Journal of Veterinary Research
Year:2005 | Volume:60 | Issue:2|Papers Count:23

Objective: Determine the antimicrobial susceptibility and plasmid profiles of the Escherichia coli isolates from avian colibacillosis. Design: Exploratory study. Samples: One-hundred and fifty Escherichia coli isolate, from broiler's pericarditis lesions (5 samples from each of 30 farms). Procedure: Determine resistance to 20 antibacterial drug, and also determine plasmid profiles among E. coli isolates. Results: All isolates were susceptible to ceftiofur and gentamicin. The percentages of isolates that were resistant to the other 18 antibacterial agents were as follows: nalidixic acid, 98.7; erythromycin, 97.3; ampicilin, 96.7: colistin,. 96.7; tetracycline, 94; flumequine, 92: oxytetracycline, 90.7; difloxacin, 84; nitrofurantoin, 81.3: forazolidone, 79.3; sulfamethoxazol & trimethoprim, 72.6: enrofloxacin, 66; lincospectin, 64.7; norfloxacin, 52.7: neomycin, 52; chloramphenicol, 46.7; ciprofloxacin, 44: and streptomycine, 26.7. There were 82 resistance pattern, among the isolates to 10 most commonly used drugs in poultry industry. Eighty-six isolates (57.2 %) belonged to more than one pattern, whereas the remaining 64 isolate, (42.7%), each belonged to one pattern only. Plasmid profiles revealed 62 patterns in which molecular weights of the plasmid pecies ranged between 1- >68 Kb, No plasmid bands were found in 12 isolates. Conclusion: Neither drug resistance pattern, nor plasmid profile could be used as a marker of avian colibacillosis E. coli but plasmid profiles and drug resistance pattern were useful in distinguishing among isolates from the same farm.          

Objective: To study the effect of Zataria multiflora essential oil on the clinical isolates of Streptococcus, agalactiae, Staphylococcus, aureus and E. coli isolated from milk of cows with mastitis. Design: Description study. Procedure: In this study milk samples from cows affected by mastitis were collected from a farm near Tehran. Using microbiological, biochemical and serological methods, bacteria were isolated, identified and serotyped. The MIC of Zataria multiflora essential oil against Streptococcus, agalactiae, Staphylococcus, aureus and Escherichia coli, isolated in this study were evaluated. Results: Sterptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were isolated from 6, 21 and 5 samples respectively. All the isolated strains were more resistant to Zataria multiflora essential oil than the standard ones. The MICs of Zataria multiflora on isolated strains of S. aureus and Strep. agalactiae used in this study were 4 and 1.5 times more than the corresponding standard strains. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, Zataria multiflora essential oil had good antibacterial effect on the isolated strains of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus.  

Objective: Farctionation of different penicillium species based on protein bands. Procedure: In this study penicillium citrinum, penicillium oxalicum, penicillium notatum and penicillium frequents isolated from air in Iran have been compared for their protein pattern antigens. First, the isolates were cultured on sabouraud dextrose agar medium and then subcultured on czapex agar and were maintained on 30°C for 48-72h. Then they were cultured on sobouraud broth medium for preparing protein extracts, and braudford method was used for measuring the level of protein. The proteins were differentiated using SDS-PAGE with 10% separating gel. Coomassie blue G250 was used for staining. Results: 34 protein band with molecular weight of: 19.5,  24,26,27,28.5,32,36,39,45,48,50,52,53,55,56.5, 59.5,63,65,66.5,68,76,84,88,90,92,93,94,95,97, 107,116,123,128 and 158 kD were observed. The bands 19.5,24,28.5,45,52,53,56.5,59.5,76,84 and 97kD were present in all 30 isolates under study. Clinical implications: The results indicate that there are inter species and intra species differences but there is no significant difference in protein patterns of the isolates.    

Objectives: To identify clinical, ultrasonographic and histopathological features of cervical sialoceles (salivary mucoceles) in dogs. Design: Retrospective study. Animals: Three German shepherd dog. Procedures: Case records of three dogs that underwent surgery to remove a cervical sialocele at the University of Tehran Small Animal Hospital were reviewed for signalment, clinical signs, Ultrasonographic findings and histopathology. Results: The dogs were male German shepherd with average age of 4 years. In all dogs, the masses were located in the right cranioventral cervical region. Ultrasonography showed echo texture masses with accumulation of fluid. The masses removed surgically. Macroscopically, the masses were round, relatively labulated, and fluctuant with a thick, fibrous capsule. Microscopic examination revealed parotid sialocele in one case and mandibular sialocele in the other two cases. Coagulative necrosis in one case and secondary infection in the other were observed. There were no recurrences of the masses after at least 6 month to 2 years from the operation. Clinical implications: Comparison of these results with studies by other authors showed that surgical excision of affected salivary glands is the treatment of choice for sialocele. Histopathologically, the wall of sialoceles consists of an outer, highly vascularized layer of immature connective tissue and an inner zone of loosely arranged fibroblasts. A pleocellular inflammatory reaction is evident in the central area, which also contains much amorphous acidophilic or amphophilic debris.    

Objective: The purpose of this study was diagnosis of Marek's disease virus as one of the causative agents for visceral tumors in chickens using Polymerase Chain Reaction. Samples: Forty blood samples from the chickens without any clinical signs of Marek's disease and another 42 tumoral tissues from commercial chickens were collected. Procedure: The whole DNA of the samples were extracted using a silica gel DNA extraction kit, then PCR test was performed using specific primers detecting 132bp tandem repeat and antigen Agene of MDV, finally electrophoresis of PCR products was done in 1ko3/4l agarose gel. Results: No positive results were obtained in blood samples for MDV and its vaccinal strain, but about 47.6% of samples were positive. The tumoral tissues including live, spleen, proventriculus, ovary breast muscle and bursa of Fabricius. Conclusion: The vaccinal strain of MDV (Rispens) was not detected in any of examined blood samples, as the period of viremia for this virus is very short. Serotype 1 of Marek's disease virus was detected as a causative agent of tumors in the chicken farms of Iran as a first step in this study.    

Objective: Determination the effects of the bacteria entropathogens to increase infection of calves and cows to cryptosporidium. Design: Descriptive study. Animals: A total of 152 calves and 300 cows. Procedure: Microscopic detection of cryptosporidium in the direct smears of feces samples from 3 farm in around Tehran, using smears, fixing with methanol, staining will modified zeal-nielson, detecting oocysts under a light microscope with objective magnification of 40 X (at leas in 20 microscope field), confirming the observation using magnification of 100 X. on the other hand, feces samples were cultured for detection of bacterial agents such as Salmonella, E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Campylobacter and Pseudomonas as well as microscopic observation for presence of acid-fast bacteria in the direct smears of feces. Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistics. Results: In this study, Cryptosporidium was detected in 40.78% of diarrheic calves of which 10.52% of cases had cryptosporidium alone, and in 30.26% of cases cryptosporidium was accompanied with at least one other pathogenic bacteria. In 3.28% of cases acid-fast organism was isolated alone. Target pathogens of this study were isolated at least in 34.33% of feces samples of cows. In 28% of cases Cryptosporidium was confirmed and in 591 acid-fast organism was observed. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the infection rates are significantly higher in calves than in cows which may be the due to the age susceptibility to Cryptosporidium. It is suggested that hygiene of calf den is of great importance.  

Objective: 1-If Histophilus somni can be involved of mastitis in Holstein dairy cattle. 2- The frequency of Histophilus somni and other bacteria isolated in mastitis cases. Design: Cross-sectional. Animals: 116 Holstein dairy cattle. Procedure: Cows were examined in 6 dairy cattle herds in suburb of Mashhad, Iran. They were tested for clinical (No: 22; 18.64%) and sub clinical mastitis (No: 94; 81.04%) by using routine clinical methods and California Mastitis Test (CMT). They were cultured in Brain Heart Infusion Yeast agar at 37° C in 10% Co2 for Histophilus somni and other bacteria infection. They were evaluated after 24- 48 hours. Statistical analysis: Chi- square and Fisher tests. Results: Histophilus somni was isolated from only 2(1.73%) clinical mastitis cows. Sub clinical mastitis cows were not infected by Histophilus somni. There were significant differences between clinical and sub clinical mastitis in respected to mammary gland infection (P<0.05). The infection rate in winter and spring seasons were 1.73% (No: 58) and (1.73%), respectively. However, 8 bacteria were isolated, too. Conclusion: The infection rate of mastitis due to Histophilus somni was very low (1.73%). It was cultured difficulty. The real infection rate may be higher. It is necessary to use more sensitive methods.          

Objectives: To mature dromedary camel oocytes for using them in an IVF system. Design: Interventional study. Animals: Ovaries from dromedary camels in local slaughterhouses. Procedure: Removing varies from camels in a local slaughterhouse, carrying them to the laboratory in warm saline solution, aspiration of follicles, isolation and transferring of oocytes into TCM-199 and Ham's F10 supplemented with 0-10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), culturing oocytes for up to 24h in a CO2 incubator. After culture oocytes were denuded and put into PBS containing 0.1% hyaluronidase and passing through a fine pipette. Oocytes were then mounted onto slide glass and fixed and stained for evidence of maturation. Statistical analysis: ANOVA and when significance different was seen, Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Results: When oocytes from fresh ovaries were culture in Ham's F10 without protein, only 17.65% of them reached to MH. However, significantly (P<0.05) higher oocytes reached to MH in 5 and 10% FCS (36.84% and 33.33% for 5 and 10% FBS respectively), which were not dose dependent. When cool stored ovaries were used for oocyte maturation, 14.54% of oocytes reached to MH. In protein-free medium However, significantly (P<0.05) higher oocytes reached to MH in 5 and 10% FCS (25.86% and 33.33% for 5 and 10% FBS respectively). Although increasing the protein increased the maturation rates, the difference was not significant. Conclusion: Under the present condition it seems that cool stored ovaries could be used for in vitro maturation of camel oocytes.  

Objective: The efficacy of microwave radiation in destruction of Listeria monocytogenes Shiraz bio-Iran. Type 4b in milk with various concentrations of solid non fat (SNF), fat and acidity were studied. Design: Experimental study. Procedure: Bacterial suspensions (about 1.5×107 CFU ml-1) in milk containing various concentrations of SNF (7.5 and 8.5 percent), fat (2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 percent) and acidity (1.6, 1.7 and 1.8 g L-1 lactic acid) were prepared in volumes of 50 ml. Then the samples were exposed to microwave radiation in triplicate for 0, 10,20,23,26,29,32,35 and 40 seconds and the viable cell count was performed with standard plate count method. Statistical analysis: Repeated Measures ANOVA and Duncan's tests were employed to determine the differences in the rates of bacterial destruction in the milk samples after irradiating. Results: Under different durations of radiation, a useful effect of bacterial killing by microwave irradiation was observed. Reduction in viable cell count was significantly faster when the SNF and/or fat concentration of milk increased. The speed of decline in cell populations was significantly slower when the acidity increased. Conclusion: Contrary to the conventional heating process the present study showed that the destructive effect of microwave heating increased by increasing the SNF and fat concentration of milk. Although, pH of some foods and culture media within the range of 5.5-7.0 had no significant effect on destruction properties of microwave, milk acidity affected it significantly. It seems that increased acidity causes increased ionic content of milk, which in turn results in lower penetration of microwave into milk.      

Objective: Assessment of transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation effects on muscular repair and capability following sciatic nerve injury as animal model. Design: Experimental study. Animals: Ten male and female 15-22 month-old mixed breed dogs between 18-23 kg body-weight. Procedures: Animals were subsequently divided into two groups of (control and experimental) 5 dogs each. Then anesthesia was induced. Skin was incised and the muscular dissection performed. The right sciatic nerve was exposed in all dogs and crushed in full thickness using artery forceps for 5 seconds. The experimental group was subjected to of transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation (TENS) regimen, daily ten minutes for two weeks. The electromyography (EMG) was recorded from semimembranosus (S1), and semitendinosus (S2); Extensors (Ext), and Flexors (Flex) muscles before, after crush, 14, 28 and 45 post-operative day. Statistical Analysis: Variance analysis by ANOVA a Tukey's test. Results: EMG recording showed significant differences in muscle forced in SI and S2 in experimental group by comparison with control one. Clinical implications: The evaluation of (TENS) showed to be helpful to reduce muscle atrophy.    

Objectives: Detection of infectious rate and observation of histopathological changes due to nymph of Linguatula serrata on liver and lungs of cattle, sheep and goat during different seasons of year. Design: Slaughteral survey and preparation of histopathological sections from liver and lung. Animals: In this study 420 cattle liver, 420 cattle lung, 480 sheep liver, 480 sheep lung, 480 goat liver and 480 goat lung (totally 2760 sample) were examined. Procedure: 2760 sample of liver and lung of cattle, sheep and goat were provided from different East Azarbaijan slaugpterhouses during one year. Nymphs of linguatula serrata were obtained by digestion method. Also histopathological sections from infectious zone of liver and lung were prepared and stained by Haematoxillin & Eosin method and were observed by light microscope. Statistic analysis: Chi-Square method was used for detection relationship between infestations rate of liver and lung within different seasons of year. Results: No infective nymph was observed in liver and lung of cattle during this study .The nymph of linguatula srrata were observed in 98 (20/41%) sheep liver and 96(20%) sheep lung and 173(6/04%)goat liver and 170 (35/41%) goat lung. On sheep minimum infectious rate was observed during spring and maximum rate was observed during autumn. On goat minimum infectious rate was observed during winter and maximum rate was observed during autumn. Infectious rate variations in different season were significant (P<0/05). Histopathological studies appeared lymphocyte and macrophage cell infiltration into liver parenchyma, hemorrhage in Parenchyma of lungs, hyperemia, neutrophil and mononuclear cell infiltration into alveoli. Conclusion: Results of this survey showed that there is linguatula serrata infectious in East- Azarbaijan slaughterhouses and variation between infectious rate of liver and lung of sheep and goat in different season was significant (P<0/05).  

Objective: To study the effect of oxytocin injection and also oxytocin plus lunging on intrauterine fluid reduction and conception rate in mares with intrauterine fluid accumulation. Design: Experimental study. Animal: A total of 45 mares, 8-14 years old. Procedure: Among the mares in foal heat, 45 mares with more than 1 cm2 fluid in their uterus (evaluated by ultrasonography) were selected and categorized randomly in 3 groups as follow: Group 1: Without treatment (control). N=17. Group 2: Oxytocin injection (15 iu, IV), one daily, up to the end of foal heat (first injection on the 2nd day of foal heat). N=14. Group 3: Treatment as group 2 plus lunging for 20-30 minutes, initiated 60 minutes after oxytocin injection (to evaluate the effect of lunging in association with oxytocin on uterine drainage). N=14 Results: Reduction of uterine fluid after treatment was 71.4% and 98.9% in group 2 and 3 respectively compared with 17.6% in control group (P<0.05). The total conception rate in 3 groups with uterine fluid less than 1 cm2 (61.5%) was significantly more than the total one in 3 groups with uterine fluid≥1 cm2 (26.3%) (P<0.05). Conclusion: Lunging and or oxytocin injection in mares with intrauterine fluid accumulation in foal heat can improve conception rate in next estrus.        

Objective: To investigate the 12h: 12h light / dark changes of feeding, drinking and defecation in laboratory rabbits. Design: Experimental study. Animals: Ten male New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2.5 - 3kg. Procedure: Rabbits were individually maintained in standard cages (45 45 60cm) in a laboratory under controlled temperature (20 - 23°C) and 12/12h light – dark cycles for induction of adaptation. They were fed with a commercial pelleted diet and water twice daily (7.00 and 19.00h). Fecal pellets and consumed food and water were measured every 4h for 10 consecutive days. The rates and ratios of the above mentioned parameters were calculated at 12h light, 12h dark and total 24h periods. Statistical analysis: Repeated measures ANOVA and Duncan test. Results: Maximal rates of food and water intake were obtained at 19-23 and 23-3h time intervals. Their minimal rates were occurred at 3-7h time interval. Defecation, with minimal rates at 7-11 and 11-15h time intervals, showed maximal rates at 15-19,19-23 and 23-3h time intervals. Food, water intake and defecation rates at 12h dark period were higher than that of 12h light period. The 12h dark / total 24h ratios of the parameters were higher than that of 12h light / total24h ratios, too. Clinical implication: From the results of this study it is concluded that laboratory rabbits perform more of feeding, drinking and defecation activities from the beginning to middle hours of dark period. From this point of view, rabbits belong to the nocturnal animals group.  

Objective: To present a more accurate method for diagnosis of Cysticercus bovis in slaughtered cattle. Project: Slaughterhouse study. Animal: 3436 cattle. Method: To present a more accurate method for diagnosis of C.bovis in slaughtered cattle 1812 cattle were examined at meat inspection using traditional method. Meanwhile by using standard method for detection of c.bovis at meat inspection in South Africa, Germany and England 145 cattle for each region were examined. In each method the percentage of infection with C.bovis was determined. In traditional method heart, external and internal master and triceps muscles were inspected. Whereas for the method used in Germany and England, heart, external and internal master, oesophagus, diaphragm, tongue and for that of South Africa in addition to these, triceps was also inspected. The best, among the method used, was selected and according to the latter 1189 carcasses were examined. If the accuracy of selected method was statistically superior or similar to the best method, thus it was considered as an alternative or replacement method to the traditional method. Results: By examining of 1182 cattle at meat inspection using traditional method 47  carcasses(2.6%) harboured c.bovis in different organs, whereas using standard method, used in Germany, England and South Africa 7.6% , 6.9% and 6.9% of examined cattle were found to be infected with' C.bovis. There were significant differences between traditional method and standard methods of three different countries us in X2 test. Standard method used in Germany was more accurate than the others, thus it was chosen as our selected method by which 1189 cattle were examined of which ninety cattle (7.6%) were found to be infected with C.bovis, an infection rate comparable to German method. Thus it could be suggested as an alternative or replacement to the traditional method.    

Objective: Assessment of liver functions in adult Holstein cows during transition period in a dairy farm. Design: Descriptive survey. Animals: Six multiparous Holstein cows (2-6 calvings) Procedure: Six multiparous Holstein cows were studied from 3 weeks pre-partum to 2 weeks post-partum (beginning to end of pre- and post-partum transition periods). During the last 3 weeks of gestation the cows were fed a diet according to the conditions of pre-partum transition period. During the first 2 weeks post-partum the forage portion of the diet was offered ad libitum according to the diet which was to be fee after week 3, but the concentrate portion was increased one kg per day. The postparturient diet had less protein concentration and more fiber concentration than the recommended values. Blood samples were obtained 2 times during pre-partum and 2 times during post-partum weeks. To assess liver functions during periparturient transition period the concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin globulins (α., β,and γ), blood urea nitrogen, ceruloplasmin cholesterol, triglycerides, totallipids, lipoproteins (HDL. cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and VLDL-cholesterol), and the activity of AST and arginase were measured in sera. Statistical analysis: The results were compared between pre- and post-parturient transition periods using paired t test. Results: Among the biochemical parameters pertaining to liver functions, only glucose, cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol showed significant difference (P<0.05) between pre- and post-partum transition periods. The concentration of glucose was lower and those of cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were higher during post-partum transition period. Conclusion: It appears that under managemental condition of dairy farms in the area in which the study was conducted, it is possible to provide rations suitable for transition period and to maintain good liver functions.        

Objective: The radiographic, ultrasonographic, hamatologic, biochemical and histopathologic studies were done the following routine ileocystoplasty in dogs. Design: Experimental study. Animals: Twelve female mixed-breed Persian dogs. Procedure: Persian mixed breed female dogs between 1-2 year-old and 15-24kgbody-weight were divided into control and experiment groups. Routine ileocystoplasty was performed on experimental dogs. Twenty centimeters of ileal segments were detubulized to U-form and were grafted to bladder after performing the partial supratrigonal cystectomy. Radiography, ultrasonography, hematologic and biochemical evaluations were prepared on days 0, 14 and 35 from all animals. Experimental group animals also were euthanized on day 35. Neobladders were resected and histopathologic sections were taken. Results: No radiographic changes were detected in plain and contrast radiography indicative of any leakage from anastomotic and suture lines. Vesicoureteral reflux,... was not present. Ultrasonography revealed neobladder walls thickened at the anastomotic site. No significant changes were found in hematologic parameters, glucose, cholestrol, triglyceride, creatinine, total protein, albumine, glutamine, serum electrolytes (calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride and bicarbonate), albumin, pH, venous blood gases (Po2 and Po2) and anion gap. BUN was found significantly higher in experiment group in comparison to control group. There were not marked morphologic changes in ileal mucosa, uroepithelial migrated from remaining portion of the bladder to cover the ileal segments. Inflammatory cells infiltrations were not significant in neobladders. Clinical implications: Based on the study, ileal segment is useful source for graft the bladder in dog.      

Objective: Evaluation of exercise tolerance of horses in the rest and post-exercise by measurement of changes in hematological factors and enzyme activities. Design: Comparative study. Animals: Nineteen Iranian cross-bred race horses aged 5 to 14 years old and 350 to 450 Kg weight. Procedure: Two blood samples were taken at rest and after galloping in 1 mile track .Auscultation of heart was done at rest and immediately after exercise up to 60 minutes. Blood samples were submitted to laboratory for hematological and biochemical experiments. The commercial kits were used to measurement of enzyme activities. Statistical analysis: T-student test, Analysis of variance, SPSS program. Results: The mean of PCV, RBC values and, CPK, AST, and LDH activities at rest were obtained, 36.60 +- 3.3 percent, 6.8+ -0.88 million/ul,196.8+ _20.3 u/l, 233.78 +_29.73 u/l and 327.05+ _58.25 u/l respectively. The mean values of these factors after exercise were significantly increased to before exercise (p<0.05). The mean of resting heart rate was 36.10+_5.54 bpm and the mean of maximum heart rate and heart rate in sixtieth minutes after exercise were 131.89+_16.83 and 42.36+_11.70 bpm respectively, there is significant increase of maximum heart rate to resting heart rate (p<0.05). Clinical implications: Although there is significant increase in enzyme activities, but marked and pathological increase do not occur and therefore there is no any evidence of muscular/cardiac damage or poor performance. There are rather good capacity of PCV and cardiac reserve in the horses with regard of submaximal exercise. Measurement of serum enzymes alone, are not reliable for detection of poor performance. However, detection of such factors in the presence of acute damage or along with some other factors like PCV and HR are valuable for determination of poor performance.      

Objective: Diagnosis of retinal detachment by using ultrasonography. Animals: 3 horses. Procedure: Clinical examination and diagnosis of disorder on the basis of ultrasonographic findings with 7.5 MHz probe and real time B. mode technique, transpalpebrally. Results: Ultrasonography showed echo dense linear structures resulted in classic funnel appearance of vitreous in one case and convex hyperechoic linear density of the back of globe in two cases. Clinical implications: Ultrasonographic findings were characteristic of complete retinal detachment in one case and partial retinal detachment in two cases.      

Objective: A case report of cleft palate with some craniofacial defects in sheep. Animal: An approximately 10 months sheep. Procedure: By anatomical observations of cleaned skull. Results: Cleft palate was observed as an oval hole at the caudal part of the hard palate. Maxillary oligodontia was also observed in both sides of the maxillae. Vomer and some of the facial bones had developed incompletely.