PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Year:2002 | Volume:- | Issue:2|Papers Count:11

PCR is an in vitro technique which allows the amplification of a specific DNA region that lies between two regions of a known DNA sequence. PCR product must be cloned to provide a permanent source of the amplified DNA fragment. One of the necessary tools for cloning, is vector. PVC 19 is a vector that is widely used in cloning procedures. In this study, for production of TA vector, pUC19 was digested with SmaI restriction enzyme. A single T nucleotide was added to the 3" ends of blunt-cut pUC19 using dTTP and Taq DNA polymerase, which had terminal transferase activity. In this way, TA vector was created. The use of Taq DNA polymerase leads to add a single A residue at the 3' ends of the PCR product. The TA overhangs in vector/ PCR product, respectively, facilitate the ligation reaction and cloning of PCR product. So the TA vector produced by this method, can be efficiently used for cloning of PCR product.

Abstract: Aluminum hydroxide tablets stored under different temperature and relative humidities for 3 months and evaluated neutralizing properties such as acid neutralizing capacity (A.N.C), neutralizing rate (N.R), duration of neutralizing effect (D.N.E) and onset of neutralizing effect (O.N.E). Among these parameters N.R and O.N.E were affected by the storage condition whereas the D.N.E and A.N.C were not significantly affected. Maximum reduction of N.R was occurred at the highest temperature and relative humidity (45°C, 96.2%). X- Ray diffraction studies on the Aluminum hydroxide powders showed some differences between powders stored at normal condition with those stored under high temperatures and relative humidities. IR-spectroscopy rejected any chemical changes in the stored powders and determined that differences in the neutralizing properties resulted to crystal changes in the powders during storage time.

In this study, teratogenic effect of retinoic acid, following single dose injection of200mglkg of retinoic acid to pregnant balb/c mice of 2 months old on 11th-12th days of gestation is investigated. Control group received physiological serum in the same manner and all of fetuses (experimental and control) were collected on day 18. Retinoic acid administration in 11th postconceptional day resulted in significant malformations in skeletal system and some of limb defects such as asymetry in axial limbs, phochomelia, macromedia, amelia, synductyliand lobster clow among experimental fetuses. These data indicate that a effective dose of retinoic acid in critical periods of development can interferes differentiation and produce motor limbs malformation.

Griseofulvin is a poorly soluble antibiotic drug with an irregular oral absorption. To improve the dissolution rate, chemical stability, absorption and bioavailavility, pharmaceutical modification of drug molecules has been developed by inclusion complexation. Three types of inclusion complexes were prepared by coprecipitation method in various molar ratios of 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2 of the drug and B-cyclodextrin respectively. The inclusion complexes were characterized by dissolution test and IR studies. Sodium lauryl sulfate as an anionic surfactant was used with the concentration of 1, 2 and 3% w/w in the tablet formulations. In vitro drug release studies showed that SLS significantly increased the dissolution rate of griseofulvin. Finally, the effect of the inclusion complex and SLS in the concentration of 3% was determined on the dissolution rate of the drug. Addition of SLS to the formulation containing the complex decreased the dissolution rate of griseofulvin.

The aim of the present study wase to investigate the predictability and accuracy of general cosolvency equations for estimation of benzodiazepine's solubility in binary solvent mixtures. The general equations were used du to the similarities between chemical structures of these drugs. The four benzodiazepines (BZPs) including diazepam, lorazepam, clonazepam, chlordiazepoxide and three water-co solvent binary mixtures (water-ethanol, water-propylene glycol and water-polyethylene glycol 200) were selected. The mole fraction solubilities were fitted to the selected cosolvency models (equations having Xa and Xb) namely modified extended Hildebrand solubility approach (M-EHS), excess free energy (EFE), combined nearly ideal binary solvent/ Redlich-Kister (CNIBSIR-K) and linear double log-log (LDL-L) as general equations. Data fitting process performed by use of SPSS software (version 10.02) and iteration method. The equations compared based on the percent overall average errors (OAE%), the percent best adherence (BA%) and the percent mean deviations (MD%). The results showed that the EFE model was the best in predicting the solubility of benzodiazepines in binary solvent mixtures (OAE%=11.19, BA%=41.67 and MD%=3.88).

Acne vulgaris is a multifactorial disease, affecting the pilocebaceous folliculs and characterized by comedones, papules, pustuls, nodules and scars. In order to treat acne, different drugs including: keralolytics, antibiotics, sebum reducing agents and hormone therapy are used, or the other topical drugs as azelaic acid (AZA) with herbal origin. In this study effectiveness of 15% AZA gel was compared with 4% erythromycin +1.2% zinc acetate lotion and 8% sulphur+2% resorcinol cream in treatment of mild-modrate (comedonal or populopustular) acne. After prepartion of these drugs, amount of their active ingredients on each formulation was determined titrimetrically and spectrophotometrically. Clinical tests were carried out on 100 volunteers under supervision of a dermatologist using samples. Results of assay indicated that lotion contained 3.6±0.1 gr/100gr erythromycin, 0.845±0.06 gr zinc acetate /100gr, the gel contained 12.3±2.9gr azelaic acid/ 100gr and emulsion base 6.7±2.4 sulphur/ 100gr. Clinical results indicated that the average inflammatory and non inflammatory lesion count in each group had reduced after three months, but the percentage of reduction of comodones with AZA formulation was much greater than others (78.3% of volunteers showed good-excellent clinical response). Furthermore side effects of AZA were well toterated. Thus AZA formulation is capable to replace the older formulations.

Sodium fluoride may effect on the protein metabolism. This study was designed to determine the effects of sodium fluoride on total serum protein and transaminase activity in rats. Transaminase activity and serum total protein level were tested in adult male Spragu-Dawley rats (210-250g) after treating with sodium fluoride at 10-30 mg/kg dose level daily for 90 days. Transaminase activity was measured by determination of NAD at 340 nm by spectrophotometer. Serum total protein was measured by sepctrophotometer at 750 nm. After ingestion of sodium fluoride for 90 days the average serum total protein level of the rats in the treatment group was decreased significantly compared to that in the control group [1.9+/-0.1 (mean+/SD,n=140) vs. 3.1+/-0.2] mg/dl. Serum transaminase activity in the treatment group was increased compared to that in the control [5.3+/-0.4 (mean+/-SD), n=14) vs. micro mol/min/ml. The average total serum protein level of the rats in the treatment group was decreased significantly compared to that in the control, also serum transaminase activity in the treatment group was increased compared to that in the control.

Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) is one of the common weeds that grow in northwest of Iran. Pigweed poisoning was reported in cattle, sheep and pigs from United States, Canada, Brazil and Israel. This study was conducted to assess the clinical signs, clinical pathology and pathological findings in experimental pigweed poisoning in calves. Ten native calves aged 5 to 7 months were divided into two groups (experiment and control groups). The plant was collected from farms and fed to calves. One calf of experimental group died, without showing any clinical signs on day 38. Statistical analysis revealed an increase of serum creatinine, BUN, sodium and GGT. The significant elevation of creatinine, BUN and sodium indicated possible lesions of kidneys and of GGT might be indicative of hepatic lesions. Remarkable histopathological lesions were seen in liver, kidneys, lymph nods, heart and nervous system.

The rhizomes of ginger were obtained from local market and then macroscopic and microscopic properties of powder evaluated. The charactristic components were similar with Zingiber officinal. Ground rhizomes were repeatedly extracted with acetone on room temperature and then combined extractes were evaporated in vacuum to afford a residue, which diluted by distilled water and extracted with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate respectively. The evolutions with TLC showed that the most of active ingredients present in petroleum ether fraction. The remaining of this extract after evaporation of solvent was fractionated on silicagel column (silica gel G60 70-230 Mesh, Merck) using gradient of Petr. Ether/EtoAc (92.5:7.5-90:10) and Petr. Ether/EtoAc/CHC13 (80:15:15-55:40:5) to afford 7 main groups of fractions. Fractions 4-7 were purified by prep. TLC method and finally the [6] - gingerol and mixture of [8] and [10] gingerol were obtained. Using UV, IR, IH-NMR and 13C-NMR the presence of these components in ginger rhizome, dacumented. Quantitative analysis of these compounds showed that the [6] gingerol, mixture of [8], [10]- gingeroles and total amount of gingerols in the rhizome were 4.96%, 6.43% and 11.04% respectively.