JOURNAL OF TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
Year:2019 | Volume:8 | Issue:29|Papers Count:14

The purpose of this study is to analyze the content of the sixth elementary school textbooks based on the components of tourism education. The method used to analyze the content of the present research was Shannon entropy and the unit analysis pages (text, questions, exercises, images) that contained a total of 829 pages. The statistical population of the study consisted of 9 primary school textbooks, including eight books including Persian (read), Persian (writing), science, heavenly gift, Quran, Social Studies, Thinking and research work technology is included. The results of the analysis showed that from 829 pages of the sixth grade textbook, 75 items were found in relation to the components of tourism education that the most attention is given to the tourism component and the least attention was paid to the component of the tourist. On the other hand, the components did not have sufficient distribution and dispersion in the textbooks.

Transaction cost, the cost that is not considered in the production function of the business, is actually the success or failure of the market. Examining various international reports (such as the Doing business, competitiveness, and global entrepreneurship monitoring) as well as the evidence and current status of Iran tourism indicate high transaction costs and inadequate business environment. Accordingly, the institutionalism explanation of the factors affecting the market transaction costs and tourism businesses is the main object of this study. Based on this, using the qualitative approach (theme analysis) and the profound interview with tourism market experts, the factors affecting the Iran tourism market transaction costs based on the model of new institutionalism have been identified and analyzed. The results of this survey indicate that the six themes identified in the study include the costs of information and knowledge, technology, business start-up, macroeconomic environment, capital and the cost of contracts, are the main elements of transaction costs of tourism in Iran and its impact has led to internalization, the lack of growth in the size of businesses and the reduction of partnerships among the players in the tourism industry.

Several attempt has been done in the world to discover the elements which effect on tendency to tourism. One of these important elements, is subjective security and it's dimensions. In this thesis, first of all, the reasercher has tried to cleave through the subjective security and objective security. Then due to measurement simplification, researcher has devived the independent variable into two new components: negative subjective security and affirmative subjective security. This study has tried to measure the contribution of every of these components in determination of tendency to tourism. This comparsion between contributions will identificate the component which needs to more enrichment or debilitation. This reseach has been done in quantitive way and by the servay method self-made questionnaire tool. 170 statistical samples has answered the questionnaires. Findings denote that negative subjective security Beta is-0. 20 has a reducer effect on tendency to tourism and affirmative subjective security Beta is 0. 40 with a cumulative affect on it. In order to strengthen the effect of affirmative subjective security, and undermine the impact of negative subjective security, the research sugessts some activities at the end of paper.

Environmental problems in tourist places is one of the major problems of tourism industry, also air pollution in tourist areas is one of the most important environmental problems. Tehran is capital of Iran and it has plenty of tourist sites. The air pollution has hit the tourism in this city. Therefore, this research was carried out for modeling, control and manage of air pollution in Tehran. Based on the previous models presented for air pollution management, the possibility of simultaneous prediction of pollution based on time and place variables has been less considered. Therefore, in this research, for the first time, a spatial-temporal model for pollution management in Tehran was presented. In this research, the spatial model in the GIS environment for each pollutant was defined. Then, based on a Python program, modeling by neural networks in GIS environment for each pollutant at each arbitrary location of the city was implemented. According to validation of model, error values were acceptable. This research model can predict air pollutants, and therefore tourism desirability of each cities point can be estimated based on air pollutants concentration.

The present study was conducted to examine the effects of local tourism stakeholders' empowerment on their contribution to sustainable tourism development through the mediating role of the perceived environmental effects of tourism programs and projects in Asara. This study examined the affecting and affected variables through descriptive-analytic method and a questionnaire. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between the local stakeholders' empowerment with the effects of economic tourism (0. 63), socio-cultural effects of tourism (0. 50), and ecological-environmental effects of tourism development (0. 70). Additionally, the relationship between the perceived socio-cultural effects on participation in sustainable tourism development was confirmed with a path coefficient of 0. 566 and t value of 3. 207. However, the relationship between perceived environmental-ecological and economic effects of tourism projects with the participation of local stakeholders in tourism development was not confirmed. In other words, the implementation of tourism programs and projects in an environment, ecological and economic effects were unable to align local community participation. The results also showed that the empowerment of local stakeholders indirectly and with the mediating role of perceived socio-cultural effects from tourism programs and projects on their participation in tourism development only had a positive and significant impact on this aspect.

Objective: Today, tourism is one of the main axis of the economic, political, cultural and social spheres, and attention to it is a basic necessity. This phenomenon has different dimensions. The purpose of this study is to examine one of the dimensions of tourism, food tourism. Of course, this dimension has a variety of issues and this article attempt to review the attitude of tourists towards local food in Mazandaran province. Materials and Methods: The research method was quantitative approach in a survey method. The statistical population consisted of 105 tourists selected in local restaurants. To survey the attitude of tourists towards local food, a combination of researcher-made questionnaires and standardized questionnaires were used. Kim and Scarel Factors have been used to set questionnaires. Conclusion: This study showed that local food can play a major role in the tendency of tourists to travel and is very effective for local economy and local cultural preservation. Tourists considered food as a major source of travel, and argued that the experience of local food was one of their activities in entering the native-local culture. In fact, with the use of food, tourism can be promoted in the dimension of food and the type.

Today, the use of satellite imagery and aerial photos to change is one of the basic needs. In this research, the present study examines the trend of land use changes to non-agricultural lands and tourist settlements in the years 2007 to 2017 using satellite imagery. The area under study is the Binalood city in Khorasan Razavi province, which has been exposed to high land demand and unauthorized land use changes after 2007 national divisions. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to analyze the trend of land use change in villages of the tourist destination of this County in two periods. The method is descriptive-analytic and rate of user variation was evaluated using satellite imagery in 8 rural areas that had the most challenge in the years 2007 to 2017. The results show that in all villages, land use changes have increased and increased in area. The total amount is estimated to be 1848101 square meters, which is far from the mind given the characteristics of the region in terms of tourism and land value. Among the villages studied, destruction due to the addition of industrial uses, workshops, tourism, etc. in the last 10 years, has had the most changes.

Different tourism industry features like fragility, highlighted SMEs involvement and vast dependent industries make strategic alliance formation as one of the most important strategies in tourism. Meanwhile, the formation of such alliances in some tourism branches like medical tourism is more important because of two fields are engaged here; Tourism and medical. Meantime, it seems that up to now, there has not been any research in Iran about the dimensions and components that affect the formation of strategic alliances between medical tourism businesses. Hence, the present study sought to identify environmental dimensions and factors affecting medical tourism alliances formation in the country. To this end, 17 medical tourism experts have been recognized by snowball sampling. Data have been gathered through semi-structured interviews and analyzed with Maxqda10software based on theme analysis. Findings show that 6 main themes including legal, cultural, economic, technological, communicational, political elements as well as patient-absorption channels can effect on medical tourism alliance formation in Iran.

Tourism is a complex system in which different stakeholders have different views about it. The main goal of this research is study of the view and perception of the host community towards tourists. the method is phenomenology and data is collected from a deep interview with 27 people. Our population is Oromanat Tourist Area of Kurdistan Province. The findings show that the people of Oramanat as the host do not have the same look at tourists. In their view, there is a fundamental difference between tourists from different regions that traveling to Oromanat. In general, In their view, there are six categories of tourists: Foreign, domestic and regional (non-Kurdistan), domestic (Kurdistan), non-regional tourists from away parts of Iran, and groups of friends and schools. From the perspective of the people of the region, each of these groups is significantly different from the others, on the base of main economic, social, cultural and environmental domains. According to the view of the host society, most tourists who travel to this area can be described most often in the form of the "pseudo-tourist" and "false tourism" concept. Because it has very little economic benefit and negative socio-cultural and environmental impacts for the area.

The importance of tourism and the need to examine various topics in the area, is widely acknowledged. At the same time, (SMEs), as the most important facilitators in the tourism industry have recently become increasingly concerned the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of entrepreneurial marketing on SMEs’ marketing abilities and market performance in the field of tourism, considering the moderating role of competition intensity. The present study is an applied study in terms of aim and a quantitative study in design, while being descriptive-analytical in method. Data was gathered through a questionnaire and the sample population consisted of tourism SME managers in the city of Tehran, amounting to 1600 businesses in total. Sampling was performed, using the Morgan table, 310 samples were chosen. . To test the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling, SPSS and Warp PLS softwares have been used. The results showed that entrepreneurial marketing affects the marketing capabilities of the studied businesses and enterprises., business marketing capabilities were also proven to have an effect on market performance. However, competition intensity was found to have no moderating effect on the relationship between entrepreneurial marketing and marketing capabilities and the relationship between marketing capabilities and market performance.

With the expansion of the tourism industry, many countries have been able to improve their economic situation and resolve their economic problems, such as low per capita income, high unemployment and lack of foreign exchange earnings. Since tourism creates a very good source of income for a country, it can be considered as an industry. So, this results in a very broad concept in various economic, social and cultural dimensions. Therefore, this study examines the effect of exchange rate volatility on tourism flows in Iran based on seasonal and annual data during 1368-1394. For this, first, the real exchange rate uncertainty is extracted using stochastic volatility model with leverage effects. Then, to investigate the effect of real exchange rate volatility on the flow of tourism, we will use Mixed frequency Data Sampling (MIDAS) approach. The results showed that the increase of real exchange rate volatility as well as the increase of GDP have negative and positive effects, respectively, on the arrival of foreign tourists to Iran.

This study examines the impact of the tourism industry on economic growth in 82 developed countries and developing countries for the period 1995 to 2016. The data on the growth rate of GDP per capita, number of international tourist arrivals and other explanatory variables are averaged over 4-year non-overlapping periods giving six observations per countries (albeit the last observation covers only a two-year period). The explanatory variables included the degree of development, physical investment rate, human capital rate, trade openness, government consumption expenditure, inflation rate, fluctuations in growth rate and political rights. The study employs Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) to estimate the effect of the tourism industry and other explanatory variables on economic growth. The analysis was conducted in three levels. First, it uses the number of international tourist arrivals as a proxy for tourism development. Second, it uses the logarithm of the variables without the number of international tourists in the model. Third, it uses both variables as proxies for tourism development. Results of the three models show that the inbound and outbound effects of tourism on economic growth are positive and significant. The coefficients of the other explanatory variables are also consistent with theoretical expectations.

This article aims to identify the most important indicators of organizational image-making in the tourism industry in Iran. Thus, this research is aimed at the field of applied research and in terms of the nature of the data of a qualitative type. The statistical population of the study consists of 37 sources, including upstream documentation in the field of tourist tourism, as well as experts in the industry, which includes faculty members of the universities and those active in the tourism industry. In this research, 136 indicators from the upstream resources were extracted using textual content analysis. Indices in the form of closed questionnaires were provided to the experts in three periods. In each period, a number of indicators were screened using the score that the respondents considered for each index and Delphi qualitative analysis. Finally, 47 subcategories were introduced as effective indicators of organizational image processing in the tourism industry of Iran in seven main categories: economic, branding, brand quality, regional tourism potential, advertising activities, occupationally focused imagery and macro management.

Country of iran has highly potentials in field of tourism including cultural issues and existence different ethnics that so ethnic tourism is considered one of tourism bases in iran and which has been effected in tourism prosperity of tourism local-indigenous areas. this research is quality and goal of research is recognizing components and dimensions of tourism ethnic and research methodology is grand theory and that is acted gather and analysis. statistics society is including of academics, professors, managers, experts and entrepreneurs of tourism. The sample of research is eleven of governmental-privacy experts in tourism that have been choiced by judgment. Resulted model has 6 main articles, 4 sub-articles and 24 concepts. main articles are causality, ground, intervention, phenomenon, strategy and consequence and according to case every main article has been consisted of sub-articles and several concepts for example ethnic tourism as main phenomenon that is been consisted of two concepts including of ethnics properties, tourism based ethnics.