Journal of Sport Biosciences
Year:2020 | Volume:11 | Issue:4|Papers Count:8

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the consumption of two types of carbohydrates with different GI and glutamine on creatine kinase isoenzymes and the exhaustion time in active women. 40 students (mean age of 24. 82 ± 3. 4 yr, height of 165. 25 ± 5. 1 cm) participated voluntarily in this study. Subjects were randomly divided into 4 groups: low glycemic index and glutamine, high glycemic index and glutamine, glutamine and placebo. Lentil (130-135 gr) was used as carbohydrate with low glycemic index, and potato (170-175 gr) as high glycemic index; the consumed glutamine for all three groups was 0. 5 g/kg BW dissolved in 250 cc of water and the similar amount of placebo was also used. Blood samples were collected before and after Bruce test. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance with repeated measures, one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test at α ≤ 0. 05. The results showed that carbohydrate with different glycemic index and glutamine did not have a significant effect on CK total and CK MB, but the increase of CK MM was prevented in glutamine group compared with low glycemic index group. Carbohydrate with different glycemic index and glutamine increased the activity time to exhaustion. Thus, carbohydrate consumption with different glycemic index and glutamine and also glutamine itself can be used to increase the activity time and decrease cell damage.

Health professionals believe in the effective role of training in improving the health of MS patients. The present study investigated changes in serum IL4 and 17, as well as muscle strength changes after 8 weeks of regular resistance training in women with MS in Mashhad city. The present study was applied with pretest-posttest design. 22 women with multiple sclerosis in the age range of 25 to 40 years old and with disability (EDSS=4) were purposively assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed the training for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week with 40-60% 1RM intensity and the control group did not participate in any regular physical activity. Before and after the training, anthropometric tests (using caliper, tape measure and level), upper and lower limb strength (with 1RM test in chest and leg presses) and blood sampling were used to measure the levels of interleukin 17 and 4. Oneway ANOVA was used for potential differences in the groups and paired t test was used to examine the within-group changes using SPSS software version 18. Statistical analysis showed that the muscle strength of the subjects in the experimental group was significantly higher in both upper and lower parts of the trunk than the control group (P=0. 001, P=0. 0001). Interleukin 4 showed a significant increase in the experimental group compared with the control group (P=0. 002), but interleukin 17 did not differ between the two groups. It seems that women with multiple sclerosis can use regular resistance training with moderate intensity to improve their immune system's efficiency and enhance their level of strength.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of omega-3 supplementation on C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen in female athletes after a single bout of exhaustive exercise. 14 female athlete students (mean ± SD age 21. 17± 0. 78 years, body mass 21. 21± 2. 32 kg/m2, VO2max 45. 74± 4. 97 ml/kg/m) voluntarily participated in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups: placebo and supplement. The supplement group daily received one capsule of omega-3 containing 3. 2 g of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 2. 2 g of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) while the placebo group consumed placebo capsules for 3 weeks. Fasting blood samples were collected at the beginning and at the end of the supplementation period, before and after the exhaustive exercise to measure CRP and fibrinogen. The exhaustive exercise included running on a treadmill and an increase in the slope until exhaustion. For data analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normal distribution of data. Then, the data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. Statistical differences were considered significant at P<0. 05. The findings showed that inflammatory factors of CRP and fibrinogen significantly increased after the exercise (P=0. 001). 3 weeks of omega-3 supplementation decreased serum CRP after a single bout of exercise but this effect was not significant (P=0. 54). In the supplement group, omega-3 supplementation significantly decreased fibrinogen after the exercise (P=0. 005). It seems that this supplement or nutrients full of omega-3 fatty acids such as fish are useful for decreasing inflammation due to the exercises.

The stress of everyday life and sedentary aging affect the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of home-based monitored exercise protocol (HBME) on cardiorespiratory parameters and physical function of veterans in Mazandaran province. In addition, the relationship of Vo2peak resulting from modified Bruce and Rockport with double product and oxygen pulse was investigated. In this clinical trial study, 120 veterans (25-49% trauma) were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Aerobic and resistance training programs were performed at home for 8 weeks and 4 and 2 days a week respectively. Cardiovascular parameters (Bruce VO2peak, Rockport VO2peak, blood pressure, heart rate, double product, and oxygen pulse) and physical function (upper and lower trunk strength, balance and flexibility) were measured by field and laboratory tests at the beginning and the end of the study. Data were analyzed using t test and Pearson correlation. 8 weeks of home-based monitored exercise significantly improved Bruce VO2, Rockport VO2, upper and lower trunk strength, balance, flexibility and double product of the training group compared with the pretest (P≤ 0. 001). Rockport VO2 and systolic blood pressure changes were significant compared with the control group and changes in upper trunk strength and resting heart rate were also significantly closer. In addition, there was a significant, high and negative correlation between the Bruce and Rockport VO2 and the oxygen pulse (r=-0. 926, r=-0. 335). It can be generally concluded that home-based monitored exercise protocol may reduce myocardial stress and also improve physical function and quality of life in veterans through improving cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness.

Exhaustive resistance training is associated with rapid development of muscle and physical fitness. It is also efficient at increasing maximum power and strength of cluster sets. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the activity of exhaustive and cluster sets on markers of cardiac injury. 12 active men with a mean age of 23. 20± 2. 25 years were voluntarily selected. 2 types of training protocols (exhaustive and cluster sets) were separately conducted 4, 12 and 24 hours later with a pretest design and 30 minutes of monitoring. Both exhaustive and cluster sets included 9 exercises with weight in equal intensity zone (12-15 RM) and training volumes. The mean heart rate in the final session of training decreased in both protocols and this decrease was more obvious in cluster sets with effect size (d=0. 67) (P<0. 05). Rating of perceived exertion was different only in the first period of monitoring, and was higher in exhaustive sets with effect size (d=3. 59) (P<0. 05). Mean hscTnI showed a larger effect size (d=0. 90) in exhaustive sets 24 hours after the intervention monitoring (P<0. 05). During all phases of monitoring the two protocols (except for after 24-hour monitoring), cardiac Nt-proBNP was above the baseline levels. Its peak was observed 4 hours later with effective size (d=1. 35) in exhaustive sets. Exhaustive resistance training increases the biomarkers of cardiac injury and 24 hours of recovery may not be sufficient. When the intensity and volume of resistance training are exactly balanced, the difference between the training systems in changing these biomarkers will be the lowest.

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is an important cytokine that is secreted from skeletal muscles in response to exercise and has various effects on different tissues such as muscular tissue. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of circuit resistance training on serum levels of IL-15 in young overweight men. 20 overweight young men (BMI: 26. 32± 0. 98 kg. m2, age: 27. 49± 4. 14 years, weight: 80. 18± 4. 95 kg) were randomly divided into two control and circuit resistance training groups (each group 10 subjects). Circuit resistance training program was performed for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Each training session consisted of 9 exercises that were performed with 50-60% 1RM. During this period, the subjects in the control group continued their routine daily program. Before and 48 hours after the last training session, 7 ml of blood samples were collected from brachial vein in order to estimate the desired variables (IL-15, IGF-I and IGFBP3). The findings indicated that changes in the levels of IL-15, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were not statistically significant between the control and circuit resistance training groups (P>0. 05). However, body fat percent indicated a significant decrease in the training group compared with the control group (P=0. 003). According to these findings, it can be stated that the probable positive effects of circuit resistance training during 8 weeks in overweight young men are mediated by pathways other than the changes in the levels of the studied variables including IL-15.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of PGC-1 alpha isoforms in response to eccentric and concentric resistance training in healthy subjects. 10 healthy men were randomly divided into two groups (5 subjects in the eccentric group and 5 subjects in the eccentric group). Isokinetic contraction protocols included eccentric and concentric knee extension with maximum power and angular velocity of 60 degrees per second. The torques assigned to each subject was assumed to be equal to match the workload in both protocols with a rotational speed of 60 degrees per second. At the beginning and end of the study, biopsy of the lateral broad muscle tissue was performed. Real Time PCR was used to evaluate PGC1α-1 and PGC1α-4 gene expressions. Data were analyzed using dependent t test and covariance test at the significance level of 0. 05. The results showed that within-group changes of PGC1α-1 were not significant in eccentric (P=0. 168) and concentric (P=0. 959) groups. Also, within-group changes of PGC1α-4 after one session of activity were significant in eccentric group (P=0. 012) and concentric group (P=0. 022). Also, intergroup changes showed no difference between the two groups in both variables (P≥ 0. 05). It seems that the lack of significant changes in the desired variables was due to the lack of sufficient training pressure to stimulate the increase of PGC1α-1 and PGC1α-4. With regard to reviewing the response, it seems that the compatibility debate has different results that need to be addressed.

Nesfatin-1 is an appetite reducing peptide which decreases energy demand in high altitudes. This study aimed at investigating the effect of 6 weeks of aerobic training in hypoxic condition on resting levels of Nesfatin-1 and insulin resistance in overweight women. 24 overweight young women (age: 28. 25± 3. 7 yrs, height: 161. 8± 3. 01 cm, weight: 78. 64± 7. 18 kg) were selected and divided into two experimental groups: hypoxia group (n=12, 60% of HRmax, in hypoxic condition resembling 3000m altitude) and normoxic group (n=12, 60% of HRmax, in normoxic condition). Training program consisted of 6 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Anthropometric characteristics, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and Nesfatin-1 were measured before and after the training period. Dependent and independent t tests were used for data analysis. Results showed that intergroup differences in weight (P=0. 16), BMI (P=0. 19) and glucose (P=0. 23) were not significant, but changes in fat percent (P=0. 02), waist circumference (P=0. 03), insulin (P=0. 001), HOMA-IR (P=0. 001) and Nesfatin-1 (P=0. 002) were significant. The results showed that aerobic training with moderate intensity in hypoxic condition leads to more changes in Nesfatin-1 than normoxic condition. It is likely that improvement in body composition and insulin resistance index are associated with Nesfatin-1 changes and appetite reduction and appetite-related nutrition demand.