OLYMPIC
Year:2010 | Volume:18 | Issue:3 (SERIAL 51)|Papers Count:16

It is usual to rank the participant countries in the Olympic games in accordance with the number of medals they have won. An alternative ranking is suggested in this paper. This ranking is based on each country's ability to win medals in relation to its available resources. This is an efficiency that can be measured with the help of data envelopment analysis (DEA). This model is applied for ranking the performance of participating countries at Qatar (Doha) 2006 Asian games. The data envelopment analysis-based model is used for producing a new ranking of participating teams acceptable as "fair" by the majority of participants.

The purpose of this research was evaluating the national and religious identities of youth athletes in Tehran, so we elected 250 footballers (group sport) and 160 wrestlers (individual sport) from 17 to 21 years old youth athletes of Tehran by random sampling and then terminated the altered questionnaires and finally analyzing 237 questionnaires for footballers and 129 questionnaires for wrestlers. Method of research was descriptive (causal) and we use researcher made identity questionnaire for collecting the data, which have 102 questions in two national and religious dimensions and from two theoretical and practi-cal parameters. The data were analyzed by one sample Haste and independent Haste and results of research shown that the status of theoretical (2.97±0.65) and practical (2.73±0.49)constancies of religious identity in youth wrestlers were low and theoretical (1.86±040) and practical (1.66±0.67) constancies of national identity were weak (a<0.01). Likewise, the average of theoretical (2.92±0.48) and practical (2.66±0.52)constancies of religious identity in youth footballers were low and theoretical (1.85±0.42) and practical (1.42±0.57) constancies of national identity were weak (a<0.01). In comparison of two groups, other than practical constancy in national identity (P= 0.04), in other constancies no significant differences were observed. Because of wrestling and football (soccer) are effective and most popular in my country, so officials must consider to identity and personality role of these sports in formation of national and religious identity ofyouths.

Studies have been shown that plasma adiponectin concentrations were reduced with obesity and exercise training may reduce adipose tissue and obesity. Although, it is not well known whether exercise-induced change in insulin resistance and adipose tissue increases adiponectin concentration. Thus the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a 12-week high intensity aerobic training program and a week detraining on plasma adiponectin, insulin resistance and central and peripheral fat volume in obese men. Sixteen healthy obese middle aged men (aged 41.18±6.1 years; height 168.31±4.7 cm; BMI 31.5±3.9 kg/m2) participated assubjects in this study. Subjects were assigned to a training group (n=8) or control group (n=8) underwent a 12-week intervention, with a frequency of 4 d/wk and intensity corresponding to 75-80% individual maximum oxygen consumption for 45 min. After a 12-week intervention, subjects were prescribed to avoid any type of high intensity physical activity for a week. The results showed that body weight, BMI, fat mass, body fat percent, central (visceral and subcutaneous) and peripheral subcutaneous fat volume, waist and hip circumstance, WHR fasting glucose and insulin and insulin resistance were decreased (P<0.01), and plasma adiponectin and maximum oxygen uptake were increased significantly (P<0.01) in the training group compared to control group after 12 weeks. After one week detraining, plasma adiponectin concentration and body composition in training group were maintained constant and was not changed significantly. On the other hand, inverse correlation were observed between plasma adiponectin and central (visceral and subcutaneous), peripheral subcutaneous fat volume and and fasting insulin (P<0.05). In conclusion, 12 weeks high intensity aerobic training increased plasma adiponectin and reduces the obesity (visceral subcutaneous fat volume) in obese middle aged men.

The purpose of this paper was analysis of Within-season change of coaches in i.R.Iran Premiere Soccer League. The coaches' data and information of all clubs in 7 seasons of Iran Premiere Soccer League was collected from various websites and the other sources. The methodology of this research was qualitative analysis, and statistical sample of research were all 170 coaches of 108 soccer clubs that participate in 7 seasons of LR.Iran Premiere Soccer League. The result of research was shown that from 108 clubs (3 season with 14 clubs, 3 seasons with 16 clubs and one season with 18 clubs); that participate in all seasons of premiere leagues, 45 clubs (42%) were changed their coaches withinseason and we observe 63 changes in coaches (some clubs was changed their coaches two or more in one season). We found that only 17 changes were remain for next season and 46 changes (75%) was rechanged. Moreover from 24 foreign coaches that coaching in Iran premiere soccer league, 5 coaches worked in 2 clubs or more and the others were work in only one club. Therefore we conclude that more than 75% of sacking coaches seems to be neither effective. nor efficient in terms of improving team performance.

The major goal of the present study was to examine and analyze the influence of economical environmental effects of sport places on the city of Isfahan. The method of this research was descriptive and statistical samples included the total number of 185 of the inhabitants, officials sport experts who were working and living their at that time. Whole sample answered to the researcher made questionnaire. Validity and reliability was proved and its reliability was 0.86 according to Cronbach. Alpha test study of leve of significance using one way t- test at a= 0.05 Percent in terms of obtained averages which was greater than 3, showed that people believe sports complexes have economic effects upon city environment. And, city executives believed that these complexes have positive economic effects upon city. The data has been analyzed in two different levels: descriptive and deductive statistics.Results: People believed that the economical effects of stadiums on urban space were greater than the medium level. Officials believed that the economical effect of stadiums on urban space was not found between people's views and sport places officials in economical effects of sport places on urban environment.

The aim of research was to study work rate (distance covered) and some physiological indices such as heart rate and blood lactate in elite soccer referees of Iranian professional league in the fIrst mid season 1386-1387. 10 International and national elite soccer referees of professional league with mean (age: 35.53.97 yrs, height: 180.1 4.48 cm, weight: 78.23 8.47, BMI: 23.98, Percent offat: 19.27 10, Base lactate: 1.830.49 mmoV lit and Oxygen uptake of maximum (V02max): 48.27 5.41m1.kg.min) before starting competition were selected non randomly. Exams included work rate and heart rate and blood lactate. For analyzing ofthe results ofthe study, we utilized t test, there was not signifIcant different between work rate and blood lactate mean of fIrst and second halves (P>0.05). Also it was not signifIcant difference between heart rate mean of fIrst and second halves (P>0.05). Where as, referees physiological response and work rate is to influence of signifIcant factors such as players work rate, competitions levels, intense and speed. It seems that; the Iranian elite referees were sitting similar physical pursuer and functional in two halves soccer competitions, although have higher heart rates than their work rate.

Many studies have been done on effects types training on blood hemostatic. However effects detraining and retraining on this index and especially t-PA/PAI-1 complex are unclear. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of four weeks detraining and retraining after 8 weeks of the continuous training on t-PA/PAI-1 complex in rats (203±15/5 gr, and old-3month). Sixty-four rats of the male wistar were involved and were divided into main experimental and control groups, and subgroups. The training protocol took part for period of 8 weeks and 5 days in week with defined speed and duration extention. The detraining protocol was performed for 4 weeks and the retraining protocol was performed for duration 4 weeks. PAI-I, t-PA and t-PA/PAI-l complex were measured by enzyme-linked immnosorbent assay (ELISA). The results was showed significant increase t-PA and t-PA/PAI-land insignificant decrease PAI-I after 8 weeks training on experimentalgroup as compare control group with. Similar age. Furthermore PAI-I increased and t-PA lev.els and t-PA/PAI-1 complex decreased on experimental group on detraining and retraining stages and these interventional changes only at retraining stage signification on compare 8 week training. Moreover changes value t-PA/PAI-1 complex on experimental group at detraining and retraining significant an compare control group. Whereas exterventional changes t-PA and PAI-1 only significantly on following 4 weeks detraining. In Conclusion, 4 weeks detraining has unfavorite effects on blood hemostasis and moreover, 4 weeks retraining have been little effects on blood hemostasis. Therefore need training continuous.

The purposes of this study were to compare perceptions of physical education and school sport of the girls and boys students in Iran. So, 1275 students (625 girls and 650 boys) selected as subjects. The method which applied in this research was descriptive in form of Causal- Comparative. Iranian students' perceptions of physical education and school sport collected by the questionnaire which developed by Bailey & Dismore in 2004 (p<0.05). The reliability and validity of questionnaire had measured in a pilot study (a=0.77).The Chi Square test used to analyze the data.The results showed that Iranian girls and boys perceptions of physical education and school sport and perceived competence were same. Iranian girls and boys perceptions of importance of PESS comparison with Quran, Science, and Maths were same, but not same with Farsi (Main Language). The majority of Iranian students agreed that PESS keeps them fit and healthy.

The aim of the present research was to determine the relationship between Maslow's hierarchy of needs and achievement orientation in wrestlers attending the 2nd Iranian sport Olympiad. The research sample consisted of 165 who were selected from among the wrestlers attending the 2nd Iranian sport Olympiad through the sampling method. To collect the data, Maslow's Hierarchy of Need Scale and the Achievement Orientation Scale were used. The results showed that Maslow's hierarchy of needs influenced task-achievement orientation (r =-0.74) and egoachievement orientation (r =--0.66). On the other hand, self-actualization needs, esteem needs and safety needs were found to be the best predictors for task-achievement orientation, whereas physiological needs, esteem needs, self-actualization needs and safety needs were found to be the best predictors for ego- achievement orientation. The obtained results are fairly in keeping with the findings of previous studies.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of II endurance running training and calcium supplementation on tibial bone strength in ovariectomized Sprague Dawley rats. Forty-one rats were randomly divided into endurance running training, calcium supplement, control, and Pretest and Base groups. An endurance running training program was carried out for five days a week at a definite treadmill speed and duration for 8 weeks. Also, Calcium group received calcium supplement known as Osteocare Liquid (35 mg/kg in 5 days per week for 8 weeks) by using Gavage. Tibial bone strength was measured by HOUNSFIELD system. Data was analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance and dependent t-student tests. Statistical Significance was accepted at P<0.05. Results showed that ovariectomy leads to significant decrease and endurance running training or calcium supplement cause nonsignificant increase of tibial bone strength. However, the research findings using by ANOVA shows the endurance running and calcium supplementation significantly increased tibial bone strength compared with age-matched control group (P value equal to 0.036 and 0.045, respectively). Whereas, there are not significant difference between endurance running and calcium suplplementation group s(P= 0.609). The results of this study suggest that life method and nutrition are important determinants in prevention of osteoporosis and the endurance running training program and calcium supplementation had an inhibitory effect or reversal on menopause- induced decrease of tibial bone strength.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of sprint training and vitamins E and C supplementation after an extensive exercise session on MDA levels and SOD activity. 40 untrained male students (age 19±1.9, weight 73±4.4) divided into 4 groups: sprint training(SP), sprint training with vitamins E and C supplements (SP+SUP), vitamins E and C supplements (SUP) and control (CON) groups (n=10 each group). All groups participated in extensive sprint training session and records and blood samples were collected immediately. The SP and SP+SUP groups participated 8 weeks sprint training period with overload principle. At the same time, SUP and SP+SUP groups received vitamins E (400 U/day) and C (500 mg/day) six days per week. Finally, after 72 hours from last session of training period, all of the groups participated at same extensive sprint training and blood samples were collected. There was significant difference between MDA levels between groups (p=0.00) but the SOD activity changes were not significant. Pre and post test results revealed that MDA levels in SP (p=0.01) and SP+SUP (p=0.003) groups decreased significantly but in CON and SUP group remained unchanged. Also, SOD activity increased in SP but it was not significant-(p=0.086). CON and SUP group's alteration were not significant. According to the results, sprint training may cause some adaptations in anti-oxidative system to neutralize free radicals. The supplementation with vitamins E and C also had similar results but sum of sprint training and supplementation have not cumulative effect. Investigations about the effects of sprint training are scant. So we need to have more studies done in order to conclude accurately.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short term folic acid supplementation on homocysteine concentrations in young active male followed by an exhaustive exercise. Twelve members of soccer team of Mazandaran university (age 21.83±2.20 years, homocysteine 13.53±58 mmol/l) volunteered for present study and randomized in folic acid (n=6) and placebo (n=6) groups. Blood samples were taken in minimally 12h fasting before and immediately after exhaustive exercise. Each subject of experimental group was received 14 folic acid capsules (800 micgr/day). Again after 2 weeks supplementation, in minimally 12h fasting, blood sampling was done before, immediately, and 15 min after of exhaustive exercise. Results: 2 weeks folic acid supplementation did not change plasma homocysteine (p=0.836), serum folate (p=0.450) and B12 (p=0.064) levels significantly, but homocysteine levels 15 minutes after exercise between groups was significant (p=0. 001). Short term folic acid supplementation dose not effect on baseline homocysteine levels of young active male significantly, but can maintain decreased homocysteine induced by exhaustive exercise after 15 minutes.

The purpose of this study was to determine and to compare the effect of an exhaustive exercise on inflammatory factors (CRP- IL-6) in the subjects with metabolic syndrome and the healthy subjects with the various levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. The subjects were consisted of 16 males with metabolic syndrome and 16 healthy males. They divided into two groups (eight persons) of below and average cardiorespiratory fitness using the Bruce test and determining the cardiorespiratory fitness. The average age, weight, height and BMI of sample persons was 33.12±3.18 years, 85.58±16.4 kg, 169.66±5.91 m 30.31±5.73 respectively. The Bruce test was performed on the subjects, during an exhaustive exercise session. The blood samples were collected before the test, immediately and 30 minutes after the test. Statistical analysis including analysis of variance-repeated measures was used to analyze the data using SPSS: pc version 16. The concentration of CRP was increased after the exercise in the subjects with metabolic syndrome with below cardiorespiratory fitness and, did not return to primitive level till thirty minutes after exercise. Also the difference of IL-6 was not significant comparing to the rest condition in none of groups immediately after exercise, but thirty minutes after. Exercise, the IL-6 scale had a significant decrease comparing to the rest time. The results of analysis showed that CRP rest scale was high in the subjects with metabolic syndrome which was also intensified through the exhaustive exercise in subjects with metabolic syndrome with, below cardiorespiratory fitness. Furthermore, the results showed that change in IL-6 concentration in response to an exhaustive exercise; depend on various factors such as intensity and duration of exercise, muscles glycogen content, local mechanisms in muscles and etc. Finally, the research findings showed that, response of inflammatory factors changed after an exhaustive exercise session. The future studies shall elucidate the mechanisms which involved in inflammatory factors' changes.