Koomesh
Year:2006 | Volume:7 | Issue:3-4 (20)|Papers Count:19

Introduction: Peroxynitrite, produced naturally in the body from a reaction between nitric oxide and superoxide anion, possess destructive effects against microorganisms. In excess concentrations, however, it may also lead to cellular damage and inflammatory reactions in the host. Non - steroidal anti inflammation drugs (NSAIDs) are used widely in therapy for their anti inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties. Meanwhile, their adverse effects on endocrine functions should be taken into account. This project aims at the following goals: 1) establishing a new animal model of peroxynitrite-induced inflammation, 2) studying the effect of two selected NSAIDs on these parameters. 3) Investigating the possible effect of this oxidant on the blood levels of cortisol and glucose. .Material & Methods: 24 male guinea pigs were divided into 4 groups (6 animals in each group). Three groups were injected peroxynitrite and the last group, control group, given physiological salt solution in the paw subcutaneously. Following induction of a local inflammatory response, flunixin meglumine and ketoprofen (0.5 mg/0.5 ml) were injected to second and third groups' times with 12h intervals. First and fourth groups were injected saline solution with the same manner. Animals were anesthetized with thiopental (60 mg/kg, i.p.) and a blood sample was collected by heart puncture. The glucose and cortisol levels of blood were determined by routine laboratory techniques.Result: Blood glucose concentration in the animals that only injected peroxynitrite was less than the control group. In addition, groups which were given drugs had statistically higher levels of glucose in their blood more than the others. Although, cortisol levels were lower in the test groups compared to the control group, these differences were not significant statistically.Conclusion: The results of current study showed that both peroxinitrite and NSAIDs decrease the cortisol levels of blood. These findings can be a possible explanation for the lower levels of cortisol in the blood of patient who receive nitro glisirin as well as osteoarthritis patients that mainly take NSAIDs. In the study, the glucose levels of blood in animal's given drugs were more than the control groups.

Introduction: Effects of cimetidine (CIM) on locomotor is controversial. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of CIM on motor activity and possible roles of opioid receptors in CIM-induced decrement in locomotor activity in mice.Materials & Methods: Thirty-six male mice (25-30gr) were divided into six groups in this study. Locomotor activity was evaluated using an automated activity monitor system. CIM (50 mg\kg, i.p.) was injected 25 min before testing in presence or absence naloxone (2 mg/kg, sc). Morphine (5 mg/kg, i.p) was injected 25 min before testing in the presence or absence CIM. Decreased motor activity significantly. Pretreatment of or morphine did not change CIM - induced response significantly.Results: The results showed that CIM significantly decreased motor activity in mice (P=0.000). Pretreatment of nalxone did not change CIM-induced response significantly. Morphine alone did not change motor activity. Pretreatment of ClM did not change morphine-induced response.Conclusion: Data indicated that cimetidine can reduce motor activity independence from interaction with opioid receptors.

Introduction: Vision is one of the most important organs in the body. Damage to this organ causes a severe disability in humans. In retinitis pigmentosa, the degeneration of photoreceptors causes blindness. So far, more than 100 mutations have been detected in photoreceptors, which they result in opsin malfunction. The aim of present study is to differentiate the hippocampal stem cells of rat to the rod photoreceptors.Materials & Methods: Stem cells of the hippocampus were obtained from rat embryos, 18 days of age (EI8). Pregnant female rats were killed and the head of their embryos were separated. Then, the embryos' hippocampus was removed according to Banker's method. Hippocampal cells were dissociated by Fish Bach's method. The cells were cultured in flasks (25cm2). After 3 days; the cells were isolated by trypsin, counted using trypan blue and hemocytometer. Cell suspensions were prepared in two cell concentrations; high (2x105 cells/m1) and low (2x104 cells/ml) concentration, then, cultured using DMEM/F12 supplemented with fetal bovine serum 10% (FBS) in six wells plates. Prior to culture of the cells, the first and second row of plates were coated with poly L-lysine and inactivated astrocytes, respectively. Following incubation of the plates at 37oC for 4 days, different concentrations of All Transe Retinoic Acid (ATRA) and 9-CIS RA were added daily for 6 days, and finally immunocytochemistery was carried out using anti-opsin monoclonal antibody.Results: The results of current study showed that the plates, which are respectively treated with ATRA and 9-CIS RA in a concentration of 500nM and 100nM for 6 days had the most differentiated cells. In addition, maximum differenced cells were observed with 100nM of 9-Cis RA. The differentiated cells were detected in wells, which were only coated with inactivated astrocytes in either a high or low concentration of cell suspension.Conclusion: These findings indicated that inactivated astrocytes as a feeder layer and extrinsic factors such as (ATRA) and 9-Cis RA increase differentiation of hippocampal stem cells into rod photoreceptors.

Introduction: Unwanted pregnancy is one of the most important problems in communities. It endangers the mother and child health and it imposes much expense on the health and treatment system. Studies show that the total number of pregnancy in the world is about 200 million cases per year; approximately one third of them are unwanted pregnancy. Ninety fiver percent of these unwanted pregnancies occur in the developing countries such as Iran. Regarding the high prevalence rate of the unwanted pregnancy in these countries, thus, we decided to evaluate the unwanted pregnancy prevalence rate in Semnan.Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 405 women referring to Semnan laboratories for pregnancy test. Following receiving the result of test, a questionnaire was completed by patients or interviewer. The Chi-square test was used to analyze the data in the 5% significant level.Results: The prevalence of unwanted pregnancy prevalence was 25.7% (95% Confidence Interval: 21.4%-30%). The prevalence of unwanted pregnancy was 7.9%, 27.9%, 77.3%, 78.9% and 91.7% in women without children, with one, two, three, and four or more children, respectively. The prevalence of unwanted pregnancy was 25.4% in housewives and 27.4% in employed women. In addition, 63.6% of illiterate women, 31.8% of women with primary school certificate, 29.3% of the guidance, school literate ones, 19.5% with high school and 19.7% with academic studies had unwanted pregnancy. There was a significant relationship between the unwanted pregnancy prevalence and the literate level of women, the number of children and age (P=0.0001).But there was no significant relationship between the unwanted pregnancy prevalence and employment.Conclusion: Regarding the high unwanted pregnancy prevalence in Semnan compared to its mean in Iran and greater prevalence of unwanted pregnancy in the illiterate women, it seems reconsideration in the family planning services by health centers and expansion of the training programs about preventing the pregnancy in community especially for illiterate women is necessary.

Introduction: Early diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases has an important role in reduction of the mortality and morbidity of cardiac events, in view of increasing rate of these disease states.Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the distribution of coronary risk factors in 222 patients.Result: HTN and smoking were more common in women and men, respectively, while no such difference was noted for other coronary risk factors. The average and total number of risk factors were greater in the group with positive dipyridamole test and positive MPI, in comparison with the group with negative dipyridamole test and negative MPI, respectively. Older age was consistent with more positive MPIs, but not with positive dipyridamole stress tests. DM and HTN were more common in positive dipyridamole test group but this was not true for other risk factors. A normal MPI was noted in 43.7% of patients.Conclusion: These findings indicated that coronary risk factors play an important role in appearance of ischemia in dipyridamol and MPI test.

Introduction: In different statistical studies, a subset of data maybe missing for some study subjects either by design or happenstance, such data are called missing variables. Ignoring such data causes bias in the results; therefore presenting statistical methods for analyzing such data are necessary.Materials & Methods: One of the most common techniques used in linear regression analysis with missing covariates is a Weighted Estimating Equation (WEE). In this method, the observe probability of missing data are computed using the logistic regression, then the inverse probability of these data are input into the score statistics equation and finally the equation is solved using the EM algorithm and the regression parameters are estimated. The advantage of this method is that the distributions of the missing data need not to be correctly specified. In the present study, the above method was compared to Maximum Likelihood (ML) by using an applied example.Results: Considering the covariates missing at random (MAR), the WEE method is more efficient than the other statistical methods.Conclusion: Regarding the advantages of WEE, this method is applicable when the distributions of covariates are not normal.

Introduction: Therapeutics, especially medical plants with minimum side-effects are of high value in preventing vascular complications of diabetes mellitus in long term. Considering the evidences about the anti-diabetic effects of Nigella. Sativum (NS), the current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of oral two-month administration of NS on the contractile reactivity of isolated aorta in male diabetic rats.Material & Methods: Male Wistar rats (n=32) were randomly divided into control, NS-treated control, diabetic, and NS-treated diabetic groups. For induction of diabetes, streptozotcin (STZ) was intraperitoneally administered. The treatment groups were received oral administration of NS-mixed pelleted food (6.25%) for two months. After two months, the contractile reactivity of aortic rings to KCl and noreadrenaline was determined using isolated tissue setup.Results: Contractile response to cumulative KCl and noreadrenaline followed a dose-dependent pattern in aortic rings in all groups. In addition, the maximum contractile reactivity was significantly higher in the diabetic group compared to the control one (p<0.0001).Meanwhile, this response was lower in NS-treated diabetic group in comparison with untreated diabetic group (p<0.05).Conclusion: Long-term oral administration of Nigella. sativum attenuated the enhanced vascular responsiveness in diabetes mellitus and some developed cardiovascular complications due to diabetes.

Introduction: Sweating more than body physiological needs is known hyperhidrosis. Idiopathic hyperhidrosis involves 1% of the population. The patient who suffers palm hyperhidrosis encounters social, occupational and psychological problems. The most effective symptomatic treatment in idiopathic palmoplantar hyperhidrosis is tap water iontophoresis (TWI) on involved areas. There are little studies and wide controversies about lastingness and efficiency of treatmental electrodes in TWI, so evaluation of lastingness and efficiency of treatmental electrodes and side effects is the base of this study.Materials &Methods: 18girls who suffer idiopathic palmar hyperhidrosis are treated ten session every other day so one hand with anodal electrode and the other with cathodal electrode are immersed in water containers and direct current is applied at 15 minute with 8-20 mA intensity. Sweating weight of the both hands before, after and two weeks after of treatment in 18 patients and in 32 healthy girls at 10 minutes is measured on the scale of the one thousandth grams.Results: There are significant changes in mean sweating weights of the same hands between healthy and involved groups. There are significant changes in mean sweating weights of the both hands at three evaluation sessions and no significant changes between electrodes at three evaluation sessions. There is no significant changes in mean sweating weight differences of hands at three evaluation sessions and no significant changes between electrodes at three evaluation sessions. The side effects after treatment were hand dryness in 14, burning sensation in 6 and redness in 11 persons that improved spontaneously two weeks after treatment.Conclusion: Both electrodes are effective similarly in TWI on idiopathic palmar hyperhidrosis and them lastingness is lesser than two weeks, also there is probability of the short term and transient side effects occurrence. 1- Increased membrane threshold of sweating cells and 2- alteration physiological responses of the sweating cells are two theories which explain concludes of this study.

Introduction: Bombesin (BBS) is a tetra-decapeptide, which is widely distributed in mammalian central nervous system. Due to presence of BBS in neural pathways that involved in control of pain, the aim of this study was to test the effects of this peptide on acute pain in mice.Materials & Methods: Male albino mice (25-30 gr.) were used in this study. Hot plate (HP) and Tail Flick (TF) models were applied for the evaluation of BBS effects on acute pain. Five minute prior to measuring pain, different doses of BBS (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) or saline were respectively injected to test and control animals by the route of intraperitoneal.Results: The results of current study indicated that peripheral injection of BBS produces significant analgesic effects in both TF and HP models.Conclusion: The present data provide evidences that BBS plays an important role in control of acute pain. Further studies are required to determine the underlying mechanisms.

Introduction: Anxiety is one of the most common psychotic disorders. Since available antianxiety therapies have many side effects, searching for new drugs with lower side effects is necessary. Achillea. Millefolium is one of the medical plants that have many beneficial effects and it seems that it has some anti-anxiety effects as well. In the current study, the probable influence of hydro-a1cholicextract of A. Millefolium on anxiety-like behaviors was investigated in a mice model.Materials & Methods: Sixty male albino mice (25-30gr) were used in the study. Animals were randomly divided into four treatment groups and two control groups. The treatment groups were received different doses of A. Millefolium extract (50, 100, 200 & 400 mg/kg) by the route of intraperitoneal. One of the control groups was given the vehicle of A. Millefolium extract, while another one; sham control, received only a blank injection. Twenty-five min following injection of the A. Millefolium extract, the animals have left inside a black wall box for increasing motion activity for 5 min. Then the animals were transferred to a plus maze for the evaluation of anxiety reaction including the number of entries and time spent in the open arms of maze. These anxiety criteria were monitored and recorded for 5 min. Results: The hydroa1cohlic extract of A. Millefolium in a dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly increased both the time spent in the open arms and the number of entries to the open arms in the test animals compared to the control animals (p<0.05).Conclusion: The results of present study showed that A. Millefolium extract modulates anxietylike behaviors in mice.

Introduction: the speech quality parameters have been provided as one of the main factors for determining the nature and volume of language impairment. We standardize the measures of total numbers of word, mean length of utterance (MLU) and mean length of 5 long sentences in normal Semnanian 2 to 5 years' old children's spontaneous language samples, which elicit by conversation method. Since in Iran the treatment of childhood language disorders achieve in base of clinician experiences and/or sometimes by English language norms so it is necessary that determine such norms of the speech quality parameters for Persian language children.Materials & Methods: In the search, we studied 580 normal Semnanian 2 to 5 years old Persian language children. The examiner used pictures and storybooks for eliciting the descriptive language sample and open- ended question for eliciting the free language sample. Children's language samples were recorded in tape script. Later, these oral samples were written on the paper by international transcribe. Then we calculated the measures of the speech quality parameters and analyzed them by statistical tests.Results: According to the findings of this study, the norm of total numbers of word, MLU and mean length of 5 long sentences were determined for Semnanian 2 to 5 years old children. Also, the findings showed increasing in total number of word, MLU and mean length of 5 long sentences throughout arising the child's age from 2 to 5 years old.Conclusion: The findings indicate that the child's age influences on these speech quality parameters in base of type of speech (language sampling method). Therefore, the process of increasing the measures of these speech quality parameters varies in aspect of child's type of speech.

Introduction: One of the main outcomes of surgical operation is deep vein thrombosis (D.V.T). Because of the risky and dangerous outcomes of D.V.T such as pulmonary emboli, the prevention of D.V.T is important. In surgical operations, venous stasis resulting from the immovability of patient can cause D.V.T. Pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery is important, supposing that it can intensify and aggravate D.V.T initiation. In this investigation, medicinal prevention from D.V.T by heparin in low dose has been studied.Materials & Methods: In the present study, 103 patients who were under laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgical operation were randomly divided into two groups; heparin receivers (N=48) and non-heparin receivers (N=55) group. The patients of the first group were received heparin (5000 unit) about two hours prior to surgery and then every 12 hours after surgery until the patients were dismissed. Ultrasonography was carried out for all patients in 3 stages; prior to surgical operation, the first day after surgical operation, and day seven after surgical operation. The chi-square test was used to statistically analyze of data.Results: There was no statistical difference between two groups with regard to age, gender, height, weight, BMI, duration of operation, the length of time confined to bed, cigarette consumption and OCP usage. D.V.T was not observed in the ultrasonographies that were performed for the patients in both the test and control group. In addition, prophylactic heparin did not produce any complications.Conclusion: Since no D.V.T case was observed in both groups, it is not possible to reject the influence of heparin from prevention of D.V.T and the intensifier effect of pneumoperitoneum on D.V.T It is possible that the reduction of operation time, pneumoperitoneum, bedriddancy on operative table, venous stasis, admission and early mobilization of patient have a preventive effect on D.V.T. These factors have more important influence than the intensifier effect of pneumoperitoneum from prevention of D.V.T. In addition, heparin can use in prophylactic dose without any complications.

Introduction: Acute myocardial infarction is a common life-threatening event. Meanwhile, anxiety is considered as the most common problems for myocardial infarction patients and their families.Materials &Methods: The present semi-quasi experimental study was performed to examine the effects of progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) technique on the vital signs of myocardial infarction patients. Seventy-six patients with myocardial infarction are divided into two groups of test and control with randomized allocation method. The intervention was the progressive muscle relaxation technique, which was carried out twice a day for three days for the patients of test group. In the any stage of progressive muscle relaxation technique, the instruments used for data collection was demographic information questionnaire and vital signs chart.Results: The use of progressive muscle relaxation significantly decreased the respiratory rate (P=0.03) in the experimental group compared with the control group, but had no significant effect on the other vital signs (pulse rate, systolic and diastolic BP).Conclusion: Although, progressive muscle relaxation technique decreases the respiratory rate in patients with myocardial infraction, there are slight changes in the other vital signs following PMR application.

Introduction: Regarding side effects of acute and especially chronic inflammation and incomplete treatment of patients who suffering from these side effects, the new and affective strategies are needed. For this purpose in the present study, we scientifically evaluate an introduced folk herb Utica Dioica, for treatment of inflammation.Material and Methods: The Sham, control and treatment groups (rats which received the extract) were subjected to four methods in order to measurement the inflammation. In first method, an inflammation was raised by injection of formalin in hind paw. Then, the passed Evance blue dye injected to the circulation in wrist cutting paws segments were evaluated by spectroscopy method. In the second and third methods xylene and acetic acid were applied to ear and peritoneum, respectively. However, light absorption of the solution separated from ear segments solution and fluid of the peritoneum was read as the data. In forth method the difference weight of cottons which implanted in groin border of rats, before and after 7 days were compared in control and treatment groups.Results: Statistical analysis has shown a significant difference between rate of inflammation in control and treatment groups. The extract in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg could reduce inflammation produced by formalin 24.52±2.2 and 22.71±2.1% (P<0.05), respectively. However, three doses of the extract (20, 50 and 100 mg/kg) have significantly reduced the peritonitis produced by acetic acid application in peritoneum, 21.45±2.4, 18.55±2.2 and 27.49±1.8% respectively (P<0.05). In the experiments on the ears there was find no significant effects for any doses of the extract on acute inflammation produce by xylem. Findings in chronic inflammation examination showed that the extract in doses over than 400 mg/kg could have diminished inflammation 24.08±2.1% (P<0.05).Conclusion: This study show that alcoholic Urtica Dioica extract could markedly reduced the chronic and acute inflammation.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of special exercises training protocol of the inspiratory muscles on the vital capacity.Materials and Methods: 62 normal subjects' female students without any respiratory disease history participated in the study. At first, all subjects participated in a familiarization session to learn a correct pattern of ventilation and then the vital capacity was measured by spirometer. The vital capacity (VC) and %80 of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force of inspiratory muscles were assessed and monitored by computerized spirometry machine to the subjects .The subjects were randomly assigned in two control (n=30) and experimental (n=32) groups. Subjects in the experimental group were asked to perform a daily inspiratory exercise protocol including 6 inspiration muscle contraction (using %80 of MVC). Each contraction was separated with a rest time from the next contraction. The first rest time was 60 seconds and second rest time was 45 second and so on 30, 15, 10 seconds. The control group did not performance any other form of exercises. The VC was recorded at the end of each week in both groups and compared to the base line by paired t Test. Results: The results revealed that there are significant increase in the VC at the end of the fifth week (P<0.001) and tenth week (P<0.001) in the experimental group while no significant change was found in the control group. These findings show that the average changes of vital capacity in end of 10 weeks increased significantly in inspiratory muscle training group rather than control group.Conclusion: Inspiratory muscle training is a suitable method to increase the ventilation vital capacity and further study is needed to investigate the stability of the increased VC by this method and also the effect of this inspiratory training method on the patient with respiratory disease.

Introduction: Akathisia syndrome is one of the medication induced movement disorders that is found is patients who take neuroleptic drug. In this disorder the patients has an inner sense of restlessness and there are some restless movement in patients' limbs. Akathisia can cause drug noncompliance. To make a proper decision for treating the patients and using the best kinds of drugs, a proper rating scale for diagnosing akathisia should be-determined.Materials & Methods: This cross sectional study was performed in descriptive - analytic style. Samples were 156 hospitalized patients who were on psychiatric drugs. For each patient two data collection forms were prepared. The first form involved questions about diagnosis and akathisia management by physicians. The second form involved Bames rating scale for Akathisia (BARS). The data analysis was performed using SPSS, tests were t-student and statistical significance was assessed at the 5% alpha level. This study was performed in Noor, Farabi and Modares hospitals in the spring and summer of 1383 (2004) in Isfahan (Iran).Results: Among 156 patients, akathisia was diagnosed in 15.4% by BARS scale and in 9.6% by physicians. There was significant difference between the diagnosis of Akathisia by BARS and the diagnosis by physicians. Among patients who had akathisia (in BARS), 29.2% had mild akathisia, 50% had moderate akathisia, 20.8% had marked akathisia Pseudoakathisia was diagnosed in 2.6% of 156 samples. All of the patients, who had akathisia, were taking Antipsychotic drug (83.3% Typical and 16.7% atypical antipsychotic). For treatment, the physicians reduced the dosage of antipsychotic drugs in 80% of the akathisia patients, and added a new drug for 60% of the patients and changed the antipsychotic drug for 20% of them.Conclusion: In our study, akathisia was diagnosed for 24 patients by BARS. But the physicians did not diagnose akathisia in some of these patients. This might have negative effects on treatment of the patients. Therefore, it's necessary to introduce the Bams akathisia rating scale (BARS) to all physicians and encourage them to apply in all wards to suspicious cases.

Introduction: Use of alloplastic material such as Gore-Tex and loco regional flaps for reconstruction of the large defects of chest wall has been well described. The purpose of this article is to present a useful technique of using the pediculated omental flap to cover the large chest wall defects.Material & Methods: Three patients with large thoracic wall defects underwent reconstruction with omental flap with or without prolene mesh. These defects resulted from tumor resection. Their dimensions ranged from 25x30cm to 35x50cm. The omentum was tunne1ed through a separate opening in the abdominal wall into the subcutaneous plane and used to cover the defect and inner surface of prolene mesh.Results: There was no complication and all wounds healed with no recurrence. The patients were followed for two years and there was no tumor recurrence or wound breakdown.Conclusion: Omental flap is a reasonable alternative for chest wall reconstruction especially when delay wound healing anticipated or when others loco regional flap are not appropriate.