OLYMPIC
Year:2006 | Volume:14 | Issue:1 (SERIAL 33)|Papers Count:10

The aim of this study was exam in the Magill and Hall (1990) Hypothesis that say the contextual interference (Cl) effect in found only when task variations to be learned are governed by different generalized motor I programs (GMPs). 53 females student Tehran University that were right handed and novice in badminton. : divided into four groups randomly: Two treatment: block and random groups with same GMP and distance parameter modification. Two treatment block and random groups with different GMP. Each subject receiving 180 trials of badminton serves in acquisition stage and one week later performed 18 total trials for retention, with each serve performed on six randomly administered trials. The data were analyzed with independent samples t test (p<0/05). The results showed that there was no significant different in retention test between means of first and second groups but there was a significant different between different means of pretest and retention test in third and forth groups. The results indicate that contextual interference effect helped the GMP learning but no parameter learning. The results supported Magill and Hall (1990) Hypothesis that variability in parameter can not show contextual interference effect.

The aim of this study was the examination of choice reaction time changes during a progressive exercise at different intensities and the relation of these intensities with heart rate (HR) and lactate threshold. 12 female students (19 - 32 yr.) from physical education faculty of Tehran University (Mvo2max=47.26) were selected. Subjects undertook a progressive exercise on treadmile. The first stage started with the speed of 4 m/ h and then increased 1 m/h every 2 min, until exhaustion. Subjects test choice reaction time (CRT) before and during the exercise every 30 sec. HR and respiratory gases data were recorded during the exercise. Data analysis indicated that CRT increased at the beginning of the exercise and then decreased to minimum level (70% vo2max) and then increased again until the end of the exercise. Also, CRT was never reached to its rest level and was approximately 8 percent more. There was no correlation between CRT scores and HR during exercise and at different work load (r=0.124). The optimal CRT was approximately at 170 b/m or about 86% maximum H R. In addition the work load related to minimum CRT was about 8 percent higher than the intensity related to lactate threshold.Conclusion: In spite of negative effect of dual task and physiological changes brought about exercise like lactic acid accumulation and HR, CRT and be improved but not under its rest level.    

The aim of this study was to compare six major mood states among Iranian junior and senior elite free style and Greco - Roman wrestlers. For this purpose, 285 wrestlers (Free style junior, N =70, Greco – Roman junior N = 71, Free style senior N = 73, & Greco-roman senior N =71) who were invited to the national training camp over the last year were sampled and completed POMS questionnaire. The results of ANOVA showed that there are no significant differences among five mood states (Vigor, anger, fatigue, depression and confusion) in four different groups. While, in one case (tension) we found significant different groups. While, in one case (tension) we found significant differences among groups (F =3.8 and P < 0.01).    

Skeletal system of Athletes could be deformed due to specific demands and tensive performances of them. Also in seems personal factors could be affected to skeletal malalignment. This study aimed to determine the relationship between knee alignment and age, weight and years of tournament playing in four groups. The subjects in this study included 100 men (mean ±SD age 20.66 ± 4.37 years and mean ±SD years of tournament playing of 3.81±2.77 years). Data were collected through questionnaire and examination. Measuring of genuvarus and genuvalgus were done by using modified industrial caliper (accuracy: 1.10 mm) and measuring Q angle by standard drawing method and universal goniometer (accuracy: 1 degree) in standard positions. Collected data were analyzed by Pierson correlation coefficient, ANOVA and post hock scheffe test in the p ≤ 0.05. The result indicated the significant difference between athletic groups with regard to genuvarus, genuvalgus and Q angle (p> 0.05). No significant difference between age, weight and years of tournament playing and knee alignment (P ≤ 0.05). The findings of study emphasis on corrective exercise for any knee malalignment prevention and treatment in athletes.    

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of high - intensity interval training (HIT) programme on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and 3000m running performance in moderately trained male runners. VO2max , the running speed associated with VO2max (vVO2max ), the time for which vVO2 max can be maintained (T max ) and 3000m running time (3000mTT) were determined before and following HIT programme performed twice per week for 10 weeks. Following the pre-test, 16 moderately trained male runners (VO2max=51.6±2.7 ml.kg-l.min-1) were divided into training and control groups based on their 3000m running performance (Training group, N =8, 5-8 x 50 - 60 %T max @ V∆50- vVo2max,1:2 work: recovery ratio; control group, GCON, N =8, 55 – 65 min @ 75% vVO2max). In Training group, significant improvement (p < 0.05) following HIT were found in VO 2max (+8,4%), vVO2max (+6%), T max(+35 , 4%), and 3000mTT (-7%). No significant change in any variable was found in GCON. The present study has shown that 3000m running performance, VO2max vVO2 max and T max can be significantly developed using HIT programme in moderately trained runners.    

Research purpose is to study the P.E. managers' perspective concerning transferring athletics tasks from P.E. organization to NOC. Coming up with the purpose, eight main groups of managers were selected to be questioned. Managers were from P.E. organization, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Science. Research and Technology and National Federations. Research method was library studies and survey research along with a questionnaire as a means of gathering information on transferring the duties to be studied. Validity and reliability of the questions were examined. Questions were classified in eight groups to survey the research hypothesis. Based on the results, 72.8 percent of managers believed in transferring P.E. organization duties to National Olympic Committee. In this regard, educational managers had the highest agreement and the executive managers had the least agreement.      

The purpose of this research was to study the impact of social support on women participation in sport activities. This study used survey & cross sectional method. The data is gathered from 360 women whom selected via stratified sampling and then random sampling from 25 - to - 40 - year - old women in 13 cities of mazandaran. The collection instrument of data was: participation in sport Questionnaire revised. The research shows significant difference among sport activities participations regarding the kind of social support provided for sport activities participation of women. The hierarchical multiple regression analysis results shows that the four studied variables, namely, family members exercising, the best friend exercising, income and profits of sport, in the first place and social support in the second place explained 15.9 and 2.1 percent of variable variance of women participation in sport activities.    

The aim of this study was to explain sport achievement in team and individual sports according to emotional intelligence. Sixty seven student athletes (44 males, 23 females) from the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, the University of Tehran, were included in this study. All participants were asked to complete Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS). To measure sport achievement, athletes' coaches were asked to rate the Sport Achievement Scale (SAS). Analysis of data involved both descriptive and inferential statistics including means, standard deviations, t - tests, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and regression analyses. The results revealed that emotional intelligence was positively associated with sport achievement in both team and individual sports. However, athletes' sport achievement could be significantly predicted by emotional intelligence in team sports rather than individual sports. Emotional intelligence will increase the possibility of sport performance and success through in main components including emotional perception, emotional facilitation, emotional understanding, and emotional management.