OLYMPIC
Year:2005 | Volume:13 | Issue:1 (SERIAL 29)|Papers Count:10

The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between organizational climate and job satisfaction of physical education teachers in the high school level of Ahvaz city. The research methods of this study was descriptive, survey and correlation. Organizational climate (OC) and Job Satisfaction (JDI) questionnaires were used to test hypotheses. The reliability and validity of these questionnaires were obtained relatively (0.68, 0.88). All 127 male and female physical education teachers of the high school were selected as samples of this study. The relationship between organizational climate dimensions (goals, roles, rewards, methods, relations) with Job satisfaction dimenstions (work, management, colleague, promotion, advantages) were studied. In addition, the relationship of some individual characteristics (gender, martial status, employment, years of service) with job satisfaction were studied. Analyzing the proposed hypotheses at the: P<0.05 showed the following results. Significant relationship between high school's organizational climate and the physical education teacher's Job satisfaction were observed. Significant relationship were reported between Job satisfaction and employment, but this relationaship between martial status, years of service and Job satisfication wrer not significant. Significant differences were also seen between four sections of education system in Ahvaz. It was revealed that there were significant differences between men and women job satisfactin in which women showed better results. Using multi-regression between job satisfaction and organizational climate showed that three factors of OC (goals, roles, rewards) and two factors of JD (work, management) were considered to be better predictors of teacher's Job satisfaction. Overally, findings of this research revealed that there was a relationship between high school's organizational climate and Job satisfaction of the physical education teachrers.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of short-term creatine monohydrate supplementation on speed swimming events (25m, 50m and 100m free style) for this reason 20 swimmer students of Kurdistan university were selected randomly (age-20. 8±2.61 year), and divided in two groups of experimental and control creatine, n=10 and placebo, n=10, respectively). Creatine group intake creatine monohydrate (20gr daily, Sgr in four times, for 6 days) while, placebo group intake dextrose (12gr daily, 3gr in four times, for 6 days). Swimming records (25m, 50m and 100m) were determined in pretest and posttest. The groups performed training of sprint swimming for 6 days, simultaneously. The data analyzed by using dependent and independent T test and showed: in placebo group, there was no significant difference in swimming times. In creatine group, there was no significant difference in records of 25m and 100m(p=0.14, p=0.299) but, in 50m swimming time decrease was significant (p=0.044). There were also no significant differnces between two groups (both pre andf post test) for swimming records. The results of present paper suggest that further investigations need for to determining the effect ot creatine supplementation on sprint perfomance.

Musculoskeltal adaptation and some special side effects due to physical demands and movements's patterns in professional athletes are very important subjects in sport sciences. The present study is a comparison of shoulder joint ROM in top athletes and nonathletes groups and its relationship to age, post and years of tournament play. The subjects in this study included 81 men with mean age (23.56±3.45yrs) and mean years of tournament players, and (5.60±2.23). The groups of subjects included 26 handball players, 25 volleyball players, and 30 non-athletes. Collections of data were done through questionnaires and inspection, and subjects ROM measured by using "Leighton flexometer" (r=0.90-0.99) in standard position. Active movements included; flexion, extension, internal rotation external rotation and abduction of shoulder joint in dominant and non-dominant hands. Data were analyzed by methods of correlation coefficient, ANOVA and post hock schaffe test. Also t-student is used for comparing mean ROM of domminant and nondominat hands. The results showed that by increasing age and years of tournament play, the shoulder ROM of subjects were reduced (P≤ 0.05). There was significant differences of shoulder ROM between athletic groups and there was also significant differences in athletic groups and theirs post of playing (P≤0.05). Additionally there was significant differences between dominant and non-dominant hand in players (P≤0.0). It can be concluded that more stretching exercises should be considered for older and experienced players and specific stretching compensatory exercises recommended for different sports and playing post. Also coaches and athletes for preventing of muscular imbalance and join limitation in shoulder girdle on base of demands of any sport should apply corrective exercise programs.

The aim of this study is to compare the effects of a single bout of intense exercise on salivary IgA and cortisol concentrations in thermonuetral and warm environments. Subjects were eight male endurance runners (age 22.5±1.41years, height 174.37±7.04Cms, weight 68.48±4.81Kgs, and fat percentage 5.55±1.42) who were studing in Tehran University and University for Teacher Education. Their running mean record was (129.27±6.78) in 800-meter. They ran the 800 meter distance 5 times with 80% of their best record for 800-meter running and with the rest period of 1.5 times of the running time on the treadmill. The experiment was carried out once in a thermonuetral environment (20°C& 30% humidity) and once again in a warm environment (30°C& 30% humidity). The salivary samples were collecterd unstimulatedly in three times; before, immediately, and 2 hours after the exercis. The finiding of the study showed that a single bout of intense exerise in thermonutral and warm environments did not lead to a significant differenc in the salivary Immunglobuin A (P>0.05) and cortisol (P>0.05) concentration levels in male endurace runners. Moreover, no significant corrlation was observed between Immunoglobuling A and cortisol concentration immediately and 2 hours after the exercise in thermonuetral and warm environments in male endurance runners (P>0.05).

Different games can improve the base of every perceptual-motor abilities. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of ten weeks of elementary school games on agility, static balance and dynamic balance of third grage elementary girl students in the city of Mahshahr. The method of this study was field-expermental research. Students of two classes from two different schools randomly seleted on in expermental group (n=27) and another incontrol group (n-28). Bruiniks-oseretsky's test (1978) was used to measure agility, static balance test of Roch and Kephart (1964) and agility. First subject of two groups were pariticpated in a pretest. Then experimental group took part in a ten weeks, two session 45 minutes in each week, in different school games individually and in groups with open and close eyes. The comparison of pre-post-test of the two groups, showed a significance differenc between the groups at p<0.05. It meant that the subjects in experimental group improved their abilities in both static balance and dynamic balance and agility more than subject in control group. Furhtermore, individual comperison of agility, static balance and dynamic balance of experimental and control groups in post-test showed that these factors in experimental group had positive effect at p<0.05. Also there were positive and significant relationships between post-test of experimental group in agility and static balanc and also agility and dynamic balance.

The purpose of this study was to provide the norm of fitness skills and Technical Talent scouting football of 12 and 13 years old school players of Iran football schools. For this purpose, statistical samples were randomly chosen from statistical community 48000 players of football schools and 480 players were tested. The equipment of this research had included six Technical tests of the football Association of England with (Reliability %88 and validity %95). Each player was tested with the following skills. 1- Running with the ball 2- Turning with the ball 3- Speed 4- Driblling 5- Heading 6- Shooting The results of each player who was tested were recorded in the assessment form. Then, gross data were statistically analyzed with SPSS software. The results are as follows the norm of fitness skills and Technical Talent scouting football of 12 and 13 years old school children of Iran football schools. Also, the result showed: players U12 and U13 acquired average grades in running with the ball, turning with the ball, speed and Driblling. In comparison to the norm provided by England FA, the players in these tests running with the ball, turning with the ball, speed, driblling had upper average and lower Technical quality and in Shooting and Heading tests we observe lower average and lower Technical quality.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of failure and success in cognitive task on attribution styles of athlets and non-athlete students. Sixty subjects, included thirty athletes and thirty nonathletes, were selected and assigned in four groups. All of them performed cognitive task of completing puzzles. By putting the pieces in the wrong palce, failure groups could not completing puzzles. Then the subjects completed Gernigon and Rain's (2000) questionnaire of attribution styles. Finding results were examined in terms of locus control, persistence and globality by means of variance test (MANOVA). Confirming pervious findings, results indicated that athletes facing failure in common areas had internal and impersistant attributions and are optimistic about the future evernts. Beased on Weiner's (1971) pattern, most of the causes of athlete failure groups, were attributed to internal and impersistant factors such as effort. Failure non-athlete groups think that the cause of their failure was due to their unfamiliarity and difficulty of the task while Weiner believed that in was related to external and persistent factors. According to Wallston's (1989) research, about the relationship between cardio vascular helath and locus control, athlete and healthy people have more internal locus control. On the other hand, the success in athletic stiuations can lead to promotion of self-concept and self-confidence and theses characteristics are conveyed to the whole situation (internalization) in the long run.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cornary heart disease (CHD) risk factors and both body fatness and cardio-respiratory fitness in 15 to 18 yr.-old adolescence boys. Thirty-six healthy young males (aged 16.5±1.2 years; height 167.9±8.3cm; and body mass 56.5±12.6kg; mean±SD) were selected as subjects by using the clustering method for sampling (9 subjects from each age range). Subjects completed an informed consent form, and health history questionnaire. Measurements included percent body fat (PBF), anthropometry, aerobic power (VO2max), and CHD risk (blood pressure, total cholesterol. low-density lipoprotin (LDL), high-density lipoprotin (HDL), and triglycerides). Pierson correlation coefficient was performad for analyzing date, and the minimal lever of sigificance for this study was set at P≤0.05. There was a significant relationship between the aerobic fitness, and level of TG (P≤0.05). In assessment of relationship between the body composition indices and serum lipids, there was a significant relationship between body mass and TG and HDL; between PBF and TG and TC; and between BMI and TG (P≤0.05). There was also significant relationship between body mass and BMI with SBP and DBP, between PBF and DBP (P≤0.05). These results indicate that body compositions were related to CHD risk factors (Serum lipids and blood pressure). However no significant or poor significant relationship existed between aerobic fitness and CHD risk factors. The results of this study shows that youth health status in this age was more affected by body fat, in spite of the adults that aerobic fitness in a preventive factor to CHD. Therefore prevention of obesity during childhood and adolescence in considered a major preventive factor for CHD.