TOLOO-E-BEHDASHT
Year:2019 | Volume:18 | Issue:2 (74)|Papers Count:9

Introduction: Mycotoxins are among the environmental chemical agents with toxic effects on animals and humans. Aflatoxins (AF) are a major group of mycotoxins produced following the growth of some species of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, particularly in agricultural products. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is secreted to milk and remains there since the process of pasteurization and sterilization has little effect on this metabolite. The aim of this study was to investigate the natural occurrence of AFM1 in raw milk in Behbahan area, which is an area of highdensity livestock production in southwest of Iran. The other aim was to compare these obtained levels with the accepted level recommended by the European community (50 ng/L). Methods: In the present study, 90 samples of raw milk were collected from five dairy farms in Behbahan region, Khuzestan province, Iran. The AFM1 was analyzed using the Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) method by ELISA kits from Euro Clone, Italy. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and the results were reported as mean ± SE. The significant level was set at p ≤ 0. 05. Results: The concentration of aflatoxin M1 in (15)16. 54% of raw milk was higher than maximum tolerance limit accepted by European Union /Codex Alimentarius Commission (50 ng/l). The results of this study showed that all 90 investigated raw milk samples were contaminated with AFM1 (100%). Conclusion: A significant difference was observed between concentration means of AFM1 in various studied farms at P < 0. 05. Consequently, high occurrence of AFM1 in raw milk samples was considered as a possible hazard for human health. However, further longitudinal studies are required on milk samples and other dairy products in Behbahan as well as other regions of Iran to estimate the representative intake of AFM1 in Iran.

Introduction: Drug abuse is one of the important challenges in the field of mental health and adolescence health promotion. Due to the social and medical costs of drug abuse and its consequences among the youth, it is necessary to deal with this issue effectively. Therefore, in this theoretical study, the predictability of the Theory of Planned Behavior on drug abuse related behaviors was explained among adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Chabahar City in 2015 among 300 male adolescents, recruited randomly. All data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with confirmed reliability and validity. The data were analyzed by independent t-test and pearson correlation. Results: we found that 77% of the participants had no history of parental drug abuse. Furthermore, 72% of participants reported a history of using industrial drugs in their friends. The Chi-square test showed that adolescent's smoking had a significant relationship with father's education, family size, history of using industrial drugs in parents, history of using industrial drugs in friends, and the participants' business o (P˃ 0. 000). However, the level of maternal education (P = 682) and living with parents (P = 729) had no significant relationship with the adolescents' smoking rate. Conclusions: since knowledge and attitude had the highest correlation and predictability with industrial drug abuse among the adolescents, theory of planned behavior can be used properly and effectively to plan and implement prevention programs among the adolescents.

Introduction: Parenting is a complex activity, which includes special procedures and behaviors that affect the child's growth. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of educational intervention based on the health action process approach on the parenting skills of girl students’ mothers in Mashhad. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study conducted on 100 mothers (50 test and 50 control), who had 10-13 year-old girls. Mothers were selected using cluster sampling method. Data were collected by a questionnaire designed based on the Health Action Process Approach. The questionnaire also contained the demographic questions and its validity and reliable were completed before and 2 months after the intervention. After completing the questionnaires, data were analyzed by SPSS 16 and descriptive and analytical tests (Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon) at the significance level of 0. 05. Results: The Chi-square test showed no statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of family size, mothers' age category, level of education, and job. The Mann-Whitney test showed that significant difference existed between the experimental and control groups before intervention )P=0. 01Z=2. 57( only with regard to action planning. Moreover, two months after the intervention, significant differences were observed between the two groups in all constructs. Conclusion: According to the results, the educational intervention based on the structures of the health action process approach can have a positive impact on mother's parenting skills.

Introduction: Effluents of Meat processing are one of the untreated wastewaters containing high volumes of polluted components even after the primary and secondary treatments. The high cost of using the advanced treatment methods of the wastewaters has led the industry owners to release them in the nature without effective removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. In this study, an economic advanced method was presented for the first time for the treatment of meat processing effluents by producing valuable biomass. Methods: The recovery of wastewater components was studied for the growth of two profitable strains of Chlorella and Scenedesmus in three variations: real wastewater, normalized wastewater, and normalized wastewater with trace elements. The concentration of nitrate, ammonia, and phosphate was analyzed during the growth period. Results: Experimental data showed that normalized wastewater increased biological removal up to %78 in Scenedesmus and 64% in Chlorella. In addition, normalized wastewater containing trace elements increased biological removal up to %93 in Scenedesmus and 95% in Chlorella. The addition of phosphates reduced pH fluctuations and worked as a buffer. Conclusion: The meat wastewaters processing can provide a rich culture medium for cultivation of microalgae. The results of this research can present a novel promising and economic alternative way to remove nutrient pollutions in meat wastewaters processing.

Introduction: breast cancer, as the most common cancer among women, is controllable if it is diagnosed at the early stages. Breast self-examination is a simple method for early detection. One of the most important effective factors on the cancer-related mortality is the detection stage. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between breast selfexamination and the disease stage with regard to the detection time among patients with breast cancer in Yazd. Methods: this cross-sectional study was carried out on 159 women with breast cancer, who referred to medical centers in Yazd. Data collection tool was a questionnaire with two parts. The first part was the demographic information and the second part dealt with the patients' breast self-examination before the detection of their disease. The disease stage in the detection time was determined based on the results of the pathology test. Data were analyzed using χ 2 and other description tests by SPSS. Results: A statistically signification relationship was observed between disease stage at the detection time and breast self-examination. The disease was detected earlier in individuals who reported a higher frequency of breast self-examination in comparison with those who did not. Conclusion: Breast self-examination affects the early detection of breast cancer and those who were educated had better practice. So, the results show the importance of educational programs in this regard.

Introduction: Nowadays, consumption of meat and meat products have increased throughout the world. Regarding the economic values of meat, unauthorized tissues can be used in producing meat products. This study was conducted to detect unauthorized tissues in raw and processed meat products. Methods: Samples of Kabab loghme (70% meat) and kielbasa (30% and 90 % meat), each containing 5, 10, 15, and 20% of chicken skin and bone were prepared. Then, each sample was divided into three parts. One piece was taken from each part and fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin. The samples were routinely processed for light microscopy and embedded in paraffin. The paraffin-embedded blocks were cut into 6 μ m sections and stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for histological study. Results: The histological examination revealed the chicken skin and bone tissues clearly in all the samples. The histometrical analysis indicated that the estimated percentages of the additive bone, especially in kabab loghme, were not significantly different from the real percentages. However, the skin tissue was difficult to estimate, especially in Kielbasa. Conclusion: The findings of the present research suggest the histological technique as an effective method for quantitative evaluations of raw and processed meat products. However, the quantitative evaluation of additive tissues in raw meat products was more convenience than the processed products. In addition, estimation of bone additive was more applicable in comparison with skin tissue due to its resistance to histological processing preparations.

Introduction: Hospital infections are a common problem in hospitals worldwide. Nosocomial infections have increasingly resulted in patients' death and imposed high costs over the individuals. Members of the medical team, especially nurses, play an important role in prevention and control of the nosocomial infections. Thus, this research was conducted to evaluate the effect of education on the infection control knowledge, attitude, and practice of nurses in Abarkuh Hospital affiliated to University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted in Abarkuh in 2017. The research population consisted of all personnel of Abarkuh Hospital. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS 20. Results: The average knowledge scores of nurses increased from 3± 3. 82 to 32± 6. 29 after education. Moreover, the practice scores of participants increased from 14. 68± 4. 63 to 17. 20± 4. 25. No significant relationship was found between characteristics of nurses and their knowledge after education (p>0. 05). No significant relation was seen between academic degree, marital status, and gender of participants and their average scores of knowledge and practice after the educational workshop. Conclusion: It seems that education has a positive effect on improving the knowledge and practice of nurses about infection control. Therefore, expanding the theoretical and practical courses of education is essential to improve the knowledge and quality of service presentation.

Introduction: Resource management and efficiency analysis assist the hospitals in controlling the expenses and optimum utilization. Operating room (OR) is a critical department in a hospital and its performance highly affects the financial resources. The current study tried to measure OR utilization at a University Hospital of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd. Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study in which 151 surgeries performed in four ORs were recorded in a total of 53 OR days. Data analysis was carried out using Microsoft Office Excel 2010. Results: OR utilization was measured as 68% for Orthopedics OR, 61% for Ophthalmology, 89% General Surgery, and 86% for ENT. In general, 13400 minutes out of 19080 available min. were used for the surgeries and 1215 min. for turn-over-time or delay between two surgeries. Of the total 53 days, 7 days were used efficiently, 27 days were under-utilized, and 19 days were over-utilized. Data analysis showed that Orthopedics and Ophthalmology rooms were under-utilized, while General Surgery and ENT rooms were over-utilized. Conclusion: Regarding the importance of surgical suites efficiency, calculation of OR utilization could provide valuable and practical information for the managers to efficiently use the hospital resources. Therefore, it is highly recommended to insert the exact start and end time for each surgery in specified software. Further similar studies are suggested with larger records for more effective scheduling of the surgeries and improved OR efficiency.