ADVANCES IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE
Year:2020 | Volume:22 | Issue:2|Papers Count:12

Introduction: Wisdom is known as the highest stage of cognitive transformation and the highest level of personality transformation. Various factors such as philosophical mentality as a kind of deep thinking in life affairs, social perspective-taking as an understanding of the views of others', and self-restraint that involve personal control about the emotions affect wisdom. The purpose of this study was to highlight wisdom based on philosophical mentality, social perspective-taking, and self-restraint in students. Methods: The research method is descriptive and correlational. For this purpose, 384 students were selected from students at Bu-Ali Sina University through a multistage cluster sampling method in the (2017-2018) academic year. The research tools included the Ardelt wisdom scale (2003), Soltani philosophical mentality scale (1996), the social perspective-taking scale of Mohagheghi et al (2016) and Weinberger and Schwartz self-restraint scale (1990). Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation, multiple regression using SPSS software. Results: The results revealed that philosophical mentality, social perspective-taking, and self-re-straint could predict the wisdom with a beta coefficient of 0. 35, 0. 21, and 0. 13, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, it is suggested that with by emphasizing the importance and training of philosophical mentality, social perspective-taking, and self-restraint in the educational environments, it can enter wise people to the labor market and society.

Introduction: Considering the need to provide valid instruments for research and clinical work, the present study aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Persian version of the monetary choice questionnaire. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, 400 students were selected through convenience sampling from all students of Kermanshah universities. The data were collected through Consideration of Future Consequences scale and Monetary Choice Questionnaire and were analyzed using statistical methods of Cronbach's alpha, intra-class and Pearson correlation tests, and the exploratory factor analysis. Results: The findings showed that the internal consistency of the scale using Cronbach's alpha was 0. 89, its split-half reliability was 0. 88, and its test-retest reliability was 0. 78 for a three week. The exploratory factor analysis results showed that the single-factor structure and the three-factor structure of the questionnaire were valid. Conclusion: According to findings, the monetary choice questionnaire has acceptable validity and reliability, and given the relatively short time it takes to be completed. So, it can be an appropriate tool for employing in both clinical and research situations.

Introduction: The Persian versions of the Strategic Thinking Scales in the country are all self-reporting. It is also not suitable for military organizations. The present study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability, as well as to extract the normative scores of the Military Managers' Strategic Thinking Test (STMT) based on situational judgment and the components of intellectual inclusiveness, intellectual humility, and intellectual flexibility. Methods: The statistical population in this study included all managers and staff of the National Defense University in the first half of 2019, of which 189 people were evaluated. The Military Managers Strategic Thinking Test was designed by Weyhrauch (2017) and under the auspices of the US Army Institute for Military Studies in Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences. The test consists of 12 scenarios in which the respondent chooses one answer in each scenario. The Goldman Strategic Thinking Questionnaire (2007) was also used to assess criterion validity. Results: Analysis of research data showed that the structure based on three subscales using the confirmatory factor analysis to explain and fit a good situation. Also, the reliability coefficients of internal consistency and test-retest were optimal. Accordingly, the researcher's hypothesis that the structure is based on three components of intellectual inclusiveness, intellectual humility, and intellectual flexibility is confirmed. Conclusion: It seems that research evidence supports the consideration of all three components as cognitive dimensions for strategic military thinking, and this test can be used in military assessments.

Introduction: Modality and how information is presented are among the most influential factors in attention processing, memory and learning. Even though children with ADHD show deficits in receiving integrated information from the visual and auditory systems and despite strong theoretical backgrounds, it has been less addressed in working memory interventions. Therefore, the effect of modality on working memory training in the near and far transfer was investigated through two Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) sub-tests. Methods: This study was conducted as a 20-session intervention program on 61 children with ADHD in the age group of 8-12 years. They were evaluated by Spatial Working Memory (SWM) and Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP) sub-tests. The subjects were divided into four groups: visual and auditory training groups and active and passive control groups. The intervention program included 40-60 minutes of working memory training for the training groups and 5-10 minutes for the active control group and no intervention for the non-active control group. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: Significant differences were observed in the post-test in both the visual and auditory groups in the sensitivity and bias (RVP), as well as total error index (SWM). However, in the use of strategy and reaction time, there were no significant differences. Conclusion: Concerning the significant difference between training groups and control groups, the modality-based working memory training program seems successful. Also, the lack of significant difference between the visual and auditory groups indicates the same effect of both modalities on the near and far transfer.

Introduction: Thalassemia is one of the most common chronic and hereditary diseases. This study's main purpose was to determine the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) training on psychological symptoms, pain in patients with thalassemia major. Methods: This quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with control group was carried out in 2019. Fifty patients with thalassemia major in Bandar Abbas city were selected purposefully and assigned to experimental (n=25) and control (n=25) groups. 8-session training was performed to the experimental group in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction. The Beck Anxiety and Depression questionnaire, Brief Pain questionnaire was used for data collection in pretest and posttest phases. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: By controlling the pretest effect, there is a significant effect in the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in reducing the anxiety (F=32. 72) and depression (F=49. 02), pain (F=25. 47), (P=0. 001). Conclusion: The Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction is an effective method in reducing the psychological symptoms, as well as pain in patients with thalassemia major.

Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive training on learning through dart-throwing skills. Methods: Forty third-and fourth-grade students of the primary school were voluntarily selected. This study was conducted in two-phase. In the first phase, in other to cognitive enhancement, cognitive training was performed, and in the second phase, dart-throwing training was performed using the common methods of observational learning. In the first phase, the pre-test was performed, and groups were matched based on age and pre-test scores, and they were divided into two groups of cognitive exercise and no cognitive exercise (n=20). The cognitive group was given eight sessions of cognitive training with an emphasis on tasks related to executive functions. Then, both groups received the cognitive test. Pre and post cognitive tests were performed using Corsiblack software. In the second phase, groups were divided into two groups of 10 observational+physical and physical groups. Dart-throwing skill pre-test was then taken from groups. Four groups performed 3-session dart-throwing training (20 throws), with exception of observation+physical group in which they observe the skilled model of dart-throwing. Then again, the post-test was taken at the end of the second phase from all four group. Results: Cognitive+observational+physical group performed significantly better on the Dart post-test. Conclusion: Considering the result of the study, it could suggest that if cognitive training enhances cognitive skills underlying observational learning, it will improve the speed of the learning through observation on dart throwing skills.

Introduction: Clinical education plays a fundamental role in shaping medical students' basic skills and professional abilities, so understanding its current status can help us provide a platform for improving their performance in the future. The present study was conducted to identify the cognitive factors affecting clinical education quality at the Ramsar campus. Methods: The present research was a cross-sectional descriptive study of 181 cases in 2019. Sampling was performed by census method. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire that included demographic information plus students' and professors' viewpoints on clinical education. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square and independent t-test in SPSS-18. Results: In this study, 69. 23% of the students were female and 46% of the professors were male. Also, 80% of teachers and 50. 64% were married. There was a significant relationship between the test's assumptions, which includes the individual characteristics of the subject, the individual characteristics of the teacher, the clinical environment, educational planning, and the clinical evaluation variable (P<0. 05). Conclusion: According to the findings, accurate and concise implementation of the existing curriculum, providing an appropriate educational environment and awaking professors, and hospital personnel about their responsibility regarding students and their duties can improve the quality of clinical education.

Introduction: Speech is the most effective way to exchange information. In a speech, a speaker's voice carries additional information other than the words and grammar content of the speech, i. e., age, gender, and emotional state. Many studies have been conducted with various approaches to the emotional content of speech. These studies show that emotion content in speech has a dynamic nature. The dynamics of speech make it difficult to extract the emotion hidden in a speech. This study aimed to evaluate the implicit emotion in a message through emotional speech processing by applying the Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) and Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) features. Methods: The input data is the Berlin Emotional Speech Database consisting of seven emotional states, anger, boredom, disgust, anxiety/fear, happiness, sadness, and neutral version. MATLAB software is used to input audio files of the database. Next, the MFCC and STFT features are extracted. Feature vectors for each method are calculated based on seven statistical values, i. e. minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation, median, skewness, and kurtosis. Then, they are used as an input to an Artificial Neural Network. Finally, the recognition of emotional states is done by training functions based on different algorithms. Results: The results revealed that the average and accuracy of emotional states recognized using STFT features are better and more robust than MFCC features. Also, emotional states of anger and sadness have a higher rate of recognition, among other emotions. Conclusion: STFT features showed to be better than MFCC features to extract implicit emotion in speech.

Introduction: The development and progress of cities and the expansion of urban buildings and elements can affect the citizens' perceptual. Due to their giant appearance, urban bridges have different effects on users who use these bridges every day and see them. This paper aimed to propose a method with the cognitive science approach that can identify the effect of bridges' appearance on citizens and specify the most appropriate bridge due to different effects on users' mind and perceptions. Methods: In this study, the effect of different bridge images has been examined on the brain waves of 12 student by recording brain signals using an EEG device in vitro, and the data recorded have been evaluated by the brainwaves analysis software (brainstorm) and Excel software. Results: Findings revealed that the physical properties of the bridges have affected the brain waves of the users, and by viewing the images of the bridges different signals have been recorded based on the subjective perceptions that users had of the different images. Also, examining significant statistical differences between the recorded data of the users' brain waves specified the images with a significant difference (P<0. 05) than other images. Accordingly, the bridge images with tensile structural systems have had more impact on the users' brain waves than other images, and the bridge with a cable-stayed structural system with a single pylon on one side has had the most impact. Conclusion: The different urban elements and buildings (Including bridges) can affect user's brain waves and their perception of urban spaces. Therefore, accurate scientific methods should be used to find the desired effects on the citizens' minds and the factors causing these effects to impact the design of different urban spaces. Using neuroscience approaches can be very helpful for this.

Introduction: The advancement of cognitive science in a field common to computer science is becoming one of the crucial ways to advance social, economic, technical, and computer science. Meanwhile, debates over the cryptocurrency and its ecosystem as a thing which is capable of transferring value across cyberspace have been evolving over the past decade. In contrast, the impact of cognitive science on the electronicization of life is evident. Today's innovations are developed by the semantic and cognitive interpretation components and characteristics of the human mind that work on the relationships between the real and the virtual world. Cryptocurrency, as an innovative phenomenon needs to be developed by the human mind's semantic and cognitive interpretation components and characteristics. Methods: according to the "Cognitive Banking Ecosystem" model developed by IBM in 2016 in five layers (core, key activities, capabilities, infrastructure, and tools). The present study uses the Strauss and Corbin version of the Grounded Theory to systematically analyze social processes in order to extract elements in each layer according to the exploratory nature of the research. Results: The final model consists of the five main layers mentioned above and 24 elements that were approved by submitting a researcher-made questionnaire to the experts. Conclusion: Since previous researches have focused on some part of the cryptocurrency ecosystem, the present study attempted to create a whole understanding of the cognitive coding ecosystem and to fill in the knowledge gap.

Introduction: Anxiety and stress degraded the cognitive function of tasks involved in working memory and decreased working memory capacity and efficiency. Working memory is a complex, limited-capacity cognitive system that prepares information to be stored while processing it simultaneously. One of the new therapeutic approaches whose effectiveness in the reduction of stress and anxiety might be considered is cognitive rehabilitation; the efforts to repair cognitive deficits. This study is designed to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation therapy (CRT) on stress and anxiety of the high school second lever female students in Tehran. Methods: The following study is a semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and control group with a follow-up stage. The target society of this research includes female students with symptoms of anxiety and stress at the second level of high school in Tehran during the academic year of 2018-2019. The participants are 30 female students in two matched groups (15 participants within the experimental group and 15 ones in the control group) selected by the available sampling method. The experimental group received eight sessions of 90 minutes of individual CRT intervention using computer-based cognitive rehabilitation software. The control group did not have any type of intervention and recruited from the waiting list. The measurement instrument was the depression anxiety and stress scale (DASS-21) distributed in three different periods of time (pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS-22. Indicators such as mean and standard deviation and multivariate analysis of covariance were used. The Levin test helped us to check the homogeneity of variances. Results: The results indicated that the CRT method of intervention effectively reduced the high school second level female students' stress and anxiety. However, just its effect on anxiety remained persistent untill the follow-up period. Conclusion: CRT method effectively affects the anxiety and stress of high school second level female student, and it might be considered as a useful way in the field.

Introduction: The program of teaching philosophical thinking to children is a program for improving children's thinking. In this way, the learner, will discover the concepts, principles, rules and thus acquire the necessary knowledge without the help of the teacher. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the teaching method of dialogue in philosophical study circles on the growth of thinking in sixth-grade boys in the Sangar district of Rasht city in Iran. Methods: This experimental study was a pretest-posttest with control group. The statistical population consisted of all sixth-grade students in Sangar city. Sixty of them were selected by twostage cluster sampling and replaced by two groups of 30 experimental and control groups. For collecting data, the Questionnaire for Reflective Thinking (Kember, 2000) was used. Eight stories from Persian, religious, and international texts were selected for the experimental group to run an independent variable, which had a storyline in eight sessions and each session. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANCOVA covariance analysis. Results: The results showed that teaching philosophical thinking positively and significantly affects children's reflective thinking. The impact effect of training was 37%. Conclusion: Therefore, using the philosophy of teaching method, children are trained to develop their thinking and reasoning skills in dialogue and to develop analytical thinking skills.