Journal of Sport Biosciences
Year:2020 | Volume:12 | Issue:1|Papers Count:8

Adipolin (CTRP12), is a novel anti-inflammatory adipokine mostly synthases and expresses in adipose tissue. Adipolin improves Insulin sensitivity and decreases circulating glucose levels. This study investigated effect of resistance training on adipolin levels and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in obese women. 20 sedentary postmenopausal obese women (BMI>30Kg/m2, aged 50-65 years) randomly assigned in to experimental (n=12) and control (n=8) groups. Subjects in experimental group participated in 12 weeks of resistance training (3 sets of 8-12 repetitions at 40-60% of one maximal repetition), 15-45 minutes per session and three sessions per week. Levels of adipolin, insulin and fasting glucose and anthropometric indices measured before and 48 hours after last training session. Statistical analysis was done by Kolmogorov-smirnov, paired and independent t-test and Pearson correlation and P<0. 05 considered significant. Serum levels of adipolin did not significantly changed following 12 weeks of resistance training; however, insulin levels (P=0. 032) and HOMA-IR (P=0. 031) decreased significantly. Furthermore, between groups changes of HOMA-IR (P=0. 021) and waist hip ratio (P=0. 002) were significant. According to Pearson correlation, no correlation existed between pre training and post training changes of adipolin levels and those of blood factors assessed and anthropometric indices (P>0. 05). Therefore, resistance training is one of treatment procedure to improve insulin sensitivity in sedentary postmenopausal obese women. However, more studied is necessary to identify molecular mechanism mediated by adipolin.

The purpose of this study was to measure the changes in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), after repeated-sprint activity (RSA) and subsequent cold water immersion (CWI). Twenty trained athletes with maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) 52. 9± 2. 9 ml. kg-1. min-1, age 21. 9± 2. 2 yrs, height 174. 2± 5. 4 cm, and weight 68± 4. 4 kg were assigned to take part in this study. After performing repeated-sprint activity, 10 participants immersed in cold water (14° c) and 10 participants passively sat on a chair at room temperature. Blood sampling was performed before and after RSA, after CWI or passive rest and after 24 h. The results showed that antioxidant levels returned to baseline levels after 24 h, nevertheless; there was no significant difference between CWI and Control groups. In conclusion, although the levels of enzymatic antioxidants were significantly higher after RSA, CWI did not have any effect on returning to baseline levels after 24h.

Beta-hydroxy beta-methyl butyric acid (HMB) was able to upregulated anabolic agents and downregulated catabolic agents, and it can affect the benefits of physical activities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks of Complex Training (Resistance+ polymeric) and HMB supplements on IL-15, Cortisol, lipid profile, body composition and performance of Basketball Players. 40 basketball club players were randomly divided into four groups of 10, including: 1. Control group, 2. Supplementary group (HMB), 3. Complex training group, and 4. Training group + Supplement (HMB). The training program was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session for 1. 5 hours with intensity 60-80% 1RM. Serum levels of interleukin 15, cortisol, lipid profiles were taken one day before and 48 hours after the exercise protocol was performed in fasting blood. Data were analyzed by dependent sample T-test and two-way ANOVA (P <0. 05). Regarding the results of two-way ANOVA, the main effect of exercise in all variables except cortisol was significant. In addition, the main effect of HMB supplementation was significant only in two variable of medicine ball throwing (F = 11. 08, p = 0. 002) and vertical jump (F = 62. 22, p = 0. 001). Complex training with HMB supplementation has the greatest effect on increasing anabolic responses (increased IL-15) and reducing catabolic responses (Cortisol) and lipid profile indexes. Therefore, it seems that use of this supplement with the complex training modality is effective in improving physiological conditions and enhancing explosive power athletes such as basketball.

Multiple sclerosis is a progressive and chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that is associated with the destruction of the myelin sheath of nerve cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the preventive effect of six weeks of forced swimming on the levels of TNF-α , IL-10 and BDNF is the EAE model rats. Twenty-five female Lewis were divided into five groups: healthy control, MS control, healthy swimming, MS swimming, and solvent. Swimming training for 6 weeks and 5 days a week. Swimming training program began with 30 minutes daily five-minute period in the second week with an increase to 60 minutes. Overload training was set by adjusting the power and speed of the water while swimming. Also, EAE was induced model at the end of the sixth week of training and After 14 days’ mice were sacrificed. Right Cerebral hemisphere for the histology and right Cerebral hemisphere was transferred to the lab for analysis of protein measurements. Swimming exercise in rats EAE model leads to a significant reduction in TNF-α (P=0/001) and no significant change in IL-10 (P=0/71) and BDNF (P=0/70) was. In rats trained clinical signs appeared delayed. Furthermore, results of histological staining showed that certain differences were observed between trained and untrained. EAE-induced demyelination model increases the damage to brain tissue Shows that swimming exercise intensity and duration of six weeks can be effective in delaying symptoms, although these symptoms are delayed in the short term.

Nowadays, many studies have shown that exercise improves brain health and performance and may also increase neurological pathways in the brain. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on Klotho, PLP and TNF-α concentrations in mice. Female mice were randomly divided to exercise (EX) or control (Con) groups. In the EX group, animals performed 8-week of HIIT. Mice initially ran at 6 m/min for 3 min at 0% grade, with the speed progressively increasing by 3 m/min every 3 min until exhaustion-when the mice were unable to maintain the required running speed. The maximal speed obtained was then used to calculate the individualized running speed for mice in the EX group. HIIT involved treadmill running 5 days per week for the final 6 weeks. Klotho, PLP and TNF-α expressions were studied using Western blot. Mice in the EX group had a significant increase in klotho and PLP concentrations compared to the control group (p≤ 0. 01 and p≤ 0. 05, respectively). Also, in the exercise groups mice had a significant decrease in TNF-α concentrations in compared to the control group (p≤ 0. 05). Our data demonstrate that HIIT increased klotho and PLP and deceased neuroinflammatory cytokines. These proteins are associated with increasing myelination and protect the central nerve system against neurodegenerative diseases.

Cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and are considered an important objective for therapeutic intervention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks Pilates training and massage therapy on plasma serum levels of IL_17 and IFNβ as pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with MS. In this clinical trial study, 36 women patients (who had medical file in MS society of Tabriz, Iran) with range age from 30 to 40 years old, a degree of the disease from 0 to 4/5 and average length of disease was 7± 2 yr, were selected and divided in to 4 groups: massage (n=9), pilates (n=9), pilates + massage (n=9), and a control (n=9). Pilates training and massage therapy included 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 40-60 minutes each session (20 to 40 minutes for Pilates and 20 to 30 minutes for massage). Blood samples were taken before and after intervention. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using spss20. The results showed that after eight weeks of Pilates training and massage therapy, IL-17 levels decreased significantly in Pilates, Massage and Pilates + Massage groups, and the level of IFN-β in massage and Pilates + Massage groups increased significantly (P< 0/05). Conclusion: Since Pilates coupled with Massage reduced proinflammatory IL-17 cytokine and increase IFN-β in MS patients, it seems that Pilates training and massage therapy can be used as a complementary treatment along with other drug therapies for preventing the progress of MS.

Different types of training can have different effects on the responses and level of hormones. Resistance training with blood flow restriction is one of the exercise methods that lead to increase in muscle strength and performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction on the serum levels of IGF-1, testosterone and myonectin in young men. The research groups consisted of two groups: resistance training with blood flow restriction (10 subjects) and resistance training without blood flow restriction (10 subjects). The resistance training program was conducted for four weeks. In pre/post-test, serum concentrations of IGF-1, testosterone and myonectin were measured by ELISA method. To determine the difference between the variables, one-way covariance analysis was used at the significance level of 0/05. Results showed that IGF-1 and testosterone levels in the exercise group with blood flow restriction were significantly higher than the exercise group without blood flow restriction (P = 0. 001). However, there was a non-significant increase in myonectin levels (P = 0. 08). These findings suggest that resistance training with blood flow restriction is very effective in improving the factors associated with increased muscle mass.

Cardiovascular disease, due to its chronicity, often affects everyday activities of the individual and is the leading cause of death in the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of progressive endurance training on adjustment indicators Apoptosis is indicated in samples of patients with myocardial infarction. Methodology: The present study is an experimental study In this study, 20 Wistar rats, aged 8-10 weeks, weighing 230± 30 g were randomly divided into two groups of infarction control (Sed. MI) and infarction training (Ex. MI). After induction of myocardial infarction by two intraperitoneal injections of isoproterenol at a 24-hour interval at a dose of 150 mg/kg, the training group performed a progressive endurance training protocol on the treadmill for eight weeks. Blood samples were taken at the same conditions and at least 24 hours after the last training session and ELISA method was used to measure study variables. Independent t-test was used to evaluate the significant changes in Caspase-8, cytochrome-C and caspase-3 levels in the pad graph program. The results showed that serum level of Caspase-8, cytochrome-C and caspase-3 were changes in Ex. MI group than in Sed. MI group. This changes was not significant in the cases of Caspase-3(p=0. 65) and cytochrome-c (p=0. 25) between Sed. MI and Ex. MI. But changes in caspase-8 values showed significant differences (p=0. 04). According to the results of this study, it seems that application of nonpharmacological strategies such as progressive endurance training cannot improve apoptosis rate in samples with myocardial infarction.