Archives of Rehabilitation (Journal of Rehabilitation)
Year:2007 | Volume:8 | Issue:1 (28)|Papers Count:13

Objective: In this study we Compared Cover test and Maddox rod phorometric tests. These tests can be used for the evaluation of heterophoria and different binocular vision syndromes.Materials & Methods: “Tests evaluation” is considered in this Comparative study. Cover test is standard test for evaluation of ocular motility. Normal volunteer students of rehabilitation faculty took part in this study. They evaluated according to their any ocular or systemic problems that may be affecting their heterophoria. They were 123 females and 79 males’ subjects, at 18 to 23 years age range. Two tests were done at far (6m) and near (40 cm) randomly crossed over method. The subjects did not suffer any diseases which may affect their ocular motility. Statistical analysis of data was done by Statgraphics TM package.Results: The results revealed, there is tendency of exophoria in Cover test (-0.3) and an esophoria for Maddox rod (+0.3) at far distance. There is a significant difference in Cover test and Maddox rod for far distance (p<0.001). At near distance, two tests show similar results (-3 exophoria).Conclusion: Two eyes dissociation and accommodation activation are basically different in the tests. The significant difference that has been reported at far distance, originated from different dissociation. At near different dissociation and accommodation activation, neutralizing each other. Maddox rod test for far distance more esophoria and less exophoria than Cover test. Different interaction of dissociations and accommodation activation in these tests may result as an unpredictable outcome. For the accommodative and vergence anomalies, the Maddox rod may not be useful at near distance.

Objective: Patellofemoral pain syndrome is the most prevalent problem involving25 percent of all knee disorders. Such problems might be lead to functional disabilities. The goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between functional tests and Isokinetic parameters of knee muscles and subjective assessment of knee function in patellofemoral pain syndrome and to compare between patient and control group. Materials & Methods: In this analytical and case – control research fifteen normal subjects and 15 patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome were selected with purposive sampling method in performing two main levels of this study: 1- Functional tests (bilateral squat and step down test) which performed randomly with considering of repetitions per 30 seconds, within 3 minutes rest between them applied and followed by subjective assessment of knee function with Kujala questionnaire. 2- Isokinetic tests performed with Biodex dynamometer device, during 10 to 90 degree of knee flexion with two distinct speeds, 60 and 120 degree per second.Results: No relationship was found between functional tests and Isokinetic parameters in patient group, but we observed a low significant relationship between functional tests and subjective assessment in this group (r= 0/47 for Squat test and 0/37 for Step down test). Moderate significant relationship was found between subjective assessment of knee function and functional Hamstring: Quadriceps ratio for knee flexion at 60 degree per second (r = - 0/58). All of the Isokinetic parameters of quadriceps muscle in patient group were lower than control group. Conclusion: As there were low correlation between Isokinetic strength measurement and functional tests and subjective assessment of knee function, it is not recommended using these methods of assessment interchangeable in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

Objective: Many factors can have a neuroprotective role after brain damage. The neuroprotective Effect of melatonin as a highly potent antioxidant and a free radical scavenger is well known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of such melatonin on mice sensorimotorcortex after cold injury.Materials & Methods: In order to test such this objective, melatonin was injected intraperitoneally in 1,5,50 and 100 mg/kg to the mice (prepared by cortical cold injury induced brain lesion at the parietal lobe) within three intervals (0.5 h before injury, 12 h and 48 h after injury). Brains were removed 72 hours after injury. Appropriate brain sections were stained with cresyl fast violet for histological assessment of cerebral cortex structures by using light microscope (LM).Results: After cell count of alive cells in the cerebral cortex the results showed that the cold injury caused significantly reduction in living cells. Melatonin administration in the experimental groups increased such living cells in compare to model group. Alive cells in cerebral cortex of animals which received melatonin at lower doses (1 and 5 mg/kg) were lower than the control group, melatonin at optimum dose (50 mg/kg) did not show any significant change in the number of alive cells in comparing with the control group (P > 05). The highest dose (100mg/kg) was toxic. Conclusion: Melatonin with optimum dose can reduce cerebral cortex damage due to cold injury in mouse model and overcome cell damages fallowing injury.

Objective: Cerebrovascular Diseases (CVD) are one of the most important and common diseases that affect on Central Auditory System. In this research, we tried to assess auditory selective attention and auditory divided attention in patients with Cerebrovascular Accident within age range of 40-75 years old in respect to having no problems in peripheral auditory system.Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional Comparative study was conducted on 15 normal and 15 patients' cases with CVA that were selected with Purposive sampling and divided to two groups; six patients with lesion in left hemisphere and nine with lesion in right hemisphere. In order to evaluation of auditory selective attention and auditory divided attention, Farsi versions of competing sentence test and dichotic digits test were used respectively.Results: There were significant differences between mean scores of CST in the patients with CVA and the normal group in some conditions (P < 0/05). There were significant differences between mean scores of DDT in both ears of patients with CVA and normal group.Conclusion: In addition, these scores indicate that auditory divided attention is more susceptible to CVA than auditory selective attention. One may conclude that patients with CVA may show their hidden hearing loss or some difficulties in central auditory processing, especially in auditory attention.

Objective: Handedness is the most prominent behavioral asymmetry in human. The term of hand preference points to prefer hand or functional asymmetry in manual tasks. The items were considered in this study were: the comparison of handedness between normal and congenitally deaf students; the effects of age, sex, and pressure on using right hand for unimanual tasks on handedness; the frequency of left-handers among student’s families, the influence of hand preference on English language capabilities, and the point of view of people rather to left-handers have been investigated.Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted on 760 students including 380 normal students and 380 deaf students with congenital severe or profound sensory-neural hearing loss from 12 to 18 years of age by that were selected purposefully, completing Edinburgh handedness inventory in Tehran. The students didn’t have any confirmed diseases or neurological disorders, except hearing loss in deaf student. Data were gathered through the completion of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory by the students. The student’s aural records and also the confirmation of the audiologist in the deaf schools were considered in order to determine the kind and degree of hearing loss.Results: The prevalence of left-handedness among normal (9.7%) and deaf (10.3%) students were near to each other, and there was no significant difference between them (p= 0.901, z = -1.24). The prevalence of left-handedness was higher in boys rather than girls, but there was no significant influence of sex and age on results (p>0.05). The family and/or teacher pressure for using right hand was 16.0% in normal students and 5.0% in deaf students, and they didn’t report any strict pressure or severity regard this mater. The frequency of left-handers was higher among family of normal students (22.6%) than deaf students (13.2%), and the difference between them was significant statistically (p = 0.003, z = -2.976). In both normal and deaf students, there was no significant difference between left and right-handers relate to English language ability (p> 0.05). Regarding point of view people relate to left-handers, there was no significant difference between normal and deaf students (p = 0.541, z = - 0.611).Conclusion: In present study, the prevalence of left-handedness was near to it’s prevalence in North-America and Western Europe, and revealed considerable difference with statistics of some Asian countries. The sameness of left-handedness prevalence in normal and deaf students, didn’t confirm the Previc’s hypothesis regard no differential ear sensitivity or advantage in congenitally deaf persons.

Objective: The negative effects of hearing loss rendered to the processes of fast motor skills of articulators, speed and intelligibility of speech have been proved scientifically. The main question is how different thresholds are, can effect in such and try to find relations between mentioned three speech skills specially if there are relations between tests in evaluating speed articulators such as oral diadochokinesis and speed of speech.Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional–analytical study was performed on 46 hearing-impaired (profound, sever, moderately sever) and 15 normal -hearing high-school students that were selected randomized. Subjects were measured by oral diadochokinesis test (The records were analyzed by speech analyzer of Dr. Speech Software), 100 words text to evaluate speed of speech according read words per minute), and use of rate scale method to define the rate of intelligibility of speech in reading text. Data were analyzed by SPSS software.Results: The general pattern suggest that the high threshold hearing subjects spend more time to repeat oral diadochokinesis syllables and have decreased speed and intelligibility of speech. In respect to speed of speech and oral diadochokinesis ability, there were only significant differences between profound hearing-impaired subjects and both sever and moderately sever subjects (P < 0/05). There was significantly negative relationship between speed of speech and spent time to repeat the oral diadochokinesis syllables in hearing-impaired groups (P = 0/02). There was not any relationship in normal-hearing group (P > 0/05). General findings suggest some significant relationship between intelligibility and speed of speech (P > 0/05).Conclusion: Respect to the negative effects of hearing loss on fast oral motor skills, speed of speech and intelligibility of speech and such relationships between these three variables, suggested interventions on each of the above variables may be useful in other comparative subjects.

Objective: To achieve a reliable tool for measuring health related quality of life among Iranians with knee osteoarthritis, by translating and culturally adapting the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) to Persian and testing the reliability and internal consistency of the Iranian version.Materials & Methods: It was a non experimental methodology study. KOOS was translated and adapted culturally to Persian language and culture in three phases with respect to IQOLA project. For examining test-retest reliability Iranians version of KOOS was corresponded twice with in at least two days or at most one week interval, by 30 Iranian people with knee OA whom were referred to Municipality and 110 physiotherapy clinics of Tehran with PT order by physicians. It was a non experimental methodological research and we used sample of convenience and non probability design for sampling. Psychometric evaluation: the collected data from the questionnaires was rated and analyzed with SPSS software from the aspects of test-retest reliability, absolute reliability, subscale and item internal consistency.Results: Internal consistency which was calculated by Cronbach 'α was high for all the subscales (at least 0.76), except for "symptom" subscale which was moderate, and showed that items of each subscale measured the same construct. Item internal consistency after correction for overlap, was higher than optimal value (0.4), except for the items of" symptom" subscale , which demonstrated good item internal consistency. SEM and ICC which were used for evaluating the absolute and test-retest reliability in respect showed that all the subscales had good test-retest reliability (>0.7) and the absolute reliability was also very good in such away that the highest calculated SEM for Persian version was 7.44 which was less than Minimal Perceptible Clinical Improvement (MPCI) that is estimated 8 to 10 for the KOOS questionnaire.Conclusion: With the Persian version of the Knee Injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS) a multidimensional instrument is available now to measure health status as well as therapeutic effects in patients with knee OA. Modifying the subscale “symptom” could further optimize this questionnaire in patients with advanced knee OA.

Objective: Attitude modification is a known way in substance abuse prevention. In order to assessment of adolescents, attitude toward addiction, addict and drugs, and evaluation of their changes caused by preventive interventions, a scale was designed and its psychometric characteristics were evaluated.Materials & Methods: This study performed as an analytical design into two stages: items supplementation and experimental performance. Eighty students (aged 11-16 years old) were studied. They were classified into criterion (38 students) and control (36 students) group on the basis of their or not usage of drugs.Results: Comparison of two groups (criterion and control) who answered the scale indicated that 52 items had good validity. After evaluation of inter consistency of the scale, 43 items were remained which differentiated adolescent with positive or negative attitude toward addiction, in cut off point 95. At this point sensitivity and specificity were 93.1 and 96.3, respectively.Conclusion: In this study the scale of adolescent attitude toward addiction was designed with results indicating that scale has a good psychometrics characteristic in Iranian adolescent population.

Objective: To determine the causes of sever visual impairment and blindness in students in school for the blind in Mashad to aid in planning for the prevention and management of avoidable causes is the aim of this study.Materials & Methods: In this analytical study in 2006, two hundred sixty (260) students attending in four schools for blinds in Mashad, were examined by using the modified WHO/PBL Eye Examination Record, for children with blindness and low vision protocol. The anatomical abnormality and underlying etiology for each eye were recorded.Results: The mean age was 14/2±4/2 years. Hundred fifty seven (54/9%) were males and 129 (45/1%) were females. The major anatomical site of visual loss was retina (28/6%), followed by optic nerve atrophy, congenital cataract, corneal opacity, congenital glaucoma, albinism and whole globe problems. The most common type of eye surgery was cataract. The difference between men and women and the distribution of no light Perception (NLP), was statistically significant (P<0.01).Conclusions: Genetically determined disorders play an important role in the causation of childhood blindness. Genetic consultation, early eye screening of children and public education may help in prevention of blindness.

Objective: With respect to the importance of mental health and Passing school years where such mental health develops. We decided to study such prevalence of obsessive – compulsive disorder (OCD) in the adolescents of middle school stage as the situational analysis as one of their most important indicator of their mental health. Also we studied such relating variables of factors a age, gender, educational status of parents, number of siblings and birth order.Materials & Methods: In this cross – sectional study Six hundreds seventy two (672) students of middle school of Tehran (369 girls and 303 boys) withing age range of 11-15 yrs old were selected. With multi-stage sampling method we considered four regions of educational offices of Tehran in North, South, West and East. Each region was selected to have two middle schools (one for girls and the other for boys) and in each of schools we selected two or more classes from different stages. Finally the students of each class answered the SCL-90R questionnaire which subsequently data were gathered.Results: Considering mean score of questions related to OCD in SCL-90R questionnaire, the prevalence of OCD found to be 10.8% (CI 95%: 8.3%-13.2%). There were not a significant difference between boys (8.7%) and girls (12.3%). Age and geographic region of school had significant correlation with prevalence of OCD. With increasing the age, the prevalence of OCD also increased East and South regions; the prevalence's were more than the other regions. The most co-morbidity co morbidity was generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Value of P<0.05 was found as the significance of differences in all measurements.Conclusion: The relatively high prevalence of OCD in this study lead us to increase attention to mental health programs at schools, especially training the students and teachers to promote their referrals while facing new suspected cases. This will ease further early proper diagnosis and formative Treatments.

Objective: Suicide is defined as finishing life deliberately upon conditions that be done by individual’s own desire and own hand. Suicide is a major problem in social health and hygiene and it’s rate is now increasing among individuals at 15-24 age range. This study has preformed to detect risk factors and major fundamental agent been used in suicide.Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive cross – sectional study. Statistical unit in this present study, obtained from individuals that committed suicide and hospitalized in Fatemi and Booali hospitals of Ardebil. Sample quantity was 218 cases that have been from both two sex and from all ages. Clinical interview has derived from patients and their first-degree relatives and appropriate tests of MMPI were done. The results have been analyzed with descriptive statistics of SPSS soft ware.Results: In this study the most cases of committing suicide were within 15-25 age spans, with the following group profiles. Female (61%), married individuals (53.22%), educated individuals with high school and diploma (35.78%), and moderate socio – economic status (57.34). Sixty one point forty seven (61.47) % of these individuals were afflicted by psychological disorders white 58.72 precent were afflicted with personality disorders. The most used method for suicide was taking drugs and toxins (90.83%). Family problem with spouse has been founded as most common cause of suicide.Conclusion: This study is revealing that the prevalence of different risk factors, with play a role in committing suicide, are as follow; Moderate socio-economic condition, low education, end of adolescence and beginning of youth, female sex, being married, family problems especially among new married couple, psychiatric and personality disorders and finally an easy access to drugs and toxins. As considering their psychological profile, they had suspicion, pessimism, motive misinterpretation, high occupation of mind and a desire to sequester their life.

As interests in complementary and alternative medicine grow, the scientists are looking forward in researches which determine the mechanisms in which they exert their effectiveness. Some of these modalities like Yoga, Acupuncture, and especially other bio-field therapies such as none contact therapeutic touch, affects the bio-field which spreads throughout the body and into the space around it. According to physic’s law, when electricity flows throw the living tissues, like what happens in our heart and brain, biomagnetic fields are being induced in the surrounding space. Beside that moving charges like ions and free radicals which finally produce electromagnetic fields. Using very sensitive magnetometers, biomagnetic fields have been detected and get amplified up to 1000 times by meditation. This phenomenon could be the basis for most of most complementary therapeutic approaches like therapeutic touch. On the other hand the electrical, magnetic and bio-magnetic fields have a well known application in conventional medicine. Modern research about bio-magnetism and magneto-biology suggests that in term of aspects, the effects and the mechanisms for all the different looking modalities used in conventional medicine and complementary medicine which have commons in their fundamentals. This article reviews some of the recent works on biological effects of natural or artificial electromagnetic fields.

Financial need, hygienic and welfare needs in older people is increasing due to growth of aged people population. The derangements in aged for person’s musty aims of signs producing of illness and its physiopathology are different from those younger persons. Therefore with needs more of attentions. Dementia after arthritis causes weakness in older people. Dementia is a syndrome that it creates derangements recognition without derangement in cautiousness. It leads to memory’s weakness, difficulty in calculation, abstraction, derangement in mood, affect and derangement in judgment, abstract thinking, decreasing of verbal skills and derangements in direction. From types of dementia is pointed to: Alzheimer, dementia resulting of Pick’s disease, Creutzfeld – Jacob, Hangtington, hydrocephalic with natural pressure and Parkinson. Treatment of dementia is included curing of basis illnesses such as high blood pressure, and using medicine such as: anticholinestrase drugs and / or designed rehabilitation plans. Acompanishing Patient’s pivoted care principles in rehabilitation with derangement and concentration on it, is basis of arranging of services and presentation of nursing cares.