PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Year:2002 | Volume:- | Issue:1|Papers Count:14

Chamomile is a healing tonic and has anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity. Myrrh has been used as an antiseptic, antifungal and anti-inflammatory, also used as an astringent to mucous membranes, as a gargle or mouth wash for inflammations of the mouth and pharynx. Peppermint is antiseptic, tonic and mildly sedative. Thus we selected these plants for our research. The plants were collected. Chamomile was extracted by percolation with ethanol 70°. The tincture of Myrrhe was prepared with ethanol 90°. Essential oil of Peppermint and Chamomile were also prepared. Different gels were formulated and the best dosage form for prelaminary clinical trial was studied against gel base. After proving the presence of active ingredients by TLC, HPLC and GC/MASS, the physical stability in three temperatures (4, 25, 40°c) and microbial tests were studied. The formulation was contained of essential oils of peppermint (0.3%) and chamomile (0.3%). The total essential oil in this preparation was included azulene (Rr=0.8), menthonl (Rf=0.65), cineole (Rf=0.4) and menthol (Rf=0.3). Apigenin was 5.65 mg/kg of extract in this dosage form. The results of microbial control had corresponded to pharmacopoeia criteria. The results of this research showed significant effect of drug on relieving of pain (90%), decreasing of inflammatory (95%) and healing of wounds (65%) versus placebo (P<0.000). 95% of patients were satisfied with this preparation. This study has shown that this preparation can be used for treatment of minor aphtus.

The physical chemists define an emulsion as a thennodynamicaly unstable mixtures of to essentially immiscible liquids. Emulsions are sometimes difficult to prepare and require special processing techniques. The mixing of immiscible liquids for various purposes has been met by the emulsification process for centuries. Synthetic and natural polymers have been used as auxiliary emulsifiers to improve the physical stability of medicinal emulsions. In this research the effects of hydrophilic Polymers like HPMC K4M, HPMC KIOOM, HPC, Traggacanth and Carbopol934P on stability of liquid paraffin emulsion, in 4, 25, and 40°C were evaluated. The fonnulationswere prepared based on two methods. The results, Showed that Carbopol have the best effect on emulsion stability in comparison with other polymers. These results proved that formulation method have effectiveness on stability too; for example in comparing of F31 with F38, which containing 150 mg of Carbopol 934P, changing in fonnulation method showed a significant difference in stabilizing activity of polymer (P<0.001).

Captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), has an excellent clinical effectiveness in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure (CHF). Up to now various attempts have been made to make a sustained-release drug delivery system of captopril. One of these systems is known as "Hydrodynamically balanced system". Such a system is useful for drugs well absorbed in the proximal gastrointestinal tract or for drugs that degrade in the intestinal fluid (like captopril). The aim of this study was: designing, formulation and in-vitro releasing pattern evaluation of floating and bioadhesive sustained-release captopril matrix tablets, especially by using yellow bees wax in the formulations. Investigation of stability of captopril solutions with various concentrations indicated that these solutions are stable in the conditions of dissolution test (HCI 0.1 N, at 37±0.5 °c) regardless of air and light, and there is no need to add an antioxidant agent to the dissolution medium. Among different tablet formulations which were made, the formulation known as 03 (Containing: 30% yellow bees wax, 30% HPMC, 16% carbopol and 5% magnesium stearate) showed a suitable releasing pattern and a high production efficiency During dissolution tests these tablets remained floating. In the progress of this investigation it was proved that there is a direct relation between tablets hardness and granule production efficiency with P/W ratio (powders which used in granulation (P) to wax content of production (W). On the other hand it was indicated that there is a reverse relation between buoyancy time of tablets and their hardness.

The Bellevalia longistyla is one of the local plant of Iran. Traditionally, It is used for the treatment of various rheumatoid diseases. However, there is no any phytochemical reports on its chemical components. Thereby, in this study we provide the first preliminary detection tests on alkaloids and flavonoids group. For studying chemical components of bulb of Bellevalia longistyla, first preliminary detection tests of various classes of natural products were done and the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids were demonstrated. For detection of flavanoids, the bulbs were grounded and petroleum ether was used for eliminating of lipoid compounds. Aglycones of flavonoids were extracted from residue by chloroform. For the separation of components of this extracts, TLC and preparative chromatography on the silicagel was used. The main flavonoid of extract was purified by preparative chromatography and then is extracted from silica gel by methanol. The chemical structure of separated compound was identified by Studying the DV spectrum, shift reagent of DV spectrum by using the different reagents and finally the I HNMR spectrum. Based on this study the chemical structure of this compound was proposed as 4, S-dihydroxy 7, 8 dimethoxy 3-benzyl 4- chroman. The 1 HNMR spectrum showed that this compound has enolic conformation in carbonyl group (C-4) and the proton of C-3. So the complete detection of other compounds present in this plant needs further experimentation.

Isotonicity is one of the critical specify of large volume potentials for preventing hemolysis. This specificity is important for small volume parenterals too. A solution containing a quantity of drug calculated to be isosmotic with blood is isotonic only when the blood cells are impermeable to the solute molecules and permeable to the solvent, water. Based on this matter, hemolytic methods are the best ways for determining of isotonicity. In this descriptive study, the isotonicity of IV injectable dosage form of Betamethasone, Vit. B. Complex, Chlorpheniramine, Aminophylline, Gentamicine, Dexamethasone, Furosemide, Diazepam, Methocarbamol, Vit.1 C.; Cimetidine, Calcium glucanate, Bromhexine, Methoclopramide and Amikacine; were evaluated by Husa and Yalkowsky methods. The results showed that hemolysis was observed in Vit. C., Vit. B. Complex, Methocarbamol, Diazepam, and Aminophylline parenteral preparations. Hypertonicity in three preparations, confirmed this spt-cificity. In Diazepam and Aminophylline the hyposmolarity or effects of vehicls and/or other excipients could considered as main reason for nonisotonicity of these preparations. These results showed that the Yalkowsky method is a complementary test for Husa hemolysis method.

Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting is among the most unpleasant experiences associated with laparoscopic surgery. To evaluate the prophylactic effect of dexamethasone (5mg) on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in women undergoing laparoscopic surgery. Sixty women (n=20 in each of the three groups) undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia were enrolled in this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. After tracheal intubation, group I received IV dexamethasone 5mg, whereas groups II and III received IV metoclopramid 10mg and saline, respectively. Patient in group I reported a lower incidence of PONY and requested less rescue antiemetics than those in group III during the first four postoperative hours (P<0.01). patients in group I reported a lower incidence of PONY than those in groups II (P<0.05) and ill (P<0.01) during the 24-hr post operative period. Group II and III did not differ from each other in the incidence of PONY and the proportion of patients who requested rescue anti emetics. Prophylactic IV dexamethasone (5mg) significantly reduces the incidence of PONV in women undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. At this dose, dexamethasone is more effective than metoclopramid 10 mg or saline.

The effect of various surfactants on the skin structure was investigated. The commonly used surfactants in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries including sodium lauryl sulfate, SLS cetyltrimetyl ammonium bromide, CT AB, benzalkonium chloride, Benz, and Tween 80 were selected. The effect of different concentrations (0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5% w/w) and contacting times (12h and 24h) on the skin damage were evaluated. The skin damages were shown only with the high concentrations (5%) of all surfactants. The changes in the skin lipid structures was measured indirectly using diazepam and lorazepam skin penetration data and the enhancement ratios (ERs) of different concentrations of surfactants on the skin penetrations of these drugs. The wistar rat skin and standard Franz diffusion cells were used. SLS (an anionic surfactant) produced the greatest structural changes in the skin over 10h at a concentration of 5% w/w. The results also showed that the cationic surfactants (CT AB and benzalkonium chloride) caused slightly damages whereas Tween 80 did not show any changes in the skin structure in the same concentrations and contacting times. The cationic surfactants produced significantly greater changes over 24h than 10h but Tween 80 showed the same results over 10h as 24h. This results demonstrated that the cationic surfactants slower affected the skin than anionic types. The nonionic surfactants manifested the most compatibility with the skin in the long contacting times.

In fishery industry in order to anaesthetize the fishes the 8-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester methane sulfate (tricaine or MS-222) is only used. Even though this compound is effective for different kinds of them but frequent use of it is not appropriate. In this way, FDA demanded a 21-days withdrawal period after exposure to MS-222. This compound has side effects on fish, human and environment. In this research the efficiency of Tricaine and clave oil (natural compound) in anesthesia of three various Species of fishes has been studied. These species are as followes: Juvnile cyprinus carpio, Hypophthal michthys molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idella. The results indicated that the clove oil has remarkable effect in inducing anesthesia in all fishes. Therefore the clove oil can be a suitable substitute for MS-222.

Indomethacin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic and antipyretic effects. To maintain the drug serum levels in therapeutic range, conventional dosage forms of indomethacin should be used in 6-8 hours interval. For the sake of patient compliance and decreasing the drug administration frequency, the preparation of sustained release forms is necessary. In this study, sustained, release formulation of indomethacin using methacrylic acid copolymers were prepared and the effect of the type and amount of polymer and filler on the release of matrices were evaluated. The results showed that an increase in the amount of the polymer in matrices resulted in a decrease in the drug release. Eudragit RS had considerable effect on the release prolongation of indomethacin from matrices. This may due to more quaternary ammonium agents in Eudragit RL structure in comparison to eudragit RS, that causes more permeability of matrices to dissolution medium. Also using di-calcium phosphate instead of lactose as filler decreased drug release from matrices.

For treatment of skin dryness and other skin disorders herbal creams are used frequently. Herbal's active materials like, flavnols, betacarotene, gums and mucilage in our suggested plants were determined, After extraction, the condensed extracts were mixed with suitable base (o/w emulsion) at concentration of 2% w/w, Different tests including, stability tests and efficiency tests ere carried-out and compared with placebo, for a duration of 3 weeks, and then questioners were filled, collected and analysed. The final results indicated that our suggested herbal cream had noticeable effect on dry and rough skin.