JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Year:2021 | Volume:19 | Issue:95|Papers Count:13

Background: As a debilitating clinical condition, if Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is untreated will turn to a chronic illness. Therefore, the treatment of BDD is considered as an urgent clinical need. Aims: Introduction of the principles and techniques of a new psychotherapeutic model for the treatment of psychological disorders, shortly named PTC (Paradox + Timetable = Cure), is one of the objectives if this paper. Evaluating the effectiveness of PTC model for the treatment of BDD is the second objective. Method: The present study is an evidence-based clinical case study. The PTC therapy process and outcomes for a 33-year old woman suffering from BDD is fully described in the present article. Results: Results of a five-session PTC therapy for the patient indicated that the treatment outcomes were completely successful. A 24-and 36-month follow-up also revealed that the therapeutic changes were stable and continued during which no relapse was happened. Treatment outcomes for the patient confirm the deep and permanent effects of the PTC psychotherapeutic model in the shortest possible time for the treatment of BDD. The influential mechanisms of “ paradoxical timetable” and its adjustment to the treatment outcomes of the patient are explained in the present article. Conclusions: The PTC psychotherapeutic model, as a very short-term, simple, effective, efficient, and yet economical approach is introduced and suggested for the treatment of BDD.

Background: Numerous studies have examined the effect of group education on reciprocal behavior analysis and acceptance and commitment to self-criticism, but research that has developed a group educational therapy program based on interactional behavior analysis and acceptance and commitment method and its effectiveness on girls' self-criticism components has failed. Emotional pay has been neglected. Aims: The purpose of this study was to develop a group educational therapy program based on the analysis of reciprocal behavior and acceptance and commitment and its effectiveness on self-critical components of girls with emotional failure. Method: The present study was applied in terms of purpose and combined in terms of method (qualitative and quantitative), the qualitative part was the development of a treatment program and the quantitative part was semi-experimental. The study population consisted of all students with emotional breakdown in Islamic Azad University of Tehran during the years 2019-2020. 30 people were available selected as a sample and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people). The instruments of the present study were: Thompson and Zarov Self-Critical Questionnaire (2004) and Summary of Mutual Behavior Analysis Sessions and Acceptance and Commitment Methods (a combination of Bern Behavioral Training Meetings, 1950 and Admission and Commitment Therapy Sessions by Hayes et al., 2012). ). Data analysis was performed by multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: The developed group treatment program had a significant effect on the analysis of mutual relations and acceptance and commitment to girls' self-criticism with emotional failure (p< 0/01). Conclusions: Girls who participated in group therapy therapy sessions based on interactional behavior and acceptance and commitment methods were less self-critical.

Background: Numerous studies have examined the factors influencing family resilience. But research that looks at the factors influencing the resilience of the Iranian family has been neglected. Aims: The aim of the present study was to model the factors affecting the resilience of the Iranian family. Method: The present study was a correlational survey. The statistical population of the study included all parents in Tehran in 2020. 309 parents were selected by available and voluntary sampling method. The present research tools included a researcher-made questionnaire on family resilience factors (2020) and the Siksbi family resilience scale (2005). Data analysis was performed using path analysis. Results: Belief system, external resources, and family structure directly and personality traits and skills indirectly affected family resilience (P <0/05). Conclusions: Family structure involves concepts such as intimacy, cooperation, and agreement that increase family resilience in crises.

Background: In the frame of interventional studies, the effectiveness of various psychological interventions on depression has been examined, but no research has been conducted so far with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of intervention based on psychological capital on hope, optimism, resilience, and self-efficacy among patients with depression. Aims: The current research was conducted by the aim of investigating the effectiveness of intervention based on psychological capital on hope, optimism, resilience, and self-efficacy among patients with depression. Method: The present study was conducted by semi-experimental method using a pretest-posttest and control group design. The research population included all the patients with minor to moderate depression referring to Aftab Counseling Center in Najaf Abad, Isfahan, in the first half of 2018. The study sample included 30 depressive patients who were selected by purposeful sampling method and, then, were assigned into two experiment and control groups (15 subjects per group) through random assignment method. The research tools were Beck Depression Inventory (1978) and Psychological Capital Inventory of McGee (2011). The experiment group received the intervention based on psychological capital (Lutthans, Youssef, and Avolio, 2007) in eight 90-minute sessions in group. To analyze the data, univariate analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of covariance were used. Results: Results indicated that the intervention based on psychological capital was effective on improving psychological capital and the components of hope, optimism, resilience and self-efficacy in depressive patients. Moreover, the training intervention was positively effective on reducing the depression level of patients (p< 0/01). Conclusions: The intervention based on psychological capital can be used as an effective method to increase the potency of hope, self-efficacy, resilience and optimism, and to reduce depressive symptoms in patients with depression.

Background: Numerous studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of the parent-child interaction intervention program and the symptoms of separation anxiety disorder in children. However, research that has addressed the effectiveness of the parent-child interaction intervention program based on emotion coaching on symptoms of separation anxiety disorder has been overlooked. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the parent-child interaction intervention program based on emotion coaching on the symptoms of separation anxiety disorder in children. Method: Experimental research with pre-test-post-test design with Yood control group. The statistical population of the study included all female primary school girls in District 10(1282 person) in the academic year of 2019-2020. Thirty students were randomly selected for cluster sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 subjects). The research tools are: Measurement of Separation Anxiety Scale (Parent-Child Version, Han, Hajinlian, Essen, Wender and Pinkas, 2003) and Parent-Child Interactive Intervention Program Based on Emotional Coaching (Researcher Made, 2019). Data analysis was performed using multivariate and single variable covariance analysis (MANCOVA). Results: The parent-child interaction intervention program based on emotion coaching was significantly effective in reducing the fear of liberation, fear of loneliness, fear of disease and worry about the occurrence of dangerous events (P< 0/01). Conclusions: Students who participated in the parent-child interaction intervention program based on emotion coaching had fewer symptoms of separation anxiety disorder.

Background: Numerous studies have examined flourishing. However, research to assess the validity of the flourishing pattern in the indigenous context of Iran and to address the shortcomings of this model, including the lack of tools to measure some of the components and relationships between the components of the model, has been neglected. Aims: The goal was to predict flourishing based on pattern of psychological flourishing on HPMF human. Method: The research was correlational, the primary teachers of Saqqez were statistical society. 614 people randomly were chosen as sample by multi-step in categories and they responded questionnaire of rehabilitation Riff psychological(1995), Luthans psychological capital(2007), Goldberg five factor personality model(1999), private self awarenesn by Charles Carver(1990), Ahwaz stubbornness psychological AHI(1998), Hozhbaryan flourishing HPFS(2014) and two questionnaire of researcher made on environmental-social-cultural conditions and motivation to flourish(p< 0/01). Results: The result showed that between all variables of the model, there's a positive correlation. The result of structural equations model showed that having purpose will directly meaningfully have positive effects on motivation flourishing. Variables of motivation flourishing, background conditions، intermediate conditions will directly affect self management and indirectly affect positive on flourishing (with interference of self management) Variable of self management also directly influences the flourishing meaningfully. Conclusions: Based on current research, applying enough plans in order to increase conclusion, improvement of background conditions and intermediate conditions, promote flourishing motivation and self management are suggested for flourishing teachers.

Background: Numerous studies have focused on the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction programs on anxiety and pain relief in people with type 2 diabetes. But research that examines the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction programs on self-care and diabetes-related quality of life has been overlooked in female patients with type 2 diabetes. Aims: To determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction program on self-care, the quality of life associated with diabetes in female patients with type 2 diabetes. Method: The present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test with control group, the statistical population of all women with type 2 diabetes who went to Imam Hossein Hospital in Tehran during the months of January 2016 to May 2017. They had come. Sixty women with type 2 diabetes were randomly selected and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (30 subjects). The research tools were: self-care questionnaire (Glasgow Tabert, 1994), quality of life questionnaire (Thomas et al., 1994) and mindfulness-based stress reduction training program (Javadi et al., 2019). Data analysis was performed using multiple variable measurement analysis of variance. Results: It showed that in the experimental group, the mean of self-care score and quality of life was significantly higher than the control and increase group. (P> 0/001). Conclusions: Patients with type 2 diabetes who participated in mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy sessions gained more self-care and quality of life.

Background: Numerous studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of self-regulatory self-regulation and the causes of loneliness, anxiety, and perceived stress. However, research that has examined the effectiveness of self-processing (smoker) on the loneliness, anxiety and perceived stress of Ptsd patients due to the Kermanshah earthquake has been neglected. Aims: To investigate the effectiveness of self-processing (smoker) on loneliness, anxiety and perceived stress of Ptsd patients due to Kermanshah earthquake. Method: The research was semiexperimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all earthquake victims living in Kermanshah earthquake complex in 2019. 30 people were randomly selected as a sample and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people). Research tools include Citizenship Scale of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (1988), Zenbarg & Barlow (PSWQ) Anxiety Questionnaire (PSWQ), Loneliness Questionnaire (Russell, Pilova, and Cortona, 1980), Questionnaire The perceived stress of Cohen et al. (1983) and the training package was self-reprocessing (Smoker, 1995). Data analysis was performed by multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance. Results: Self-processing (smoker) had a significant effect on the feeling of loneliness, anxiety and perceived stress of Ptsd patients caused by the earthquake (P< 0/05). Conclusions: Patients who attended self-administration sessions were less likely to feel lonely, anxious, and stressed.

Background: Marital relationship is the core of the family system, and since the family institution is the first social institution that has significant effects on the growth, development and formation of personality, therefore, it is necessary to study the issues and problems that lead to the collapse of family and marital relations. Aims: The aim of this study was to predict marital satisfaction based on personality traits and attachment styles mediated by coping strategies. Method: The present study is an exploratory-sequential and guided correlation. The statistical population of the study consisted of all married female undergraduate and graduate students of Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran in 1997. The sample was 350 students who were selected by convenience sampling to collect research data from the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1987). Neo (1990), Collins and Reid (1990) attachment styles and Rezakhani (2009) coping strategies were used. . Results: The results showed that there was a negative relationship between neuroticism and extroversion personality traits with marital satisfaction and a significant positive relationship between openness, agreement and conscientiousness with marital satisfaction; Also, the relationship between avoidant and anxiety attachment styles with negative marital satisfaction and with secure attachment style is positive and significant. Neuroticism β =-0. 48 and avoidance attachment style β =-0. 41 have a greater share in explaining marital satisfaction (p< 0/001). Conclusions: Among the achievements of this study can be encouraging therapists to create solutions to change the cognition, thoughts, actions, emotions and feelings of couples and thus improve relationships and marital satisfaction and community cohesion.

Background: Numerous studies have examined the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction on perceived stress and anxiety sensitivity. But there is research gaps between comparing the effectiveness of two classic cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) and reducing mindfulness-based stress (MBSR) on perceived stress and anxiety sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Aims: Comparison of the effectiveness of two cognitive-behavioral therapies of classical behavior and treatment of mindfulness-based stress reduction on anxiety sensitivity and perceived stress in patients with type 2 diabetes in Shiraz. Method: The research was pre-test-post-test with control group. The statistical population included all type 2 diabetic patients present in Shiraz medical and hospital centers in 2018. Thirty-six diabetic patients were selected by simple random sampling and randomly assigned to three 12-person groups (two experimental groups and one contrast group). Research tools Cohen's Perceived Stress Questionnaire (1983), Reese and Peterson's Anxiety Sensitivity Questionnaire (1985), Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Therapy (Mouse et al., 2015) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Moloudi and Fattahi, 2011; Samadzadeh and Hamkaran, 2018). Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: The two cognitive-behavioral therapies of classical behavior and mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy have had a significant effect on perceived stress in the sample (P< 0/001). MindfulnessBased Stress Reduction Therapy has been more effective than classical cognitive-behavioral therapy in examining students' perceived stress (P< 0/001); Anxiety has been studied in the sample (P< 0/001). There was no significant difference between the two treatments in terms of the effect on anxiety sensitivity (P< 0/001). Conclusions: Patients who participated in cognitive-behavioral therapy sessions and mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy experienced perceptual stress and experienced less anxiety sensitivity.

Background: Many studies have investigated the efficacy of emotional schema therapy on marital problems of couples and the problems of emotional adjustment and marital satisfaction of couples. But research investigating the efficacy of emotional schema therapy on the problems of emotion regulation and marital satisfaction in maladaptive women of the first decade of life has been neglected. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on emotional regulation problems and marital satisfaction of maladaptive women in the first decade of life. Method: This study was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population consisted of all women with marital maladjustment referred to counseling and psychological services in Andisheh in 2018. Thirty individuals were selected by purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of control and experimental (n = 15). Research tools include: Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (Ellison, 1998), Ernst J. DQ Disability Questionnaire. Beerless and Daniel P. Sternberg (1977), Graz's Emotion Regulation Disorders Questionnaire (2004), and Lehi et al. (2015, 2019) training package for Emotional Schema Therapy. Data were analyzed using single and multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: Emotional schema therapy increased the mean scores of marital satisfaction in the schema therapy group and increased the mean score of emotional regulation in the schema therapy group (P< 0/001). Conclusions: Emotional schema therapy increased marital satisfaction and emotion regulation and its components in couples.

Background: Due to the chronic and long duration of multiple sclerosis and the importance of depression and identity crisis in these patients, the need to pay attention to the use of group behavioral activation therapy in these patients has been neglected. Aims: The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of group behavioral activation therapy on depression and identity crisis in patients with multiple sclerosis. Method: The present study was a quasi-experimental with a pretest and posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all female patients with inflammatory bowel disease who were members of the inflammatory bowel disease association of Karaj in the period from May to December 2020. By purposive sampling method, 30 inflammatory bowel patients were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly divided into two groups (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group) were replaced. Data collection tools included Beck et al. Depression Questionnaire (Second Edition (1996)) and Rajai et al. 's Identity Crisis Questionnaire (2008). The experimental group was treated with group behavioral activation in 8 sessions of 60 minutes, but the control group did not receive any intervention. For statistical analysis of data, mean, standard deviation and multivariate analysis of covariance were used with SPSS software version 24 at a significance level of α = 0/05. Results: The results showed that in the post-test, after adjusting the post-test scores on the pre-test scores, the mean scores of depression and identity crisis in the experimental group significantly decreased compared to the control group (p< 0/001). Conclusions: Based on the results of the study, group behavioral activation therapy should be used as a complementary therapy along with other treatment methods to improve the psychological status of multiple sclerosis patients.

Background: Various studies have confirmed the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy and reality therapy on improving mental health indices among clients with different problems, but no study has compared the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy and reality therapy on alexithymia among male prisoner clients. Aims: The present research was conducted by the aim of comparing the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy and reality therapy on alexithymia among male prisoner client. Method: The current research was a semi-experimental study which was conducted through a pretestposttest with control group design. The research population included all the male prisoner clients in Aligoodarz city, Iran, in 2019 who were totally 209 individuals. The sample included 45 prisoners who were selected by purposeful sampling method and were assigned into three groups including two experiment groups and one control group (15 subjects per group) ny random assignment method. The research tool was Toronto Alexithymia Scale of Bagby, Parker and Taylor (1994). The first experiment group received the compassion-focused therapy (Gilbert, 2010; 2014) and the second experiment group received reality therapy (Wubbolding, 2013) both in eight 90-minute sessions. The control group received no intervention until the end of the research. The univariate analysis of covariance and the Bonferroni ad hoc test were used to analyze the data. Results: Results suggested that both therapeutic interventions were effective on improving alexithymia in the experiment groups (p< 0/01). Moreover, there was no significant difference between compassion-focused therapy and reality therapy and both had similar effectiveness (p> 0/05). Conclusions: The results of the present research provide an appropriate empirical support for compassion-focused therapy and reality therapy. Psychologists and counselors working in prisons are recommended to use these two approaches for enhancing mental health among prisoners.