OLYMPIC
Year:2010 | Volume:18 | Issue:1 (SERIAL 49)|Papers Count:18

Scientific evidences indicate that cellular adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators leading to increase in vascular endothelial activity and introduced as novel inflammatory markers are more sensitive than traditional markers in anticipating cardiovascular diseases, and they have an important role in atherosclerosis pathogenesis. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of short-term (1 session) and long-term (24&36 sessions) of aerobic continuous training on novel and traditional cardiovascular markers in male wistar rats.36 male rats (3 months old) of wistar race were divided randomly into two groups: Experimental group (n=18 & weight=202±11 gr) and Control group (n=18 & weight=201±12 gr). The training program was performed for 12 weeks, 3 session a week, with the intensity of V02max 55-85% (equivalent to 15-30 m/min) and certain duration 15-60 min. The blood samplings were draw after 14 hours fasting in the similar conditions in three phases of training. The quantity of sICAM-l was measured using the commercial Elisa kit of R&D, and the quantity of IL-1b & TNF-a was measured using the commercial Elisa kits KOMA. The quantity of TC,TG, HDL-C&LDL-C in plasma was measured using Pars Azemoon kits. Data were analyzed using repeated measure, Post Hoc tests of least significant difference (LSD) and t test. The result showed that I session aerobic training did not change significantly the quantity of cardiovascular markers. After 24 sessions of aerobic training, the quantity of sICAM-l (p=0.179), IL-lb (p=0.072) & TNF-a (p=0.163), TC (p=0.059), TG (p=0.340) & LDL-C (p=0.591) decreased insignificantly, whereas, only the quantity of HDL-C (p=0.035) increased significantly. But continuing the training to 36 sessions, the quantity of sICAM-l (p=0.001), IL-lb (p=0.002) & TNF-a (p=0.016), TC (p=0.00l), TG (p=0.024) & LDL-C (p=0.031) decreased significantly. At the end of the study, inter-group significantly difference was observed in the quantity of slCAM-l (p=0.00l), IL-lb (p=0.039), TNF-a (p=0.028), TC (p=0.000), TG (p=0.00l), LDL-C (p=0.000) & HDL-C (p=0.002).Findings of this study showed that aerobic continuous training with increase of: HDL-C and reduction of traditional cardiovascular markers (TC, TG, LDL-C) and novel cardiovascular markers sICAM-I, IL-lb and TNF-a, can immunize individuals against cardiovascular diseases risk and probably they have an important role in preventing and control from cardiovascular diseases.

The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of Iranians physiotherapists on psychological of their Rehabilitation programs. Initially, 65 physiotherapists who work in sport clubs W Tehran, Isfahan and Shiraz selected. The Physiotherapist and Sport Psychology Questionnaire (PSPQ) from Arvinen-Barrow (2007) which published in journal of Rehabilitation were used. This questionnaire were assessed the psychological mood of injured athletes and psychological techniques in rehabilitation program and also some other factors. In total 52 questionnaires were returned and analyzed by descriptive statistics. 98% of physiotherapists believed that athletes were often psychologically affected by injuries. Also 96.1% (N=50) of them reported that aspects of psychological treatment of athletes' injuries are important. Our findings also indicated that 75% (N=39) of all physiotherapists had never referred injured athletes for counseling to psychologists, 73% (N=38) reported that they had never access to accredited psychologists and 78.81% (N=4l) weren't used a specific standard procedure for referring to psychologists. Physiotherapists noted that the most commonly encountered psychological conditions among injured athletes were exercise addiction. Also physiotherapist reported a variety of characteristics in athletes who successfully cope with injury which the top characteristics were self concept (46.1%). Physiotherapists stated that the top three psychological techniques which they used were enhance of self concept, motivation within the rehabilitation program and teaching muscular relaxation techniques. In total, 86.5% of physiotherapists indicated that they need to learn more about psychology. Enhance of interaction between physiotherapists and psychologists, and conferences and seminars can be useful for education needs in aspects of psychology.

Specific tests and the related profile is used to determine athlete and their improvement amount. However there is not any complete specific tests for basketball teams and any profile for this tests in our country. So the purpose of this study was to description of profile for physical and technical fitness of Iranian basketball national teams. Junior player (n=50, age=16.8±0.37 years, height= 193.71±9.762 cm, and weight=84.97±11.022 kg) and senior player (n= 67, age= 24.5±4.65 years, height= 194.38±9.292 cm, and weight= 92.67±13.929 kg) national teams during different camp stages in 2007 participated in this research. Both groups attended in special physical and technical tests of basketball such as skin fold, body fat percent, simo, line drill, vertical jump, bench press, hands displace, 20 yard shuttle run, 30 yard sprint and 300 yard run, left and right three-step jump, AAHPERD dribble (with hands exchange), chest pass and stand shooting.The descriptive statistics was used to describe the profile of players and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for studying the normality of data distribution and then, description of each test was produced using the percentile points. The reliability coefficient of technical tests was also computed through lee test (p<0.05).With respect to age and post, weight and height profile of subjects was reported in young and adult groups. Also, test results were presented. Percentile points (10, 25, 50, 75 and 90) of each tests in two groups were described.With regard to the literature about world elite players, the adult team had a more body fat percent and both teams in vertical jump and 300 yard running tests were in poor level.Therefore, it seems that Iranian coaches should pay more attention to explosive strength of lower body and medium term anaerobic endurance.

The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between the methods of coaches Power styles (according to coaches' and athletes' opinions); and satisfaction of female athletes in adolescent, young, and adult sport teams in Mazandaran province. All coaches (N=166) and among 1492 club athletes, 285 from four group fields and four single fields were participated in the study and respond to the questionnaires of coaches power and athletes' satisfaction. In a pilot study, the standard power questionnaire with 15 likert nine-grade questions as well as the standard satisfaction questionnaire with 14 likert seven- grade questions. This was done after translation and consulting with ten of physical education faculties in Guilan and Shomal University. Based on this review and internal reliability of power questionnaire in coaches opinion (r=0.81) and athletes opinion (r=0.82) and athletes satisfaction questionnaire (r=0.88) respectively. All hypothesis were analyzed by Kendal Correlation Coefficient, U mann whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test in the level of P£0.05. The findings of the study indicated that according to both groups' opinion, using coaches' expert power and punishment power, were be the first and last priority respectively. Out of five coaches power methods, there was only a low positive and significant relationship only between expert power, reward and legitimate power of coaches, with athletes satisfaction of coach behavior and interaction (r=0.33-0.37).

The present study examined the relationship between coach's leadership styles and group cohesion in Iran soccer clubs super league (2006-2007). The leadership scale for sport. (LSS) and group environment questionnaire (GEQ) administrated for each 16 teams that compete in the league, but only 12 teams (264 Male athletes) give back questionnaires to researcher. The LSS contains 40 items that measures five dimensions of leadership behaviors; and The GEQ with 18 items assess the two dimensions of team cohesion. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was utilized to examine the internal reliability of LSS (r=0.9l) and GEQ (r=0.7l). Data were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient, repeated measures ANOVA, and Bonfferoni post hoc test in significance level of P:S0.05. Results showed coach's behaviors of training and instruction, democratic, social support and positive feedback were all positively correlated to team cohesion and autocratic behavior negatively correlated to team cohesion. Comparison of coach's leadership styles demonstrated that soccer coaches exhibited higher in training and instruction (task oriented) and lowers in democratic behavior. Therefore, it seems coach's leadership styles especially autocratic and social support styles have high correlation to group cohesion.

The purpose of the present study was to describe the attitude and tendency of people toward physical activity and sport in Islamic. Republic of Iran. For this reason, a research-made questionnaire with 3 part (attitude, tendency and demographic information) were distributed to 12745 person (6615 male and 6130 female). Kenyon scale (1968) was used for designing attitude part of questionnaire. Content validity of questionnaire was confirmed by experts and internal consistency of questionnaire in pilot studies was 0.87. The analyzing of data were showed that.34.5% of research participants did not have any participation in physical activity. Having fun and happiness, development of mental and body health, self-confidence achievement and having appreciable moral and behavior, were most important reasons and motivations for people to participation in physical and sport activities. There was no significant difference between total attitude of male and female toward physical activity and sport (P=0.13, Z=-1.48). Generally, results of this research showed that attitude of various people toward physical activity and sport was different in respect of gender, job and educational degree.

The purpose of this study was to compare the choice reaction time in athlete and non-athlete females during an incremental exercise in various intensities. Twenty healthy subjects were selected from the students of Guilan University. The first group was the athlete group with 10 subjects (age 22.6±l.07 years, weight 54.6±6.6 kg, height 161.2±3.6 cm) who had at least two years activity in sports such as basketball, handball and volleyball. The second group was the non-athlete group which contained 10 subjects (age 23.3±1.4 years, weight 56.2±9.6kg, height 162±4.2cm) who had no background of regular exercise. Subjects were settled into an incremental exercise in various intensities on treadmill. Before and during the activity in each 30 seconds the researcher implemented two choice reaction time tasks. During the exercise in each stage, the subjects' HR were recorded. The result of t-test and one-way ANOVA showed that choice reaction time was not significantly different in various intensities of exercise (%65, %73, %84, %91, %97 HRmax and exhaustion) also between the two groups there were no significant difference of intensity of exercise in which the best and worst choice reaction time can be gained (P³0.05). Therefore, we concluded that the intensity of incremental exercise has no significant effect on CRT of athlete and non-athlete femals.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of manipulation vision on learning dynamic balance maintenance and exploring the boundaries of specificity of practice hypothesis. For this purpose, 45 girls, with the age rang of 21 to 23, who had no visual or physical deficienciet, were selected voluntarily and divided into three experimental groups based on pre-test results. Subjects performed a training program for three weeks, 3 sessions per week, 30 trials of 15 seconds in each session with 20 seconds rest. One group performed with normal vision, the second group performed in front of a full-length mirror using full vision and the third group performed half of the trails with mirror and the other half with no mirror. Feedback KR was provided to participants following each trail during daynamic balance practice. Then the duration of balance maintenance for all the subjects in acquisition, retention(practice with normal vision without receiving KR) and transfer (skill performance with blinker) were recorded on stabilometer. The results of one-way ANOVA with repeated measur (9x3) in acquisition stages. Revealed that the three groups had improved during practice sessions and the performance of the practice group practcing with mirror was better than the other two groups. The results of one-way ANOVA and ANCOVA, for a comparison among the performance of the three practice groups in acquisition, retention and transfer test a significant difference is among performance of the 3 groups only in retention test. Based on Bonferroni Post-hoc the practice group who did not use the mirror had a better performance in comparicon with the other groups. Considering the results of the present study, based on specificity of practice hypothesis, to inprove learning, one should practice under the same afferent imformation that s/he needs in the final performance condition.

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of allometric equation in measuring the vo2max of 12 to 16 years old girl students. 114 girl students (aged 14+/-2 years, weight 50.64+/-9.7 kg, height 156.1+/-7.11 cm) took part in the study and their vo2max were calculated by Brucc protocol and also through allometric equation. The allometric equation in this research is vo2max=1.94 M.75. Then, the statistical methods of piersson's correlation coefficient were used to asses the reliability. The analysis of the data showed that allometric equation enjoys high reliability in determining vo2max, r=.75 (P=0.01), when vo2max was absolute (1/min).The reliability in alls group are: In first group, students 12 yr: r=.80, P =.01 in second group, students 13 yr: r=.698, P=.0l, in third group, students 14 yr: r=.775, P=.01, in fourth group, students 15 yr: r=.591, P =.01, in fifth group, students 16 yr: r=.673, P=.01. But when vo2max is relative vo2max (ml/kg/min), the reliability between vo2max by allometric equation and vo2max by Bruce protocol is r=-.362, P=.01. Therefore, according to the results obtained, allometric equation can be used for determine the absolute vo2max of girl students in the conditions when physical education laboratory is not available.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of 'endurance, resistance and concurrent training on the heart function. Thirty nine untrained female students (aged: 24±2.58 yr, height: 161±8.2 cm, weight 56.8±14.61 kg) were randomly divided into four groups; Control (C, n=9), Endurance (E, n=10), Strength (S, n=l0) and concurrent (SE, n=l0). E training consisted of running %65 MHR for 16 minutes during the first week, reaching %SO MHR for 30 minutes during the 8thweek. S training consisted of having four leg-press, bench-press, pull down curls, and legs curls. During the first week, the training was done at %50 1RM in two sets with 10 repetitions. The intensity of training was increased to %80 lRM in 3 sets and 6 repetitions, during the 8thweek. The SE training included a combination of two Sand E training in the same manner of each respective group.Pre and post of training heart rate, QT and PR intervals, the distance of ST segment from isoelectric line, deceleration time, ejection fraction percent measured by echocardiography and electrocardiography.Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and vo2 max (through Bruce protocol and treadmill) also gauged. According to the finding of inter_group comparison, decrease of heart rate, systolic blood pressure and increase of PR interval, vo2max, decrease of diastolic blood pressure of endurance group was meaningful which in between group comparison in four parameters of first, differences were meaningful. (p£0.05). In resistance group, the parameters of heart rate and systolic blood pressure showed meaningful increases which in between group comparison differences were meaningful (P£0.05).And in concurrent group param6ter of vo2max showed meaningful increase which in between group this difference was also meaningful (p£0.05). In conclusion it is suggest that performing of endurance trainings after resistance trainings creation combine of cardiac adaptation with due of endurance or resistance training alone and causes to eliminate, some side effects of resistance training on heart.

The purpose of this study was to determine physical fitness profile of Iranian elite soccer players. For this reason, 40 Iranian elite soccer players (age, 24.92±3.64 year, weight, 78.24±4.8 Kg, height, 179.07±4.90 cm, BMI 24.27 (kg/m2) were selected. Body composition variables including weight, BMI, body fat percent, WHR were measured by body composition analyzer (In Body 3.0) system. Performance indices including flexibility were measured by sit and reach test, speed by 40 yard sprint test, agility by Illinois test and anaerobic power by ergo jump test. Aerobic power was assessed by gase analyzer system (K4b2). The results of this study showed that average of body fat percent was 13.93±2.63, WHR, 0.81±0.002, flexibility 35.02±5.36 cm, speed in 40 yard 4.91±0.16 s, agility 16.29±0.57 s, anaerobic power 49.12±6.01 W/Kg and V02max 46.29±4.30 ml.kg-1. Min-1. Overall, it appears that body fat percent of Iranian elite soccer player (13.93%) is higher than international standards and their flexibility is at optimum level. Average of aerobic power in Iranian elite soccer player totally and even in comparison with positional roles were lower than elite player from other countries. For anaerobic power, speed and agility indices, there was not any significant difference in different positional roles.

BACKGROUND: Decreases in immune responsiveness with exercise contribute'-to the increased incidence and severity of infectious disease among elites athletes. The efficacy of this adjuvant strategy for vaccination in humans requires investigation. The objective of this study was to determine whether exercise were associated with altered immune response [IL-2, IL-6 and IFN-g] to influenza vaccine. METHODS: Thirty boy gymnasts (aged 9.8±0.88 years, height 139.19±4 cm ,weight 33.79±7.15 kg, and V02max=39.82±4 ml/kg/min) were categorized into two groups: (l) training-vaccine [TVG], (2) training [TG], and third groups: (3) vaccine [VG]. Then gymnasts performed gymnastic training for of eight weeks and were vaccinated pre and four weeks after training. Cytokines concentrations were measured pre-vaccination and at 4-and 8-week follow-ups. Then Serum was frozen on -70 until analysis cytokines production. Cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immuneosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The results demonstrated that, IL-6 and IFN-g decrease among three groups ,but IL-2 were not affected by vaccination and training. Then between groups comparing after eight weeks indicated, there are significants different on IL-2 in training-vaccine and vaccine groups and on IL-6 in training-vaccine and training groups, but were not significantly different in the three groups on IFN-g. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that exercise ,vaccine may not influence immune response to influenza immunization. The practice of regular, vigorous exercise was associated with decrease immune response following influenza vaccination in pre pubertalgymnasts.