JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION
Year:2000 | Volume:5 | Issue:1|Papers Count:14

The aim of this research was to investigate the children"s ability to discriminate between appearance and reality of object"s properties (identity, mental, color & size). Sixty preschool children, aged between 3.5 and 4.5 years, were sampled randomly from two kindergartens in District- two of Department of Education in Shiraz. The effects of teaching on discriminating ability between reality and appearance as well as demographic factors were analyzed and controllde for the perceptual patterns of objects (egg, butterfly, flower, & orange). Regarding the teaching effect, the sample was divided into two equal groups; experimental and control. Every individual in the experimental group was taught to distinguish between reality and appearance of object"s properties. Primary analysis showed that neither demographic factors nor teaching had significant effects on children"s perception. Therefore, to find how children perceived object"s properties, the two groups (experimental & control) were pooled in the analysis. In general, the results illustrated that when there was a real object to compare with, perceptual appearance would decreased significantly. Also, in contrast to some evidence in literature, object identity may also be misperceived by the object appearance. After describing the perceptual patterns the article ended with some comments and suggestions.

The parents educational system is a collection of belief and behaviors which is ascertained by extents of control and freedom of each member, power and decision making authorities in family, and the level of expectations of family members from each other. This system, under the effects of varieties such as network of family culture, child rearing procedures, and parents expectations were different. In order to study attititude of juveniles in relation of parents educational system, 200 students of the (Junior High schools) from north and south zones of Tehran city schools were chosen. The level of scoring and social status of these students" parents were not at the same level. A questionnair on the basis of two main axies were prepared and answered by mention students as: (1) the relation between parent- Juvenile, and (2) Independence- self governed of Juvenile. The results showed that, from the point of view of Juveniles, all- togerther, parents were kind and Permissive and to some extent, they gave liberty and indepence, also, parents acknowledged their Juveniles beliefs. The findings, indicated that educational behavior of parents residing at north and south parts of Tehran city in contexts of independence, control, and supervision on Juveniles behavior, instituted a trustful and respectable relationship. In comparison of parents of north and south, Juveniles of northern parents have more independence, signigicant beliefs than southern Juveniles, on the other hand, parents of north part have better relations with their Juveniles friends.

In this article the findings of two studies have been repoted: In the study 1 teachers"acceptance of six strategies for increasing students" achievement motivation (goal setting (GS),cooperative learning (CL), Mastery learning (ML), mastery goal orientation (MGO) task-related comments (TRC), and task choice (TC) according to grade level; and the appropriateness of these strategies for these levels of school achievement (high, average, and low) were investigated. In all three grades, MGO had the most and TC had the least acceptance. Appropriateness of strategies for the three levels of school achievement did not show a similar profile. For high achievers, TC and MGO were the most and GS was the least appropriate. For low and average achievers, MGO was the most and TC was the least appropriate. In study 2, students" acceptance of the above strategies, were investigated according to . grade level (middle and high school), sex and school achievement. According to girls, CL and mc had the most acceptance in middle school, whereas in high school, MGO and GS had the most acceptance. According to boys, TC was more accepted in high school than in middle school, whereas mc was more accepted in middle school than in high school. Appropriateness of strategies according to teachers for the three levels of school achievement were not consistent with the students" acceptance of these strategies. The unfamiliarity of teachers with these strategies was considered to be the main probable reason for this inconsistency. Action research was suggested to familiarize teachers with the functions of these strategies

This is a case study on the psychological condition, job satisfaction & Job burnout of the teaching staff of the Kindergarten affiliated with Tehran University. A Sample of 35 teachers(female) were selected for this study. The Cooper Smith"s self-esteen questionaire and the psychological symptoms scale(SCI-90-R) were used to assess the menta1lpsychological condition of study participants. The results of the self-esteem questionaire showed that all the teachers except one enjoy a normal amount of self-esteem. The results of psychological symptoms scale showed that kindergarten teachers are not generally suffering from acute and sever mental disorders. The results of job satisfaction "inventory showed that kindergarten teachers are not that satisfied with their job. this was not due to the n;,iture of their job. but to their low monthly payment & their dissatisfaction with the economic aspects of their job. The results of the job burnout inventory showed that kindergarten teachers scored high in the three dimentions of job burnout- affection fatigue, personality metamorphosis and luck of personal success. In other words, most of them are not suffering from job burnout. In this research, the impacts of marital status (single, married) and job experience(high, average) of kindergarten teachers on their job satisfaction, job burnout, self-esteem together with the nine psyclological symptoms were also studied. the results did not show a significant difference between-the two groups of married and single teachers and between those with high and average experiences in all scales except to that related to personal unsuccess. Those teachers with high experience scored average in their personal unsuccess scale while those with medium experience showed a higher score in this scale

Mathematics anxiety had been found to be related to mathematics achievement. Recent studies have shown that high achievement in mathematics is related to low anxiety for students from school level to higher education. Maths anxiety is not an isolated Phenomen; it originate and persists within a complex learning process. It has its roots in the much larger, vague, and elusive construct of anxiety. In fact, maths anxiety has become a luphemism for debilitating test stress, Low self- confidence, fear of failure and negative attitudes toward mathmatics learning. It has been shown that lack of a foundation in mathematics and low mathmatics self-steem reinforces mathematics anxiety. In addition, mathematics anxiety has often been identified as a factor in the avoidence of mathematics, especially is females. Therefore, mathematical anxiety is a very common problem among students in mathematics courses and its effect in students performacne in class and exams should not be ignored by teacher. Severe maths anxiety must be accepted as very damaging, with serious long term effects. However research into classroom anxiety is uncommon in the mathematics education community, and few writers have discussed the interaction of emotional responses to learning mathematics. This paper has addressed several theoretical and empirical aspects of mathematical anxiety and some important questions have been discussed

Civic education is one of the derivatives of talking about civil society. Like the concept of civil society, civic education is also a challenging concept with regard to the possibility of its occurence in Iran. In response to this challenge, it is necessary to analyis the two concepts. The basic essence ot civil society needs to be sought in the balance between the state"s authority and its responsibility, as the basic essence of civic education appears in providing capabilities in individuals for playing the- role needed for shaping the balance. With regard to this analysis, theoretically the occurence of civil society in our society is possible because the balance between the stats"s authority and responsibility is acceptable according to our religious culture. Practically, also, civic education could be possible because education, using the human experiences, lessens the paths to be passed and even corrects them, Nevertheless, civic education had a process during which the background for the occurrance of the balance is provided by preparing cognitive, emotional and practical capacities and capabilities in the individuals.

" Psychotherapy", from different standpoints, especially from the Islamic point of view, is a very difficult issue from different aspects.Todays because of growing psychological and socials problems particu1ary in the west, we are witnessing general interest, among more psychologist toward religious on taking advantage of religious beliefs in psychotherapy. The adequate research worses on Islamic psychotherapy is very rare. The major aim of this article is to examine only one dimention of Islamic Psychotheray which seems to be very important. That is to recognize the strengths of abilities of individuals in a successful therapeutic approach. Throughout this method, the their and increasing his/her self-esteem, and also to learn to recognize positive points in others. This article describes .the practical process of therapy through focusing on positive aspect, and would also show its application in psychotherapy for depressed persons, in family-therapy for incompatible families, and also in various personality disorders. The author concluded his paper with presentation of the experimental results for one university student and three families.