Year:2003 | Volume:- | Issue:14|Papers Count:19

The aim of this researches to determine the effects of two strength and endurance over training testosterone, cortisol, aerobic and an aerobic pouler in young male athletes. The subjects of this research involved (n=26) physical education and non-physical education university students divided into two groups of strength and endurance athletes. Also some sedentary students (n-13) were selected as a control group. The result obtained through the application of ANOVA and Independent T-test demonstrated that there were no significant differences in plasma, testosterone, cortisol, and anaerobic power changes between strength athletes and control group at rest. The results also demonstrated that there were no significant differences in plasma and cortisol changes between endurance athletes and control group at rest. But there were differences in plasma, testosterone and. aerobic power changes between endurance athletes and control group at rest. The most important findings of this study is that after two overtraining programmes in strength and endurance athletes for one month, in endurance athletes, testosterone, aerobic power and conisol concentration at rest decreased. Whereas in strength athletes, plasma, testosterone and anaerobic power sligtly increased, but cortisol decreased. Based on data collected in this research, we might conclude that physiological and biochemical markers of overtraining in strength and endurance athletes may be different.

The purpose of this study is to compare six dimensions of administrators supportive behaviors (salary proportion, work fairness, management training and competition, decision participation in decision making and maintaining coaches independence; budgeting, and performance evaluation) in coaches, physical educators, and sport managers perspectives in State Universities of the country. To perform this study, 193 coaches (77females and 116 males) from 54 physical education and recreation programs administrators participated in this study. The instrument of the study was a Supportive Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ) including 29 questions with seven Likert values ranging from number one (very low) to number seven (very high). The validity of the main test was officially evaluated by 45 questions answered by 11 experts. A pilot study was carried out on 25 coaches. The required information was collected by personal interviews during the time of University National Championship Games in 1999 where all the managers gathered together. The data was analyzed by using ANOVA, I-test, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study indicated that in all 6 behavioral factors, the P.E. administrators considered their own supportive behaviors more than coaches, and there was a great difference between these two groups. The highest significant difference existing between coaches and administrators perspectives were existed in factors of working fairness and justly behaviors, and the least significant difference existing between these two points of view were two factors of salary and work benefits. Therefore, it is quiet evident that the emotional and social support of P.E and sport administrators of different state universities of the country is required to be reinforced in work fairness behavior area.

The purpose of this study was the exposure of body to oxygen deficit via interval training for assessing cardiorespiratory fitness. In interval hypoxic training, subjects control and reduce their respires in specific manners. In this study, exercises began from three steps and finished with six steps (For example, step 1, 2, 3 inspiration - step 4, 5, 6 inspire retention and step 7,8,9 expiration). Before and after exercises, maximal aerobic capacity, resting heart rate, and erythropoietin were measured. Subjects were physical education students (n=30, age=18 ±2) divided in three groups. One of the experimental groups performed interval running and another experimental groups performed interval hypoxic training. Control group didn't carry out any activity. The results indicate that interval group has significant difference with control group in maximal aerobic capacity and resting heart rate, but has no difference in erythropoietin Interval hypoxic group has significant difference with control group I in maximal aerobic I capacity, resting heart rate and erythropoietin.

This study attempted to investigate the occupational motivation factors in male physical educators. The present study surveyed 465 male physical educators; finally a number of 175 samples were randomly selected. All of the information was obtained through a researcher - built questionnaire. Coefficients of these scales were all acceptable (α=0.8451). Validity information on these scales has been reported in the literature. The most important findings were as follows: There is no significant difference between occupational motivation and work years. There is a significant difference between work years and individual and external environment characteristics. There is no significant difference between job and work environment characteristics and work years. There is a significant difference between occupational motivation and educational grade. There is no significant difference between individual characteristics, work environment and external environment characteristics with educational grade. There is a significant difference between job characteristics and educational grade. There is a significant difference between occupational motivation and levels of education. There is a significant difference between individual, job and work environment characteristics and levels of education. There is no significant difference between external environment characteristics and levels of education.

The Purpose of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise (60-70%) of maximal reserved heart rate) on LDL particle size, Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-1) and Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) as the most important cardiovascular effectors. METHOD: Twenty - three previously sedentary males were randomly allocated to either an exercise (N=12, mean age ± SEM = 39.17±6.29) group or a control (N=ll, mean age±SEM = 41.58±7.86) group. The training program of at least 30min-duration, at an consisted of 8WK running, three session. WK intensity producing %60-70 maximal-1 reserved heart rate. RESULTS: LDL particle size increased significantly in Experimental Group (Pre: 258.85±2.75, Post: 264, 0.5±3.59A). Pre- and post-training mean ApoA-1. Did not change significantly in the exercise group (Pre 165.46±38.53, Post 175.50±31.73) (PS≤0.35). On the other hand, control group subjects had reduced ApoA-l but not significantly (Pre 172.1±59.49, Post 145.61±23.08) (PS O.094). ApoB concentration was not reduced significantly in both groups (Exp: Pre 91.72±29. 74, Post 84.7±21.6; Control: Pre 104.21±17.84, Post ± 13.701). Comparison of post test ApoB/ApoA -1 results showed significant deferences between tow groups (Exp: 0.55, CONT: 0.72)(PSO.02). CONCLUSION: According to these results, ApoA-l &ApoB concentration did not change significantly, but 8 Wks aerobic training had beneficial and significant effects on LDL size and ApoB/ ApoA-l, so that CHD was reduced among exposubjects. Thus, middle aged males can use such an exercise training program in order to prevent cardiovascular diseases. However, mechanism of ApoA -1 & ApoB changes has to be investigated in future studies.

Decision making is the essence of managerial activities. The managers should consider different factors to select their decision style, including managers, and subordinates readiness. The main objective of this research is to survey a suitable decision making model for sports managers in public universities. The question of the study is whether level of readiness in sports managers is a key factor in decision making style? Method of the research is based on descriptive analysis. Subjects of this research included all physical education managers in universities. In this research, to collect the data, a preliminary questionnaire (Pilot study) and main questionnaires were provided for managers and their personnel of physical education in universities. In some cases the interview method was also used. This research has studied two groups of universities: Successful and unsuccessful ones. The results of the analysis of data showed that the level of readiness of subordinates is not the sole factor in decision making style. The level of readiness in sports managers is also a factor.

The main purpose of this study is to compare the effect of two 10 and 15 minute-selected warm up programmes on subjects blood lactate concentration changes after an exhaustive exercise. 22 male undergraduate students in Physical Education Faculty of Tehran University were selected and then randomly assigned into two equal groups (n=11) often performing the Bruce maximal test. One group performed a 10 minute-warm up programme consisting of: 3 minutes calisthenics exercise, 3 minutes stretching exercise and 4 minutes running on the treadmill with the speed of 6 km/h and 0 degree grade. The other group perfonned a 15 minute-warm up programme in three stages: 4 minutes calisthenics exercise, 4 minutes stretching exercise and 7 minutes running on the, treadmill under similar conditions. Analyzing the data shows:There is no significant difference between the two groups in blood lactate concentration changes (P=0.193) after warm up programmes. There is no significant difference between the two groups in blood lactate concentration changes after performing exhaustive exercise (P=0.106).

Personality is a complex, psychological and physical trait which makes one distinguish able and unique from others. In other words, we should consider the personality as the character of human bodies which is unique and dynamic. Personality covers all traits and emotions of people. Type A in personality is a kind of behavioral trait which was presented by Friedman and Rosenman, two cardiologists during the fifties. Type A in behavior pattern is a behavioral syndrome. In this category People who show behaviors such as ambition, aggressiveness, competitiveness, impatience, anger and hostility, are exposed to stress and coronary heart disease (CHD). The opposite type is type B. People in type B seldom show anger, are very relaxed and have piece of mind. They are less prone to living pressures and very easily get by the difficulties type of universities physical education managers and its relation to their success. For this reason two behavioral patterns and success Questionnaires were chosen used by Ivancevich and Raudseep in 1982. In this research participants consisted of educational and executive managers. The results of research showed that 86 percent are type A managers, 4/3 percent type Band 9.7 percent type X (something between type A and B). From job success standpoint, 88 percent of managers prefer "Win-Win" situation and stand among successful people, 12 percent experience "Win-Lose" success and type A educational managers, but there is a rather strong relation between success and executive managers (-0.15), and there isa very strong and positive relation (0.98) between job success and type B in executive managers. The results showed that one of the distinguish able traits of type A personality is success, but they had very weak relation with it. But type B were in minority and had a very strong relation with it this type of people are more exposed to this disease, but the results of research showed that none of these P E managers had any signs of CHD and other disease.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the validity of 45 and 200-meter speed run as anaerobic tests. In this research 32 male students with physical fitness (age: 20-30 years) participated. All subjects performed anaerobic Wingate, 45 and 200-m speed run tests. Data was analyzed by regression pattern and T-test (P<0.05). The findings of this research indicated no significant correlation between the Wingate anaerobic power and time of 45-m run test. Correlation between minimum absolute and relative power and fatigue index and time of 200-m run test was significant (-0.40,-0.45 and 0.35 respectively, P <0.05). However, the difference between means was significant. Conclusion: Results indicated that indexes of time of 45 and 200 - m speed run tests are not suitable for assessing anaerobic power.

The Purpose of this research is to study the relationship between TQM and effectiveness in headquarters of Iran Sports organizations. These headquarters include Physical Education Organization, Deputy of Physical Education and Health Ministry of Education and Physical Education Ministry of science, Research and Technology. The statistical population of the research included 178 experts working in am headquarters out of which 123 were selected as statistical samples by means of random sampling. The research method was descriptive and survey, and in measurement form. 2 questionnaires were used, one relating to TQM and the other to effectiveness and their validity was determined by Alpha Kronbach method. Due to information and results being qualitative, non-parametric tests (Spearman Correlation Coefficient, mann-whithney U Test) were used and the results were as follows: There was no significant relationship between TQM and effectiveness in Physical Education headquarters of Science, Research and technology Ministry (P>O.05). There was no significant relationship between TQM and effectiveness in Deputy of Physical Education and Health, Ministry of Education (P>O.05). Other six assumptions investigate the difference among TQMs in 3 sections & also the difference among effectiveness in another 3 sections.

This research was carried out on 11 elite sportswomen in the field of karate. The subjects were asked to perform Gyaku-Zuki technique (a strike by wrist) in two methods: Performing by waste and from midway, and both methods in classic and individual style ways. Then we analyzed and compared the two methods by semi-emprical means and also by film - taking. The film wastaken in 2 stages: in the first stage the subjects-were asked to perform the said technique with the utmost velocity and their own style, first by waste and then midway. In the second stage, three days before the technique, performance, a session of practice, the subjects were asked to perform the technique in a full classic style and by 5 basic points of Zuki technique in the test day. Fifty four assumptions were supposed. Some parameters such as arm forearm strength, the velocity of wrist movement, angular velocity of wrist and acceleration of wrist were determined directly, and information like kinetic energy of arm and forearm and their power were calculated indirectly using the following formulas: P = FV and Ek= W=PT. The data related to-the variables was analyzed statically using T test with certainty coefficient of 95% and Alpha (a) error less than 0/05% in the 54 assumptions. There was a meaningful difference in five ones: 2,3,9,41,44. The result showed that method of performing Zuki from midway will be more effective due to the short distance, sin the case of good performance.