EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES
Year:2020 | Volume:12 | Issue:6|Papers Count:8

Introduction: Today, the importance of entrepreneurship in the economic system has led to its development in the fundamental sectors of a country, including education and training. Since entrepreneurship education is an important factor in the development of entrepreneurship characteristics of students, the purpose of this study was to study the attitudes of teachers toward teaching and learning methods of entrepreneurship education in elementary schools. Methods: The present study was conducted descriptively and survey method. The statistical population consisted of all elementary school teacher trainees in the year 2017, and the sample group consisted of 44 volunteer trainees. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect informations. The validity of the contents of the questionnaire was confirmed by seeking opinion of the experts and its reliability was assessed using the Cronbach's alpha (0. 94) test. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS V. 24 software and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to ensure the normal distribution of the data and the T-test was done in order to assess teachers' attitude towards teaching techniques, content and evaluation were analyzed from the perspective of entrepreneurship in elementary school. Results: The results of the research indicated that the mean and standard deviation of the teaching technique was 4. 11 ± 0. 65; the content presentation was 4. 18 ± 0. 69; and finally, the evaluation value was 3. 95 ± 0. 67 which was larger than the mean and this difference was significant at the level of 0. 01. (p <0. 01); therefore, with 99% confidence, teachers' attitude toward entrepreneurship in the elementary period is positive and significant. Conclusion: Teachers are one of the most important factors affecting entrepreneurship education in elementary school. Because of their special role in teaching, if they have a good attitude and entrepreneurial insight, they can integrate entrepreneurship education with teaching and learning strategies in their teaching and can act an important role facilitating the development of creative people with a spirit and entrepreneurial attitude.

Introduction: Elite and efficient human resources play a vital role in the various national arenas and, therefore, their good management is crucial. Elite migration or brain drain among developing countries is of great importance, as these countries lose more capital in the process of international human capital flows, and their development is usually slowed by this phenomenon. The main purpose of the current study was to investigate the extent and mechanism of the impact of elite migration on the development of home countries as well as presenting opportunities and challenges for policymaking in this field. Methods: The study was systematically reviewed using the PRISMA protocol in international (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar) and national databases (SID, Magiran, ISC). According to PICOS strategy, published papers until July 2019 in both English and Persian language using a variety of combinations of keywords such as brain drain, challenges, developed country, development, migration, elite, policy, developing country and their Persian equivalent was searched. After searching and selecting articles, the text of the final articles was evaluated with the help of PRISMA checklist. Finally, the relationship between elite migration and development and related policies was presented as narrative synthesis. Results: With a detailed review of the final analyzed papers, factors and variables affecting the three main issues could be identified that are central to migration and development: a) brain drain and development; b) the financial flows in the result of elite migration; c) the role of immigrant elite communities in development. By systematically reviewing the papers, we find that the potential impacts of elite migration on development are complex and multidimensional which require multidimensional response from policymakers. The impacts of elite migration can be positive or negative depending on the country, economic and social trends of the country and create opportunities or constraints for economic, social and human development. Conclusion: In general, immigrant elite societies can play an important role in the economic, social and political development of their home countries. Immigrant elite communities can be the source of ideas, knowledge and skills, and social capital. Communications and networks of elite immigrant communities with their home country can serve as an important channel for enhancing the positive impacts of immigration on the country of origin. However, many developing countries, including Iran, still suffer from elite immigration or brain drain. Therefore, in order to realize the positive effects of elite migration, there is a need for rigorous and comprehensive policymaking that will undoubtedly include challenges such as the need for significant international dialogue and cooperation.

Introduction: Intellectual capital or intellectual property is one of the most important resources available to companies today. Organizational learning ability is the ability to create, learn and transfer knowledge, which is defined as the ability of organizations in the learning process. Methods: The present research investigates the relationship between intellectual capital, organizational learning with innovative performance and its effect on organizational performance in pharmaceutical companies in Tehran province, Iran. Moreover, organizational learning as a mediator variable in relation to intellectual capital and innovative performance has been studied. In this research, 66 managers and experts of pharmaceutical companies in Tehran province were selected as sample and data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed using Smart PLS3 software. Results: The results showed that intellectual capital was effective in supporting the organizational learning and also the effect of intellectual capital on innovative performance has been rejected. Organizational learning has been effective on innovative performance and the role of organizational learning mediation has been rejected. Innovative performance has also been effective in organizational performance. Finally, the results indicate the suitability of the model. Conclusion: The results showed that pharmaceutical companies’ managers should increasingly care about the maintaining of intellectual capital, which results in employees' motivation and coherence to attract and exchange knowledge and information among organizational members. Having a comprehensive insight of challenges, they become more and more effective with the development of new products for corporate profitability.

Introduction: Recently, much attention has been focused on students with challenges in learning their school activities. Parents, trainers, and researchers witness the confusion of some students in acquiring reading and writing skills given to them as homework from the early preschool period. Therefore, the learning disorder area is a special situation. Thus, the present study was carried out aiming to investigate the effect of training executive functions on quantitative reasoning, knowledge, and fluid reasoning among students suffering from learning disabilities in the first and second grades of elementary school in south Khorasan province, Iran. Methods: The present investigation was a semi-experimental study and it was performed using pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all elementary first and second grade boy students referred to the Learning Disabilities Centers of south Khorasan in 2017-2018 school year and Qaen learning disabilities center was selected as the sample and the place for handling educational meetings. Among these students, 24 people were selected by classification sampling method from purposeful and voluntary type. Then, considering resulted scores from Tehran-Stanford-Binet Experiment Intelligence Score, they were placed peerto-peer in 12-people groups of experiment and control. Experiment group followed in 60-minutes fifteen sessions under executive functions training. Data were analyzed using SPSS-23 software and by covariance analysis method. Results: The results revealed that there was a significant difference between the means of experiment and control groups in the variables of quantitative reasoning, knowledge, fluid reasoning and total score of executive function. In the other words, training of executive functions caused an increase in the mean of quantitative reasoning (111. 33± 12. 34), knowledge (110. 16± 16. 67), fluid reasoning (110. 50± 16. 69) and total score of executive function (332. 00± 38. 79) in posttest stage. Conclusion: Therefore, it is suggested that education workshops aim at identifying the effectiveness of executive functions in reducing the symptoms of student learning disabilities for teachers.

Introduction: Cardiac arrest is an acute and important emergency situation and the chance of survival increases by up to three times if the Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is immediately performed for the cardiac arrest. The acquisition of cardiopulmonary resuscitation knowledge for nursing students has received special attention in the present educational courses. The present study aimed to determine the impact of educational application-based learning on the nursing students' basic knowledge about the cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Methods: The research study was conducted using a pretest-posttest method with control group on 64 undergraduate nursing students at Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2018, and they were selected by the census method. Two classes at fifth semester were randomly divided into the intervention (n=30) and control (n=34) groups. Both groups received the current practice of Basic-Life-Support (BLS) education, and then the intervention group received the smartphone-based educational training. The students' knowledge were investigated and compared before intervention, and one and three months after the intervention in two groups. Data was collected using a modified knowledge assessment questionnaire about the BLS. Results: Based on the results, students' knowledge significantly increased in the intervention group a month after the intervention (P <0. 001) and also after three months (P<0. 001) compared to the control group. The effect size of intervention (confidence interval of 95%) on student's knowledge was 4. 405 (5. 25 and 3. 44) a month after education and 4. 21 (5. 07 and 3. 30) three months after education. Conclusion: The Smartphone application-based BLS education could enhance nursing students' CPR knowledge. The present study suggested using smartphone applications to educate nursing students and ensure the sustainability of education.

Introduction: Different people from different groups in multicultural countries have differences in their views and their way of life. So, one of the most important issues in such societies is the creation of interactions between different groups. In this regard, the study of the axiology foundations of co-existence education is necessary to better explain the coexistence education in the studied countries. The aim of this study is to achieve the methods of coexistence education in such communities to provide a solution for Iran's education Methods: The way for achieve to this methods is a comparative study of the education of multicultural countries. The method of research is George Brady's method, which is carried out in four stages of description, interpretation, neighborhood and comparison. Results: The results of the research show that some the axiology foundations of co-existence education are: freedom in opinion and thought and maintaining human dignity. Coexistence education is important for China and Canada education. There are also a variety of ways to learn coexistence in these countries that are based on the interaction between class members and groups. Finally, there are some ways for coexistence education in China and Canada that by considering the dominant Iranian culture, they can be used for coexistence education in Iran. Conclusion: From the results of the research it can be seen that considering the cultural context of each country, different educational methods can be searched in the curriculum of different countries and used to improve the education of countries.

Introduction: In medical education, the exclusive role of explicit knowledge has been emphasized, and tacit knowledge has been driven to the irrational, even mysterious, sphere of thought. The issue is why physicians and policy makers in the field of health and medicine, based on a long tradition, regard the components of tacit knowledge as unpleasant and unfamiliar. In their view, contrary to explicit thinking, the concepts of this type of knowledge are obscure or unobtrusive. Methods: The dominant approach to this research is qualitative. In this research, conceptual analysis method has been used. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the concept of medical education as an implicit knowledge gate. In this method, the concepts used in a new structure are analyzed and redefined. Results Evaluation of an alternative model for clinical diagnosis has important implications and results in medical education. This study demonstrates the disadvantages of the conventional model in explicit knowledge-based medical education that has no place in physicians' tacit knowledge. By analyzing the tacit knowledge components, including observation, training and narrative, an alternative model of tacit education model in medicine is proposed. Conclusion: The tacit teaching model is a suitable method for moderating reductive and quantitative approaches in medicine. This type of attitude derived from tacit knowledge should consider motives, beliefs, aspirations and personal connections as the main and tacit basis of the medical education system.

Introduction: Motivation is an intrinsic factor that drives ones behavior in a certain direction. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the motivation of elementary teachers to educate students and transfer their educational and ethical patterns to virtue and perfectionism and to internalize their values and positive reflection on family, community and education system in the country. Methods: The research method was qualitative. The study population consisted of all elementary school teachers in Ilam city (492 people) during the academic year of 2017-2018 that 20 of them were selected by purposeful sampling method and interviewed. Results: The results and data analysis showed that in content analysis of interviews with participants, 53 primary codes in the initial coding stage, 20 sub-categories in the second stage and finally 4 main categories were extracted. The main topics were culture, family, educational content, spirituality and ethics. Most importantly, the findings indicated that the dominant identity among the students is religious identity and that the identities of culture, family and educational content are in next priorities. Conclusion: As a result, factors such as culture, family, education, spirituality and ethics are very important elements in educating students and guiding them towards honor, dignity, happiness and future health of society.