International Police Studies Quarterly
Year:2020 | Volume:11 | Issue:43|Papers Count:9

Background and Aim: Internet and cyberspace, despite its advantages, also has disadvantages and risks, and due to the novelty of this phenomenon, many parents do not have the opportunity, possibility or sufficient power to understand exactly this space and its applications and their lack of proper familiarity with cyberspace and, in contrast, the daily use of this space by children, given that the personality and sociability of children are changing and evolving at every moment, the risk of offence in childhood has been increased more than previous years. Research Method: In this article, the authors have used a descriptive-analytical method to explain and evaluate the immunity of children from harms and threats of cyberspace with emphasis on the actions of the international police. Findings: Due to the flexibility of cyber threats, there is a possibility of a new crime in this space at any time, the actions of the international police in preventing harms to children in cyberspace are very important and many efforts has been exercised by police in different countries for public monitoring and social control in the use of cyberspace, which can be an obvious model for the actions of our country's police. Conclusion: Therefore, the authors have concluded that the separation of sections for children and adolescents in cyberspace based on their age and gender classification is necessary to protect children.

Today, there is less controversy about the implementation of the right to economic development or its custody by the government, but the main issue is to improve the quality of implementation of this right. In this regard, deregulation is considered as an effective mechanism. Deregulation is a tool that provides the proper implementation of the right to economic development in the form of reducing government interference in the economy and creating the conditions for the presence of the private sector in the market. To this end, by eliminating or reducing barriers in the fields of domestic production and business environment, foreign investment, employment, access to the free market and privatization guarantees the proper implementation of the right to economic development. Accordingly, deregulation has been considered in the law of five-year development plans in Iran, especially the law of the sixth plan. But the question remains, what mechanism can deregulation guarantee to improve the quality of implementation of the right to economic development? Also, the ability of the Sixth Development Plan Act to reduce the potential challenges of using the deregulation mechanism is debatable. This study, while answering the above questions, has provided the necessary suggestions, both status and correction, to realize the issue.

Criminal policy in totalitarian model under the fluence of totalitar ideological system, proclivity to security-oriented so that in this model, the main function of criminal justice system and it's institutons is ful-scale protection of ideological and political rulling system against possible thrats. Cime and criminals as internal and foreign enemies. So criminal security in criminal policy, assuming the enemy knowing offender, has been commited to form a circuit enemy criminal laws. with such an approach, non of aspects of citizen's lives has not immuned from government intervention and their" freedom" has been almost destroyed by governer to excuse protecting security. This research has been attemped to analysis the meaning and concept o criminal security and scrutinize it's function in totalitarian model of criminal policy. Outcome of this writing shows that extra tenency to criminal security in this model, serving the government in order to maintain absolute power and destroys people's freedom to the achieve this goal.

Background and Aim: In the international judicial system, in order to maintain the judicial security of the people, the rules and principles of a fair trial have been recognized. Since the judge can also make mistakes or slip in the process of investigating crimes and violations of the people, a reference called the Prosecutor's Office and the Supreme Disciplinary Court of Judges has been provided in Iranian law to investigate judges' violations. Therefore, this study has been written with the aim of examining the degree of observance of the principles of fair trial in international documents regarding crimes and disciplinary violations of judges. Research Method: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The method of collecting information is a combination of library-documentary studies. Findings and Conclusion: In dealing with crimes and violations of judges, observing the principles of fair trial is far more important for judges who are the law enforcers and the rulers of people's lawsuits.

Today, the right to a fair trial is recognized as a fundamental right. Hence, procedural systems try to design their own rules and structures so that they can conduct proceedings fairly. But since justice is qualitative and non-objective, so measuring the fairness of the proceedings is not easy. In recent years, a theory has been developed to measure the fairness of the proceedings, which believes that the level of fairness can be measured by assessing the equality of the parties in accessing the equipment necessary for procedure and equality in the law they apply and equal in the outcome of similar caeses. The hearing was evaluated quantitatively. Equal equipment In the sense of equality of arms between the parties involved in access to the equipment necessary for a fair hearing, it is inevitable and fair to observe it as a principle. In securing equal equipment litigants are the most appropriate person to defend their right to reject the claim of the other party and to conduct a fair hearing. The concept and position of the principle of equal equipment have been accepted the American and Iranian judicial systems and have been envisaged to enforce a number of institutions in the laws of justice. The study of the effect of this principle on the fairness of the proceedings and the efficiency of the institutions envisaged along with the identification of the institutions in other legal systems necessitated the present comparative study.

Background and Aim: One of the most important cases of liability is the legal responsibility of the maritime transport operator, but in cases where the primary transport operator assigns the goods in whole or in part to another transport operator by concluding a contract, if Damage to the goods or delays in the delivery of goods Civil liability will be created as a result of the actions of the secondary operator for the primary operator. Research Method: In this article, the descriptive-analytical method in the form of a library using books and articles in this field has been used. Findings: The owner of the goods has the right to refer to the secondary operator for compensation based on the contractual relationship, although some legal systems consider the basis of the owner of the goods to refer to the secondary operator according to the general rules of civil liability (quasi-crime). However, the real responsibility will be borne by the secondary operator, although the responsibility of the primary and secondary operator is joint and several, but in case of compensation by the primary operator, he has the right to refer to the secondary operator, but the opposite is not justified. Conclusion: The owner of the goods does not need to prove the fault of the secondary operator to compensate the damage, and upon the occurrence of damage, the primary operator is responsible for compensation.

Background and Aim: Objection to the final judicial order means that the judicial process that led to the final verdict should be conducted only once and not reopened. This is accepted by the laws of countries and in international lawsuits. Therefore, in order to prevent rulings that conflict with public order and achieve legal stability, as well as peace and tranquility both domestically and internationally, it must be respected as a general rule. Research Method: In this article, the descriptive-analytical method in the form of a library using books and articles in this field has been used. Findings and Conclusion: The present article comparatively examines the objections of the judiciary in the law of Iran, Lebanon and international lawsuits and came to the conclusion that the law of the two countries and even international documents recognize this objection. Despite the existence of three main elements of cause, subject and unity of litigants, as the main elements of challenging the judicial termination, in some cases there are differences that we examine.

Background and Aim: Criminal liability and its elements; In terms of gender and nature of the subject, it is among the rules of transaction (in the general sense). Characteristics and characteristics of religious rulings; Not applicable in the field of criminal liability. Assuming the commission of a crime, the perpetrator can be punished when he is eligible for liability, so the content of criminal liability is only related to the administration of a social matter and has comprehensible and inferred interests. Methodology: In this article, the authors have explained the subject of the article by analytical and descriptive methods. Findings: The type of Iranian legislative approach to the issue of criminal responsibility and its rules can not solve many issues and legislative problems in this area and instead of inventing solutions that reject the principles and rules accepted in the context of criminal law and the product of rationality It is human (as it has done in Article 91 of the Islamic Penal Code), to solve structural and fundamental problems in order to regulate the relationship between the government and the individual within the framework of criminal responsibility. Conclusion: Analysis of the worship of a social issue on the one hand, as well as adherence to its international obligations and treaties as in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, on the other hand; The regulations confront the issue with a kind of disorder and inconsistency that not only does not fulfill the mission and goals of criminal law.