difficulties of translation, especially in poems, it now begs our question whether Arabic translations, including the translation of Salah al-Sawi, have been able to convey the linguistic subtlety and depth of the meanings of Hafiz's poems? In this descriptive-analytic study, the following the answers are given to these questions, the examples of Hafiz's poems in the translation of "al-Sawi" as a statistical population are studied. Since al-Sawi has lived in Iran for nearly three decades and collaborated with Iranian scientific figures, our assumption was that he was well-versed in Persian and he was able to translate them in the imperfect equality. However, the study found that al-Sawi, in spite of all his efforts to translate Hafiz's poems well, he was incapable of accurately reflecting the rhetorical elements and imaginative figures and he was unable to do the right thing.