Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology
Year:2016 | Volume:9 | Issue:2 |Papers Count:9

Purpose: Endurance exercise increases density of capillary in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. Vascular Endothelial growth Factor (VEGF) is an important factor involved in angiogenesis. The development of adipose tissue depends on angiogenesis and VEGF is a key factor for the occurrence of angiogenesis in adipose tissue. The aim of the Present research was the effect of aerobic exercise on vascular endothelial growth factor and body composition in overweight women.Methods: This study is quasi-experimental study with two test groups (experimental and control) and pretest and post-test. In this study, 20 inactive healthy female volunteers with a mean age of 25.15 ± 2.77 years and the body mass index 27.32 have been divided into two groups (experimental group (n=10) and control (n=10)) in which were matched in terms of BMI, respectively. Experimental groups took part increasingly in a time-intensity aerobic exercise program from 55 to 75 percent of maximum heart rate for eight weeks. The control group performed their normal activities. Blood samples from both groups 48 h after the last training session were performed in the fasting state. To analyze the data to evaluate, T-student and Wilcoxon tests were used. Differences within groups the significance level of p<0.05 was considered to accept or reject hypotheses.Results: The findings showed that eight weeks of aerobic exercise causes a significant increase in VEGF levels (59%) and maximum oxygen consumption rate (63%) in the experimental group, While the BMI (8.2%) Decreased and as well as decreased fat mass (3.4%).Conclusions: According to the results of eight weeks of aerobic exercise can considerably increase the influential factor in angiogenesis and improve the body composition in the overweight women.

Purpose: Diabetes is a disease that causes a decrease in the function of the immune system of the body against infections. One of the inflammatory mediators, secreted along the white corpuscles after the interactions of inflammation, is CRP, which is a sensitive marker for systemic inflammation. Regular exercise with controlling metabolism in diabetes controls the blood glucose level and subsequently increases the immune response of body. For this purpose, this study has been designed to compare three different ways of training on CRP and WBC levels in type 2 diabetic patients.Methods: 52 patients with type 2 diabetes (40-65 years old) were randomly divided into four groups: aerobic training, resistance, combined (aerobic and resistance) and control groups and each group consisted of 13 subjects. The exercises were done 3 times a week for 60 minutes each session and lasted for 10 weeks. The WBC counts and high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) at baseline and at the end of the study were measured by ELISA.Results: The research findings showed significant reduction in hs-CRP and increased MONO, aerobic exercise group and decrease in CRP and NEUT levels and increase in MONO and LYM were seen in the combination group. CRP in the combination group was significantly higher than aerobic alone, but no difference in WBC groups was noticed.Conclusions: According to the findings, the research prescribes aerobic exercise training can be a particularly suitable compound to prevent complications of type 2 diabetes.

Purpose: High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a kind of exercise training that suggested for individuals with any sufficient time for regular training. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 8 weeks of HIIT on body composition and some indexes of relative to metabolic diseases in young men with overweight.Methods: For this aim thirty young men participants with age of 19-25 y and 25-29 (kg/m2) were randomly assigned to HIIT and control groups (n=15). HIIT groups exercised three times per week, 10-20 min per session for 8 weeks and control group. Baseline and after 8 weeks intervention blood samples and body composition analyze were assessed.Results: from independent t test showed that insulin sensitivity and total triglyceride in HIIT group increased (p<0.05). No changes in variables include total plasma cholesterol, cholesterol), LDL-C (low density lipoprotein-cholesterol), HDL-C (high density lipoprotein-cholesterol), fat percentage and body mass index occurred.Conclusions: These findings suggested that HIIT with low volume and time in comparison with traditional continues training, promoted insulin sensitivity of muscle cells.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to survey the agreements between the energy expenditure prediction equations with the criterion model in the exhaustive treadmill test protocols in active young men.Methods: Fifty active young men were selected as subjects (Mean ± SD Age 21.04 ± 2.069 yrs., Height 176.78 ± 4.484 cm, Weight 70.11 ± 5.825kg) and completed exhaustive treadmill test protocols. Bioenergetical variables during exhaustive protocols using respiratory gas analysis were collected at an interval of ten seconds. To estimate the energy cost and bioenergetical variables, ACSMv, Vander Walt, Pandolf, Léger and Epstein predictive equations for walking and running were considered. Bland-Altman graphical model and Interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) statistical tests were used to evaluate the absolute agreement of the methods.Results: The results suggest that the Leger equation for running have high agreement with the criterion model (±1.96; CI=95% -21.2 to 2.4 ml/kg/min; ICC=0.89) And ACSM walking and running equations have middleagreement with the criterion model (Walking: ±1.96; 95% CI=-8.1 to +4.7ml/kg/min, ICC=0.4837; Running: ±1.96; 95% CI=-27.6 to -3.3 ml/kg/min, ICC: 0.4535).Conclusions: According to study results it could be concluded that the Leger equations for running and relatively ACSM walking and running equations estimating of VO2 among Iranian active young men can be used as an accurate alternative for the criterion method.

Purpose: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in skeletal muscle. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks progressive fencing exercises on MMP2 activity and gene expression in elite fencer girls.Method: In this study, 19 young athlete girls were voluntarily selected and randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups. Subjects in the experimental group performed five sessions of progressive fencing exercise per week for 8 weeks, while the control group didn't participate in any exercise programs. A Fasting blood sample was taken from all participants before, after four weeks and finally 48 hours after the exercise program. MMP2 gene expression was measured using Real time-PCR and Serum MMP2 activity was measured by ELISA method. Finally, to compare the mean of mmp2 gene expression in experimental and control group, independent t-test was used.Results: Results showed that expression of MMP2 mRNA was significantly decreased following eight week progressive fencing exercises in the exercise group in comparison with the control group (P<0.05).Conclusions: Proteinase activity of MMP2 and gene expression of this enzyme is reduced in active individuals after progressive fencing training; in conclusion physical activity reduces the degradation of extracellular matrix and muscle tissue injury in elite fencer girls.

Purpose: Due to the development of diabetes and complications of the disease such as Muscular Atrophy, And Considering the role of exercise in the management of symptoms, The purpose of this study was to Comparison of high intensity interval training with continuous endurance training on expression of Myod in diabetic rats.Material & Methods: 21 Male Wistar rats with an average weight 260 ± 10g, after induction of diabetes by streptozotocin were randomly divided into 3 groups: control, continuous endurance, intensity interval. The training program was conducted five days a week for five weeks. Endurance training sessions was 30 minutes running on treadmill with intensity of about 60% VO2max. In intensity interval group the program was four frequency of 3 minutes of 85 to 90% VO2max and one minute recovery between each frequency with 30 to 35% VO2max, Gene expression of Myod was measured by the method of qREAL TIME PCR.Results: The One-way analysis of variance showed a significant increase the expression of Myod in high intensity interval group compared to continuous endurance (p<0.05) and control groups (p<0.05); But there was no significant difference between continuous endurance and control groups.Conclusions: Due to the high intensity interval training seems to be severe, with induction of gene expression of Myod may be an effective intervention for reducing muscle atrophy in patients with diabetes, while the high volume of moderate-intensity exercise (endurance) on this aspect of diabetes effect not significant.

Purpose: Type II diabetes is caused Dyslipidemia. Plasma apolipoproteins are better predictor of cardiovascular disease than the traditional lipoproteins. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training with pomegranate juice plasma apolipoproteins in women with type 2 diabetes.Methods: These women were from the county of Babol and were introduced by the Diabetes Association of this county.33 women selected and randomly divided into four groups (control, pomegranate juice, training and pomegranate juice-training). Training group’s program consisted of 6 weeks of aerobic exercise training program three sessions a week (Time from 25 minutes to 45 minutes and 60 to 75 % of reserved heart rate). Control- pomegranate juice and pomegranate juice-training were fed 150 ml of pomegranate juice for six weeks. Two days before and after the training period, blood samples were taken from their brachial veins in a fasting state (12 hours prior to the test) in a sitting position. The data was analyzed used of t-independent and ANOVA at significance level of P<0.05.Results: the Result showed that significant increase APOA-1, significant decrease APOB in control- pomegranate juice and pomegranate juice-training and the ratio of APO-B/APOA-1 in all three groups had a significant decrease.Conclusions: According to the findings of research, it seems aerobic training; pomegranate juice and combination of these can have a beneficial effect in women with type II diabetes and recommended to the group.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inspiratory muscle training at high altitude on Energy cost, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation and 1500m performance among endurance runners.Methods: The study was carried on a group of Twelve endurance male runners (age: 244.41±3.14yrs, height: 180.5±4.23cm, weight: 66.75±3.46 kg, Body mass index: 20.53±1.07) among Iranian national team were randomly divided into case IMT training and control group in hypoxic condition. Exhaustive testing 1500m, energy coast, strength Index and arterial oxygen saturation tests were taken before and 24hour after. Training program include same continues, interval, aerobic and resistance training for two groups. Runners performed 16 training session per week in high live train high and low (LHTH, L) within four weeks (just 3 training sessions per week at even days performed at low altitude).Results: Data were analyzed by analysis of ANOVA repeated measure (P£0.05). Inspiratory muscle training at hypoxia due to significant decrease in 1500m running time, inspiratory muscle strength and Energy coast in both group, but the differences in peripheral capillary oxygen saturation were not significant (P£0.05).Conclusions: This study suggests that using inspiratory muscle training along with specified training in hypoxia increases inspiratory muscle strength and reduction in the work of breathing meanwhile it decreases ventilation and 1500meter running time in lower altitude.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the alterations of Serum levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor, and oxidative stress following a period of plyometric training in active men.Methods: Fourteen healthy active male students randomly divided into two groups: training (mean age 22.14±1.34 years, height 172.14±3.89 cm, weight 63.42±8.77 kg, BMI 21.42±2.77 kg/m2) and control (mean age 23.85±2.54 years, height 178.57±7.11 cm, weight 71.71±4.53 kg, BMI 22.60±1.90 kg/m2). Training group performed 4 weeks of plyometric training. BDNF, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase activity was measured. Paired sample t-test was used to examine differences within groups, and independent t-test was utilized to examine differences between groups. Differences were considered to be significant when p<0.05.Results: In compared within group, BDNF levels of training group did not change significantly (P>0.05) compared with before training, whereas serum levels of SOD and MDA increased significantly (P=0.002, P=0.036, respectively). BDNF and MDA did not change significantly between control and training groups following 4 weeks of plyometric training (P>0.05) but caused a significant increase in serum levels of SOD (P=0.049).Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicate no significant changes in BDNF levels following regular plyometric training. Regarding increased lipid peroxidation index values in within group and lack of any changes in between group, can not accurate conclusion about the possible antioxidant role of BDNF against stress induced by physical activity, so needs to more investigations.