DANESHVAR MEDICINE
Year:2000 | Volume:7 | Issue:28 (SPECIAL EDITION ON HUMANITIES AND ART ARTICLES)|Papers Count:13

Teacher's position and status in our society is not so clear and desirable, and just for this reason we should ring the almm bell for posterity. But Nahjol'balagheh deals differently with science, scientist, and teacher-which ought to be studied and reviewed with an espedal interest and concern. And now at his era we feel a great need to know what is the value and how is the status of teacher from the viewpoint of Amir-e-Momenan (the Commander of the Faithfitl) who ha~ been the single pearl through the centuries.By taking into consideration the need, time limitation, capacity, and capability, these subjects of Nahjol' balaghelz have been thoroughly studied and rationalized by authorities:- Society’s need for teacher- Teacher's need to pure and proper thoughts- Teacher’s need to appropriate and desirable behavior- Teacher's need to deliberate and judicious words- Art of composition

In the present article the effects of Family Training Programs(F.T.P) on two groups - that's to say, those who have participated in F.T.P. & those who have not participated in it - are investigated. Moreover, the educational needs of the two groups have been obtained and compared.The efficiency of training program has been studied and analysed in 7 major dimensions: Planning. Content of the program, Resources & facilities, Methods & instructors, Motivation & encouragement, Exaltation, and Outcome.The results show a noticeable increase in family training knowledge of the participants of the program in contrast with nonparticipants. The results also show that the methods used in training program and instructors of the program are the most influential factors in program's success.

The presence of organizations and their administrators is amongst those undeniable necessities of human societies which plays an important role in providing different aspects of human societies' needs. On the one hand, the functional manner of employees of these organizations has deep effects on the life of different strata of people; on the other hand, it affects people's satisfaction of government and statesmen.The present research has been designed to answerer to the posed questions with respect to the above-mentioned topic. The research has been carried out in Semnan Province upon the recommendation of Semnan governor. In performing this research, theories of social psychology and sociology have been taken into account. In this study, the research method was descriptive-survey & the population under study were those citizens of four small towns of Semnan Province who had referred to twenty organizations during the data gathering time in Bahman 1377 (Jan-Feb 1999). The estimated sample volume was 1560 and the required data was gathered by an organized interview. With designing a questionnaire which had 24 questions, we tried to examine and evaluate 25 variables. Some of the results are as follows:- About 95% of people had a positive evaluation on the function of the first employee who had been referred to in the organization. - 86.5% of them had a positive evaluation about the function of the person who had responsibility to answer their needs.- There was an inverse relation between social awareness rate & the evaluation made of the function of the organization referred to. The same situation was true about literacy level- There was a meaning fid relation between the satisfaction of the people who have referred to the organization regarding the employees' function and success in life on the one hand, and occupational success on the other.- There was a direct relation between the way of encounter of the first employee who had been referred to and the view of the petitioner about that organization's function.- The relation between people's opinions about the organization's function and the presence of justice in society was. Confirmed; but the relation between satisfaction level of petitioners about organizations functions & the rate of their enjoyment of welfare facilities was not confirmed.At the end – according to the results of the research - a few suggestions have been made which making use of them may be effective in gaining the satisfaction of citizens about the function of organizations.

Semantics is a part of logic that examines the relations between language objects or terms and their referents. In this realm, such concepts as tIuth, denotation, definition, name, reference and so on are analyzed.In the present article the formation of semantics, its origin, the obstacles in its way, and its historical development will be discussed. Since the discussion about the concept of truth and "the meaning effective predicate" is situated in the center of semantic investigation, and because it was in Poland that Twardowski and his students began research about the concept of truth during 1900-1930, so it is necessary to have a short account of the history of truth in Poland at the beginning of the article. Then Hilbert's attempts in metamathematics and particularly his considerable method in the analysis of metamathematical concepts will be discussed.Finally, there will be a report about the synthesis of truth and Hilbert method in the mind of Lesniewski and Tarski.Vienna Circle’s positivist thinkers opposition to Tarski's views regarding semantic analysis of truth, how Ca/'nap is convinced by Tarski in this field, and also the extension of semantics in these arguments and £n the explanatory essays of Carnap and Tarski are the subjects which have been discussed briefly at the end of this essay.

By virtue of article 607 of Islamic Punishment Act, any kind of assault on government officers or resistance against them in the very act of performing their duties is counted among those acts which are a kind of rebellion. In article 34 of the Punishment Act of Armed Forces Crimes, the legislature has predicted a case of rebellion regarding the militmy and has assigned a more aggravated punishment for the perpetrator of it. One of the necessary basic conditions for proving this' crime is the occurrence of the crime when the government officer is in the very act of performing his duties. If these officers act within the lilt its of delivered duties and don't act beyond the scope of their powers and competence, their actions will be legal, and so a5saulting on them or resisting against them in such a case is a kind of rebellion. But when they act beyond the scope of their powers and competence, or in other words when they don't act within the limits of their duties, their actions will be illegal. So in such cases what is the judgment of law regarding resistance against them or assaulting on them? There is a lot of differences of opinion in this regard.Some believe that resistance against such illegal acts is absolutely allowable. On the other hand, others believe that resistance against government officers is not allowable, even when their act is illegal. There is also a third group which has chosen a middle method and differentiated between various cases.Iranian law and judicial precedent have a great inclination towards the third theory. In Iranian criminal or penal law, resistance against the illegal acts of government officers not only is not a crime but also in some cases -with the attainment of conditions -it can be counted a5 a legal defense.

In this research the author tries to show that innovative climate is a variable which modifies the relationship between middle managers' technological innovation on the one hand, and organizational structure, strategic position, and environment on the other hand. To reach this end he presents a developed conceptual model, and based on this model continues his study.The results of the research show that there iv a relation between some dimensions of the organizational structure & strategic position of the organization and middle managers' technological innovation, while there is not such a relation between dimensions of the external environment & middle managers' technological innovation. At the same time there is a positive correlation between external environment & innovative climate. The results of this research present implicational suggestions for organizations and senior managers.

According to article 39 of 7th chapter of the United Nations Charter "threat against peace", "breach of peace", and "act of aggression" are outstanding examples of governments international crimes. As a result of the mentioned regulations, Security Council is obliged to investigate the subject and specify whether these crimes have taken place or not, and then apply the punitive sanctions at the appropriate times. The punitive sanctions are divided into military and nonmilitary sanctions. By virtue of article 41 & 42 of the United Nations Charter, normality sanctions do not comprise militmy forces. So the naval air, and land forces of the United Nations apply the military sanctions. Briefly it could be said that the expansion of these punitive sanctions has great effects on the political collective world and also on the substantive understanding of the nations. So determining the essentials and qualifications of these sanctions is very important.In the present article, the authors first analyse the articles of the United Nations Charter and its Resolutions, and then try to present definitions, essentials, conditions) and qualifications of the application of punitive sanctions. And finally by taking into consideration the general legality principles and International Criminal Law standards, they suggest proposals for amending the Charter, and changing the structure of Security Council.

The use of qanats for carrying the underground water dates back to 3000 years ago in Ancient Persia. This technique firstly was practiced by Parthian and Mades, and then was stretched across the other parts of the world. The aim of digging qanat was to provide a settlement, a sustained community, agricultural development, and flourishing economy, no matter who have dug it. According to a theory, the gradual transformation of water tunnels caused qanats to come into existence. Another theory still emphasizes that change in climatic conditions and decrease of water supplies is the reasons of qanats coming into being. However, both theories are open to discussion.One can trace back the origin of qanats to the ancient Iranian culture. Qanats have been made upon certain conditions including ecological, climatic, hyrogeologic, and topographic situations. As well as, according to a theory, the existence of qanat depends on the existence of a deep underground water supply at the foot of alluvial fan (cone). The structure of a qanat consists of a mother well, wells, channels, and an exit point for water that water comes out of that point & then pours down through a steady slope. The distribution of primary settlements upon alluvial fan (cone) in the internal plateau of Iran and at the margins of Iran’s deserts is influenced by the distribution patterns of qanat systems and water channels. The uniformity in traditional imitation methods at that time has contributed to the historical development process of villages & altered village’s instances of use. In the course of this process, lands have changed into gardens and houses in the outskirts, and the irrigation systems have altered into roads and passage systems; and then the urban development came into being.In the present article, the author studies the important role of water and topography in the formation of primmy settlements and their road networks. The article also casts a glance at some other influencing factors such as religion, trade, security & political considerations, road, and so on which have played important roles in the formation of these settlements.

As there are different viewpoints about the evaluation of artistic works, and because the use of the term "responsible art" (honar-e-mota' ahhed) has become widespread only since a few years ago and sometimes it is used out of place and in-elegantly, so producing some rules and principles for the evaluation of artistic work which could be acceptable for most of the art critics seems necessary. These rules and principles can guide the seekers of pure Islamic art in their way. So in order to achieve this important goal, first the differences between subject & positions and their place-which are the bases of an artistic work creation - should be clarified. With reliance on this knowledge, it will be possible to determine these rules and principles.

Many of contemporary thinkers and scholars of the West believe that the historical period of modernism has come to an end and its date of usefulness is over.According to these thinkers & scholars, those artistic schools which once were known as modern art are no longer modern today, and their achievements are counted as a part of past art history of the West. The former avant-gardes have long since become derriere-grades. But nevertheless different styles of modern art-especially those styles which were practiced in the first half of the twentieth century, that’s to say classical modernism - are growing rapidly in today's Iran.In the present article, first the author introduces the characteristics of modem art. Then the viewpoints of some western contemporary scholars and artists about the limitations of modem art and the crisis of modernism will be proposed. Finally the impact of modem art on Iranian contempormy painting will be discussed. During the discussion, the author is going to refer to this fact that the influence of some modem art styles of the West on Iranian art not only is inevitable but also in some cases it helps our contempormy painting art to flourish. But what ought to be rejected is the imitation of past artistic styles of the West.

Every obligation necessarily involves performance, so there is a liability for its performance which according to it the beneficiary can reprimand the obligor. In law every obligation has its own sanction. One group of obligations is among contractual obligatiom. "Compelling to Perform Obligatiom" is one of the sanctions; however this sanction does not have the same value in all legal systems. According to this sanction when the obligation is breached and when the compensation doesnot cover the loss or injury, the other party has right to compel the obliger to do his/her obligations.In French legal system the principal of contract performance have been accepted, and therefore the injured party has two rights: i) resorting to the specific performance; and ii) dissolving the contract and receiving compensation. In French law the oblique’s expectation-that the contractual obligation ought to be performed normally-is approved, so the basic rule ought to be executed naturally. But in British & American legal systems, specific performance principle has not been accepted as a basic rule, unless in the cave of cash money obligation. This remedy is approved as a equitable remedy when the compensation does not cover the loss; and the basic rule for applying the specific performance is "insufficiency of compensation". However, the specific performance is awarded by the courts on special circumstances and occasions.In Iranian legal system, like French Law, the specific performance is accepted and the obligee can resort to this remedy, otherwise have be can dissolve the contract and receive the compensation.Because of the expansion of transactions throughout the world, determining remedies for breach of contract is an important necessity of our times. In fact international trade doesnot have remedies (or sanctions), and parties of international contract resort to Civil Law remedies and sanctions if necessary.