Journal of Veterinary Research
Year:2005 | Volume:60 | Issue:4|Papers Count:24

Objective: To study the interactive effect of betaine (BET) and salinomycin (SAL) in coccidian-infected broiler chicks.Design: Randomized complete block with 2 * 2 factorial arrangement.Animals: Four hundred and eighty male Ross 308 broiler chicks.Procedure: The chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments including: 1) basal diet, 2) basal diet plus 15% BET, 3) basal diet plus 66ppm SAL, and 4) basal diet plus .15% BET plus 66ppm SAL. Each treatment contained 4 replicates of 30 chicks and fed ad-libitum. All of the chicks were inoculated with a suspension of the mixed culture of Eimeria oocysts on 15 days of age. Feces samples were taken to determine the number of oocysts per gram of feces (OPG). Plasma carotenoid concentrations (PCC) were evaluated on 14 and 28 days of age. Body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and European efficiency factor (EEF) were determined to evaluate broiler's performance. Statistical analysis: General linear model (GLM) and Duncan's multiple range test.Results: Supplementation of diets with 66 ppm SAL significantly on improved the performance, increased the PCC (P<0.05), and decreased the OPG Adding 0.15% BET alone did not affect production performance, PCC and OPG significantly (P> 0.05). Diet containing 66 ppm SAL supplemented with 0.15% BET significantly increased the BWG, EEF, and PCC while it decreased the FCR and OPG (P< 0.05).Conclusion: The results of this experimental study indicated that BET at the level of 0.15% could increase the efficacy of SAL for preventing deleterious effects of coccidiosis in broiler chicks.

Objective: The purpose of the present in vivo study was to evaluate correlation of the virulence of the infectious bursal disease virus with the rate of apoptotic changes of the immature B lymphocytes in Bursa Fabricius (BF) and lymphoid cells of spleen.Design: Experimental study.Animals: 21-day-old SPF chicks of leghorn breed.Procedures: 90 chicks were divided into three groups (IESTIBDV, TEST -VAC and Control) of 30 chicks each.inoculation of the TEST-IBDV, TEST -VAC and Control groups were done with IR-499 serotype of high-virulence infectious bursal disease Virus (VVIBDV), D78 intermediate vaccine and normal saline, respectively. Furthermore, 20 chicks were categorited into two groups (Test and Control) of 10chicks each, Test and Control groups were inoculated with VVIBDV and normal saline, respectively. 3 days after inoculation, samples of BF and splenic tissues were sent to Pathology Lab for LM, H&E satinig and TUNEL studies. Statistical analysis: Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA and Mann- Whitney test.Results: LM and H&E staining showed many significant differences among groups. Furthermore, we showed VP2&VP5, INF-gamma and TNF-alpha were the major inductive factors for development of apoptosis in the immature B lymphocytes of BF and spleen.Discussion: The present in vivo research showed that there is always a significant correlation between the virulence of the virus and the rate of apoptotic changes in the BF tissue. Moreover, apoptosis can be considered as a definite factor in the pathogenesis of infectious bursal disease (IBD).

Objective: To Study the effects of turpentine powder on the concentration of lipids and lipoproteins of rabbit (as an animal model for human studies).Design: Experimental Study.Animals: 30 healthy female rabbits.Procedure: 30 healthy female rabbits were chosen and then randomly allocated into 6 groups of 5 rabbits each. Different percent ages of turpentine powder (10% and 100%) and oil compounds (vegetable oil, cholesterol and animal oil) were given to each group, separately. Blood serum lipid and lipoprotein levels were analyzed using routine laboratory methods.Statistical analysis: Analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test.Results: Treatment with 10% and 100% turpentine powder had significant decreasing effect on Serum triglyceride, cholesterol, total lipid, VLDL- cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (P<0.05) Moreover, it significantly increased the Serum HDL- cholesterol (P<0.05). Treatment with 10% vegetable oil had a significant increasing effect on the serum triglyceride and VLDL-cholesterol (P<0.05). Following treatment with 10% animal oil, the concentration of HDL cholesterol showed a significant (P<0.05) decreas while the concentration of cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol showed a significant increase (P<0.05). After treatment with 1% cholesterol, the concentration of serum HDL- cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and total lipid significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion: treatment with turpentine powder has significant effects on the levels of serum lipids and lipoproteins.

Objective: Assessment of Low Level Laser (LLL) effects on muscular repair and capability following sciatic nerve injury as animal model.Design: Experimental study.Animals: Ten male and female 30 ± 6 month-old mixed breed dogs between 27±6 kg body-weight. Procedures: Animals were subsequently divided into two groups of (control and experimental) of 5 dogs each. Then anesthesia was induced. Skin was incised and the muscular dissection performed. The right sciatic nerve was exposed in all dogs and crushed in full thickness using artery forceps for 5 seconds. The experimental group was subjected to LLL regimen, daily ten minutes for two weeks. The electromyography (EMG) was recorded from semimembranosus (S1), and semitendinosus (S2), Extensors (Ext), and Flexors (Flex) muscles before, after crush, 14, 28 and 45 post-operative day.Statistical analysis: Variance analysis by ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results: EMG recording showed significant differences in muscle forced in S1 and S2 in experimental group by comparison with control one.Clinical implications: The evaluation of LLL showed to be helpful to reduce muscle atrophy.

Objective: To evaluate the electrocardigraphic changes in the experimentally induced ascitis in broiler chickens using cold stress as a model.Design: Experimental study.Animals: A total of 300 day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickes.Procedure: Chickens were randomly divided into two equal groups, (control and test). chicks were reared for six weeks. Gradually Temperature was gradually decreased in the test group to 30% of the standard program from 2 nd week of the rearing period. At the end of each week, 5 chicks from each group were selected and electrocardiographic recordings were performed. Also after autopsy right ventricle / total ventricular weight was measured and recorded.Statistical analysis: t- student Test and Bivariate correlation.Results: There were significant elevation of the S wave amplitudes in 4th week (leads II, III, a VR) and 6th week (lead III). S wave had a significant correlation with RV/TV in 4th week (lead II) and 5th week (leads II, a VF) in the test group, too. There were also significant increase in the T wave amplitudes in 4th and 5th weeks (leads II, a VF) and 6th week (leads aVF, aVR) in the test group. In this study, R waves did not show a significant variation with the exception of 4th week (lead II).There were an elevation of MEA in test groups (with a right-cranial direction) but it just was significant in 4th week compared with control group.Conclusion: Electrocardiograms can be used effectively to evaluate the development of ascites syndrome in broiler chickens. The increase in the amplitude of Sand T waves could be considered as the sign of ventricular hypertrophy in ascites syndrome resulted from cold condition.

Object: Descriptive study of lameness in some dairy farms in Shiraz and Marvdasht in Fars Province.Design: Descriptive study.Animals: 624 cattle in six dairy farms.Procedure: The dairy farms were selected on the basis of owners' cooperation, type of production and predominant breed (Holstine breed). In the first step farmers were interviewed using a questionnaire to record the general information of herd. A separate form was completed for every affected cow according to history and clinical examination. This study was continued for a period of one year.Statistical analysis: The results of this study were analyzed descriptively.Results: The results indicated that 13.74% of examined cattle showed lameness. From that 4.8% were in winter, 4% in spring, 2.12% in summer and 2.7% in autumn. Lactating cows were most affected. 2-5 years old cows were the most sensitive ones. Most of lesions were located in the digital region (89.55%) showing 72.10% in hindlimb, 46.48% in lateral claw of hind limbs.Conclusion: Bed condition, rainfall, age, hoof trimming management, no footbath, inadequate exercise and stage of lactation were determining factors in occurrence of lameness in this study.

Objective: To reduce the cost of hormones used in Heatsynch protocol in dairy cows.Design: Experimental study.Animals: 144 Holstein cows, at 50 days postpartum.Cows randomly assigned into 3 groups: (1) 40 cows; 7.5µg luliberin, IM. (2) 45 cows; 15µg luliberin, IM. Seven days later in both groups, 150µg D-cloprostenol, IM 25 hours later Img Estradiol Benzoate was injected. Cows observed for 48 hours and inseminated based on standing heat. Cows that did not display estrus were inseminated at 48 hours after estradiol injection. (3) Control: group in=59, did not received any treatment and were inseminated 12 hours after displaying estrus. Pregnancy was diagnosed on day 42 after AI via rectal palpation.Statistical analysis: Days open and pregnancy rate were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and chi square tests, respectively.Results: The number of days open did not differ among experimental groups (group one: 104.17±7.76 days, group two: 106.28±6.24 days and the third group: 111.86±2.33 days (P>0.05). Pregnancy rate to the first service was not different among groups (group one: 47.5%, 19/40, group two: 48.88%, 22/45, third group: 32.20%, 19/59) (P>0.05).Conclusion: In conclusion, reducing the dose of GnRH analogue (Luliberin) to half of the full dose did not affect pregnancy rate and days open. Therefore the cost of Heatsynch program can be reduced by using half dose of Luliberin.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and species of blood filaria of dog in Tonekabon.Design: Cross sectional study.Animals: 80 dogs.Procedure: After clinical examinations and recording of necessary information (age, sex and breed), blood samples were collected from cephalic or saphen vein and examined by modified knott method.Statistical analysis: Analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results: Out of 80, 14 dogs (17.5%) were infected with microfilaria. In this regard, about 15%, 1.25% and 1.25% of infections were Dirifilaria immitis , microfilaria of dipetalonema reconditum and mixed infection, respectively. Infection showed no correlation with sex, age, breed and rates of breathing. Clinical implications: Because of the possibility of infection in human by this species, our findings recommend killing of stray dogs and treatment of infected ones.

Objective: To determine the frequency of diagnosed disorders or anomalies in different organs and systems and also effects of breed, age and sex on their incidence rate.Design: Retrospective study.Animals: 32 horses, 7 donkeys and 5 mules referred to the radiology division.Procedure: Data were collected from 107 equidae radiographs which had been taken in the Department of Radiology University of Tehran during 4- years (1998-2001). Radiographs were evaluated for finding injuries and showing relation of disease with breed, sex, age and site of injuries. Information was gathered in the specific charts for determining of frequency of each condition.Results: Diseases and disorders were fractures, exostosis, osteomylitis, osteoarthritis, arthritis, navicular syndrome, pneumonia, pulmonary hypervascularization, soft tissue swelling, laminitis, guttural pouches disease, abscess and calcification. Fractures (18.18%) and exostosis (18.18%) had the highest frequency in horses. The most frequent disorders were diagnosed in phalange area of horse (31.25 %). Furthermore, the first and second most frequent bone disorders in horses were exostosis (25%) and comminuted fracture (18.75%). Fractures and guttural pouches disease were seen with equal frequency (25%). In mule, fractures (60%), exostosis (20%) and soft tissue swelling (20%) were diagnosed.Clinical implication: This study showed that radiography is a valuable method for diagnosing of equidae disordered organs and systems (in relation with factors such as sex, breed, age and site) and also their frequency.

Objective: To investigate the effect of intraperitoneal injection of chlorpheniramine on formalin - induced pain and morphine analgesia.Design: Experimental study.Animals: Seventy - two male mice weighing between 23- 26gr.Procedure: Animals were placed in the formalin test chambers. Intraplantar injection of formalin (20 1, 5%) with a 28-guage injection needle was performed. The durations of the licking and biting of the injected paw was measured every five min for 1h. Intraperitoneal injections of chlorpheniramine at doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, morphine (5 mg/kg) and subcutaneous injection of naloxone (5 mg/kg) were performed. Furthermore, Chlorpheniramine was also injected (i.p., 20 mg/kg) after morphine (i.p., 5 mg/kg) and before naloxone (s.c., 5 mg/kg).Statistical analysis: One - way and repeated measures ANOVA and Duncan test. Resnlts: Intrapaw injection of normal saline induced a weak response only in the first five min. Formalin injection by the same route produced a biphasic pain response (first phase: 0-5 and second phase: 20-40 min after injection). Intraperitoneal injection of chlorpheniramine (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) without any effect on first phase, suppressed the second phase of pain. Morphine (i.p. 5mg/Kg) produced analgesia by reducing both phases of pain. Naloxone (s.c., 5mg/kg) did not change the formalin - induced pain. Chlorpheniramine injection after morphine potentiated the morphine analgesia, but it's injection before naloxone did not prevent the naloxone -induced hyperalgesia.Conclusion: Based on the present results it is concluded that chlorpheniramine (H1 antagonist) produced antinociception in the second phase (inflammatory phase) of formalin - induced pain. Hence, H1 receptors may have a role in inflammatory pain. In this regard, antnociception induced by a H1 antagonist may be dependent on opioid system.

Objective: To determine occurrence and also bacterial causes of hepatic abscess of sacrificed cattle in shahrekod abattoir.Design: Cross Sectional study.Animals: Five hundreds sacrificed cattle.Procedure: During this study inspection of 500 sacrificed cattle for presence of hepatic abscess was carried out in slaughter house. After observing the hepatic abscess, animal's sex, age, production, pregnancy and also abscess characterizations (number, size, location), recorded and whole abscess was dissected from the liver and transferred to the laboratory. Aerobic, anaerobic and microaerophilic bacterial cultures from hepatic abscesses were carried out using standard methods.Statistic analysis: Chi-Square statistical test.Results: Thirty three cattle (6.6%) out of 500 inspected sacrificed cattle had hepatic abscess, from which 18 abscesses were in females (54.5%) and 15 abscesses were in male (45.5%). Twenty three livers out of 33 infected livers had only one abscess (69.69%) and 10 livers had 2 or more abscesses (30.30%). Fusobacterium necrophorum was isolated as unique bacterial cause of 21 hepatic abscesses (63.63%) and Arcanobacterium pyogenes was isolated from only 9 abscesses (27.27%). Discussion: The results of the present study showed that F.necrophorum is the most important bacterial cause of hepatic abscesses in cattle in shahrekord. Furthermore Arcanobacterium pyogenes is the second important bacterial cause of hepatic abscesses.

Objective: To compare the skin responses of infected and non-infected sheep with Linguatula serrata nymph.Design: Experimental study.Animals: Thirty native sheep.Procedure: The nymphs of Linguatula were collected from mesenteric lymph nodes of slaughtered animals and the protein of nymphs was extracted. The extracted protein was injected at the dose of 0.2 ml intra-dermopalpebrally into the skin of lower eyelid of sheep. A placebo was injected into the skin of contralateral eyelid. The skin reaction was evaluated I hour after injection. Infection status of injected sheep was determined by demonstration of Linguatula serrata nymphs in the mesenteric lymph nodes after slaughter as gold standard.Statistical analysis: Compute sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values, likelihood ratio and kappa statistic of the intradermal skin test at a different cut off values. Results: Our calculated measures of diagnostic performance of intradermal skin test of Linguatula serrata were lower than anticipated and those previously reported.Conclusion: Intradermal skin test can be used for detection of non-infected sheep.

Objective: To determine effects of dietary barley and phosphor ous on Uroltihiasis.Design: Experimental study Animals: Iranian Raeini male kids.Procedure: For assessing the effect of barley and phosphorous on the occurrence of Uroltihiasis, a total of seventy five male kids (initial live weight of 17.5±2.1 kg) were studied. Animals were fed with pelleted diet containing barley, Lucerne hay, wheat straw, wheat bran and cotton seed meal. After observing the urolithiasis symptoms, 10 g of limestone was added to the diet of animals through water, in order to increase the ratio of Ca:P to 3.5. Addition of limestone has eliminated the urolithiasis in the animals.Statistical Analysis: Fisher's exact test (2-tail) and chi-square test with SAS Software.Results: After three months, 12 kids out of 75 showed the symptoms of urolithiasis. Most of the affected kids were from the groups consumed high barley diets. The chemical composition of the urinary calculi was 10% phosphorus and 5% calcium.Clinical implications: The results of chi-square test have shown that the effect of dietary barley or phosphorous on the occurrence of Urolithiasis is significant (P<0.01).

Objective: To investigate the effect of special meteorological condition of Ahwaz on thyroid function and to study the effects of gender and age on the function of this gland.Design: Cross sectional study.Animals: 210 Sheep.Procedures: By Considering the meteorologic condition of Ahwaz and biseasonally nature of year in the region, blood samples of 210 sheep were randomly collected during the warmest (February) and coldest (July) months of year from Ahwaz slaughterhouse. Serum T3, T4, T3 uptake and free thyroxin index (FTI) concentrations were measured in four age groups of sheep: less than 6 months, 6-12 months, 12- 48 months and above 48 months by Radioimmunoassay. Statistical analysis: Analysis of variance and Correlation coefficient.Results: There was a significant differences in the concentration of serum T3 (P<0.001), T4 (P<0.001),T3 uptake (P<0.001) and FTI (P<0.05) between the warmest and coldest months. Furthermore, age (but not sex) showed significant effect on these parameters (P<0.05). Serum T3, T4 and FTI levels was significantly higher and T3 uptake was significantly lower in February than July. A direct correlation between T4 and FTI, T4 and T3, FTI and T3, T3 Uptake and FTI in each month (P<0.01) and a reverse correlation between T3 and T3 uptake (P<0.05) were noticed.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that in July, heat had a suppression effect on thyroid function in sheep. Therefore increased production and reproduction problems in warm season may be due to thyroid dys function. While age showed a negative correlation with thyroid gland function, such pattern did not found for sex.

Objective: Study on prevalence rate of Aegyptianella pullorum infection in native chickens of Amol and suburbs.Design: Cross- sectional study.Animals: 50 Chickens.Procedure: Blood sampling from 50 chickens (Callus gallus domesticus), preparing Giemsa- stained blood smears, and measuring hematologic parameters.Results: Three samples out of 50 (6%) were infected with A. pullorum. No significant difference was evident between hematologic parameters of infected and noninfected birds (P>0.05). Hematological factors of infected birds were normal.Conclusion: The results confirmed A.pullorum infection in native chickens (Callus gallus domesticus) of the area.

Objectives: To Prepare of a specific FITC conjugate antibody for differentiation of velogenic and vaccinal strains of Newcastle disease virus.Design: Experimental study.Animals: 27 rabbits.Methods: 4 velogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus were obtained from collection of viruses in Virology Laboratory of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and two vaccinal strains (B1 and Lasota) were propagated in embryonated eggs and purified by ultra centrifugation. Purified viruses used for immunization of 7 groups of rabbits, each consisting of 4 animals. Each group was immunized by one of the virulent or vaccinal strains and one group by mix of vaccinal strains. The immunization process took about 4 months. Sera samples fro immunized animals after absorption by each of the vaccine and velogenic strains were put in proximity to one another in Agar gel Immunodiffusion test. Specific antibodies conjugated with FITC. 28 velogenic isolates, 2 vaccinal strains and 14 negative samples were tested by using the conjugated specific antibody.Results: Eventually only one precipitate line was observed. That was indicative of the fact that specific antibody against velogenic and vaccine strains was obtained. The produced specific antibody can detect unique viral antigen and respond against it.Conclusion: This specific FITC conjugated antibody can differentiate velogenic and vaccinal strains of NDV in shorter time than classic methods.

Objective: Search gallstone in sheep and cows.Design: Cross Sectional.Animals: Sheep and cows.Procedure: in this survey, 336 and 250 gallbladder of slaughtered sheep and cows were studied in Tehran slaughterhouse, respectively. Chemical analysis of bile (cholesterol, total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin and calcium) from animals with and without gallstones were done. Statistical analysis: T-test (P<0.05).Results: The qualitative chemical analysis of the gallstones showed that calcium bilirubinate, cholesterol and calcium carbonate was present. Chemical analysis of bile from animals with and without gallstones did not show any statistically significant difference (P<0.05). This is the first report from Iran.Conclusion: Observations Showed gallstones in sheep and cow were pigment ones.

Objective: Case report of poisoning with Malva neglecta in milking cow.Design: Case- Report.Animal: Milking cow.Procedure: Observation of clinical sings for diagnosis of hypocalcemia and improve diagnosis with reply to treatment procedure.Results: Feeding a large amount of common mallow caused poisoning and hypocalcemia in cow and the treatment by intravenous infusion of calcium borogluconate.Clinical implication: Feeding milking cow with a large amount Common mallow should be avoided. ?Treatment by intravenous infusion of calcium brogluconat can be indicated.