OLYMPIC
Year:2010 | Volume:18 | Issue:2 (SERIAL 50)|Papers Count:18

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 4 weeks aerobic training with chest wall movement restricting on aerobic power and cardio-respiratory functions in healthy subjects. Eighteen untrained male students were volunteered to participate in this study and divided in two experimental groups (E1 and E2). They accomplished aerobic training with 70– 85% of HRmax for 4 weeks, 3 session per week. E1 performed aerobic training with elastic strap on chest wall but E2 performed aerobic training solely. To analyze data, student t test was used. The results showed that VO2max, MVV and VEmax of two group increased and an increment in TTE of E1 was observed (P<0.05). Also E1 had greater increase in VO2max (P=0.001), MVV (P=0.008), VEmax (P=0.04) compared to E2. NO significant change observed in FVC and FEV1/FVC in both groups (P>0.05). Therefore, the results showed that both groups had an significant increment in this short duration in aerobic power and cardio-respiratory functions, but E1 had a greater increase compared to E2.

The purpose of this study was to determine the response of selected pulmonary index during the early follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle of active and inactive females during two incremental exercises. The active group included 20 basketball players who were students of Islamic Azad University Central Branch and the inactive group included twenty healthy inactive women who hadn’t taken part in any regular physical activities and freely volunteered to participate in the study. Each group of participants were randomly classified in two equal groups (Treadmill; T and Cycle Ergometer; CE). The age, weight and height of participants were respectively 22±3 yrs, 52.31±2.44 kg and 165 ±4.50 cm in T: active group and 22±3 yrs, 53.43±4.19 kg and 165±3.77 cm in C: active group. The age, weight and height of participants were 22±3 yrs, 55.32±4.16 kg and 163±5.51 cm in T: inactive group and 22±3 yrs, 56.56±5.78 kg and 162±4.30 cm in C: inactive group. The participants performed an incremental exercise on T and CE during their early follicular and luteal phases until they were exhausted. The luteal phase was determined by the level of Progesterone, Prolactin, FSH and LH hormones in blood samples. In the four groups of participants, the pulmonary gas analyzer (K4B2) was applied to measure the, minute ventilation (VE) in two phases. Paired samples T-tests were performed to detect baseline differences across two menstrual phases in two modes of exercise. Significance was set as 0.05. The results indicated no significant difference of VE in the luteal and early follicular phases of menstrual cycle of active and inactive females in none of the two modes of exercise. Additionally, the differences between average of VE in two modes of exercise were significant in both groups of particiants and, it was more in T than CE (P<0.05). It seems that because of the physical depression during menstrual cycle, which is due to the female inactivity, the replacement of running with cycling, with the aim of making physical activity simpler and encouraging female to continue their activity during this time, is not recommendable. 

This study aimed to investigate the effects of acute and chronic pyramid and reverse pyramid resistance training on growth factor (IGF-1) and serum cell injury index (Creatine kinase) in non-athlete girls and also to assess the possible relationship between CK and IGF-1. Many studies investigated IGF-1 and CK changes separately, but considering growth factors secretions due to cell injury (cell injury hypothesis), this relationship is not clear yet. 27 subjects (age 18.5 ± 2.20 years, weight 56±9.86 kg, height 16.2±5.33 cm) participated in this study and were divided into 3 groups, pyramid (N=10), reverse pyramid (N=10) and control (N=7). Pyramid and reverse pyramid performed resistance training (arm curl, arm extension, lateral pull, leg extension, leg curl and leg press, each exercise contains 3 sets and 2 min rest between sets) 3 times a week for a total of 6 weeks. In pyramid group the first set was 10 repetition with 50% of 10 RM, the second 75% of 10RM, and the third 100% of 10RM, and in reverse pyramid group vice versa. Blood sampling was at the beginning and at the end of the first and the last session in order to analyze IGF-1 concentration via ELIZA method and CK via enzymatic method. Maximum strength measured at the end of week 3 and 6. ANOVA used to compare data in the groups and independent t test used to compare data between the groups. Maximum strength increased in both groups similarly, except for the biceps which was higher in reverse pyramid. Body composition didn’t change. After one session, IGF-1 level decreased but it was not significant, Ck levels in both groups increased. After 6 weeks of resistance training, there was no change in response but CK increased in reverse pyramid There was no relationship between IGF-1 and CK. Considering the point that CK increase and there was no change in IGF-1, it seems cell injury can not activate growth factor response.

The aim of this study was to comparison of maximal fat oxidation (MFO) rate in non-athletes collegiate men and women. Ten men and 10 women performed an incremental running exercise with 3 min stages on treadmill. During the test, fat oxidation rate was measured by indirect calorimetry method. Maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and the exercise intensity at which MFO occurred (Fatmax) were determined in each subject. Using independent t-test to compared between groups. Absolute fat oxidation rate (g/min) in men was significantly higher than women in all relative exercise intensities (P £0.05). But in relative fat oxidation rate (g/min/kg ffm) no difference was observed between groups. MFO in men was significantly higher than women (0.26±0.07 and 0.17±0.05 g/min respectively; P £ 0.05). Nonetheless, MFO was occurred in same exercise intensity in men (41.1±7.7 VO2max %) and women (40.2±7.8 VO2max %). CHO oxidation rate in men was higher than women in exercise intensities above 40% VO2max and proportion of fat oxidation in exercise energy expenditure has no significant difference between groups. The changes in fat oxidation defined by VO2max and FFM were 56 percent. However, the results of present study shown that men have higher fat oxidation and MFO than women but women may be have higher fat oxidation than men if they matched together by fitness and muscular mass.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the area and bone mineral content (BMC) between female futsal players and non-athlete females. Fifteen female futsal players (age: 24.3±2.8 years, height: 161.1±4.4 cm, weight: 54.3±7.0 kg) and 15 healthy non-athlete females (age: 23.8±2.0 years, height: 160.9±7.0 cm, weight: 51.5±9.6 kg) participated in this study. All of the subjects were healthy without any history of illnesses, osteoporosis or taking medications or history of fracture. Area and BMC were measured by Dual Energy X- Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) at the lumbar spines (L2-L4), femoral neck and femoral trochanter of both legs. Independent t-tests was used to analysis the data. The result of this study showed that in futsal players, BMC values of lumbar spines, dominant and non-dominant leg (53607.0±2477.8, 35130.6±2393.3, 36791.2±2177.8 mg) were significantly higher than non-athletes (45877.3±1979.2, 27082.8±2178.8, 26739.2±1848.4 mg), (P<0.05). But differences between area in lumbar spines, dominant and non-dominant leg of participants were not significant (42.4±2.5, 31.2±1.8, 31.2±1.9 cm2 versus 41.5±2.5, 30.9±1.9, 30.4±1.9 cm2), (P>0.05). It seems that futsal lead to increase in BMC but it can't effect on bone area. Therefore, increasing BMD was the most important factor to improve the BMC in futsal players.

This study examines the effect of aerobic exercise training and Vitamin E supplementation on C- reactive protein and cardiovascular risk factors among postmenopausal women aged 45-60 years. Participants are healthy postmenopausal women age of 54.7±5.43 years, the highs of 155.39±4.93 cm and weight 73.15±8.82kg, which recruited voluntarily and then classified in to four random groups: Aerobic training +Vitamin E supplementation (n=9), Aerobic training+Placebo (n=8), Vitamin E (n=8), Placebo (n=8). Training Groups were examined under aerobic running with 55-65 % of the Maximum Heart Rate (MHR) for 8 weeks (three times per week). In Vitamin E supplementation group, a daily vitamin E capsule was given to participants with dose of 800 UI. In placebo group, a daily 664 mg lactose capsule was used. Result of this study showed that in Aerobic training+Vitamin E supplementation and Aerobic training+Placebo groups; there was a significant decrease on LDL-C, HDL-C, Cholesterol, triglyceride, body fat percentage and at the same time we had a significant increase in HDL-C and Vo2max. We were abserved, an obvious increase of HDL-C and a significant decrease of CRP in vitamin E supplementation group. We can probably say that doing aerobic exercises with or without the uptake of vitamin E supplementation have been reduced cardio- vascular risk factors among postmenopausal women.

The purpose of this study was the comparison of time to stabilization in pronated and supinated foot in jump-landing with emphasis on foot structure and sensory information. Twenty-seven male students (age: 23.29±1.65 yr, weight: 70.17±7.77 kg) that They divided in pronated, supinated and normal foot using navicular drop test, participated in this study. Subject’s time to stabilization calculated in anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions via force plate system in jump-landing task. The statically analyses showed that foot type affects the time to stabilization in medial-lateral direction. Significant differences seen for time to stabilization between pronated and supinated groups (P<0.05). In other words, time to stabilization mean of supinated group was greater than other groups (P<0.05). It seems that increased time to stabilization in supinated group can be result of foot structure (type) as well as sensory information disorder. Therefore, to prevent injury among people with supinated foot in jump-landing, both foot structure correction and preprioceptive and joint training, are recommended.

Leptin and ghrelin are two hormones that have been recognized to have a major influence on energy balance.We examined the effects of aerobic training on ghrelin isoforms in obese and normal weight women. Eighteen sedentary, obese women [44.3±5.83 (yr) and BMI 30.5±1.6 (kg/m2)] and eighteen normal-weight [41.5±6.03 (yr) and BMI 24±1.3 (kg/m2)] were randomly assigned in aerobic exercise and control groups. Subjects performed 30 min running with 65-75% maximal heart rate reserve, 4 d/wk for 8 weeks. Before and after 8 weeks intervention, acylated (AG), unacylated ghrelin (UAG) and leptin (Eliza kits), insulin, body weight and Vo2max was measured for all subjects. With one-way ONOVA in the obese exercised group, UAG levels significantly increased after intervention compared to others (p£0.001), while body mass and leptin decreased significantly (p£0.001, p£0.02). There were no significant changes in AG levels following the intervention in either exercised groups compared to controls (p£0.20). In summary, fasting UAG and leptin oncentration respectively to be increased and decreased by aerobic exercise accompanied with loss of body weight.

The main purpose of this study was to examine the effect of visual, proprioception and practice sessions on acquisition and transfer of underhand service in volleyball and to exploring the specificity of learning hypothesis. To accomplish this objective, 60 college female students of right hand who were all novitiate in the skill with average age of (21±1.5) were selected voluntarily and according to practice conditions(normal visual and blindfolded) and practice sessions (2or5 session), randomly  divided into 4 groups that each was 15 subjects. Participants fallowing participated in pretest, practiced 20 services in Volleyball with receive knowledge of results feedback in per sessions and then participated in acquisition test. Subjects performed 10 trails while blindfolded and without knowledge of results in transfer test. Data has been analyzed by statistical methods of mixed factorial ANOVA with repetition on practice sessions factor in acquisition process and factorial ANOVA in acquisition and transfer tests and Bonferrroni post hoc test. The result showed that all of practical method using in this research had significant effect on the acquisition process, acquisition and transfer tests. Groups with 2 and 5 practice sessions and normal visual had better progress in acquisition process and group with 5 practice sessions and normal visual had the best performance in acquisition test (P<0.05). Group with 5 practice session and blindfold had a better performance than other groups in transfer test (P<0.05). The results indicate that learning is specific to the sources of afferent information available during practice and it more dependence on the afferent resources available with increasing of practice time. Thus the specificity of practice hypothesis does apply to training of underhand service in volleyball.

The purpose of this study was to determine the hierarchy of role identity in handball players of Iranian national teams and its relation to athletic identity, age and championship background. For this purpose, Curry & Weaner (1987) Role Identity Scale (RIS) and also the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) (Cieslak, 2004) was employed to 69 handball player of Iranian national teams. The content validity of scales was confirmed by experts and the internal consistency of the RIS and AIM scales proved to be 0.90 and 0.87 respectively in a pilot study. The data were analyzed by employing Friedman, Kruskal-Willis and Spearman correlation tests. The results showed that family, athletic, academic and religious role identities constitute first to fourth ranks of athletes’ role identity hierarchy respectively. Also there is an inverse and significant relationship between role identity and athletic identity of players (P<0.05).

Exercise is one of the most important treatments recommended to patients with low back pain, and different types of exercises have been suggested for these patients. The purpose of the present study was to compare the rate of pain, disability and psychological symptoms in female patients with chronic low back pain pre and post stabilization training. Sixteen female patients with chronic low back pain, aged 20 to 40 years, voluntarily participated in this study. Pain, disability and mental health of subjects were assessed by Quebec, Oswestry, and SCL-90-R questionnaires respectively. All measurements on patients were repeated after a 14-consequative days exercise therapy. Analyses of data by paired-t test showed that pain and disability decreased after the treatment by %50.9 and %50.2, also there was a significant decline in anxiety and depression (p=0.00). Based on results, stabilization training not only affected pain and disability, but also had a positive influence on anxiety and depression of patients with chronic low back pain.

The purpose of present study was to investigate the effects of attention strategies on perceived exertion and exertion tolerance at different intensities of endurance exercise. The Tenenbaum model (2001) suggests that dissociative attention strategies in low intensity of exercise can reduce perceived exertion, but in high intensity, due to increasing the level of exertion and fatigue sensations from inside the body, the attention shifts to associative strategies and could not be manipulated, also increasing of perceived exertion will cause decrease in exertion tolerance. Making an investigation on Tenenbaum model was the aim of this study. Number of 30 Alzahra university women students (Mean age=20.1±0.9, Vo2max=33-37ml/kg/min) that had suitable conditions and also were novice in endurance running, were selected as sample. Each participant continues running on treadmill according to Bruce test until exhaustion in low, medium and high intensity) by increasing the speed and slope of treadmill), at four sessions with different attention strategies, those were: associative strategy, passive dissociative strategy, active dissociative strategy, and without any specific strategy (control condition) perceived exertion was reported by participants according Borg’s rate of perceived exertion scale, and their heart rate was measured by polar once a minute and also their exertion tolerance was measured by a chronometer. Methods of data analysis were: ”repeated measurement of one and two way ANOVA, and tukey post-hoc analyses .Data analysis demonstrated that although there weren’t any meaningful difference in participants’ heart rate between four sessions (P=0.05), but the effect of attention strategies on perceived exertion was significant, also the interaction between attention strategy and exercise intensity on perceived exertion was significant (P=0.05). According to these results, active dissociative attention is the strategy for reducing perceived exertion, just in high intensity endurance exercise. There weren’t meaningful difference in participants’ exertion tolerance between four attention strategies (P=0.05). According the results of present study, active dissociative strategy at high intensity endurance exercise can reduce perceived exertion however attention strategies don’t have any effects on exertion tolerance.