MODARRES HUMAN SCIENCES
Year:2000 | Volume:4 | Issue:1(Tome 14)|Papers Count:13

Inflation is, nowadays, one of the greatest and most basic economic problem of all countries. Inflation rate, along with high fluctuations brings about undesirable effects on economic development as well as social justice. Thus, a large proportion of economic literature is devoted to presenting and clarifyingmodels for predicting inflation. Due to the variety of subjects cousing inflation, one can say that in most of the researches conducted, the emphasis has been put upon momentary inflation. This paper introduces one of the most recent models preducting and clarifying inflation, namely P*. Along with explicating the theoretical bases of inflation, in this article the standard and extended p* model is presented. Although the model is no more than 10 years old, it has been empirically experimented in marty countries.A review of those experiments and their outcomes shows that the model has been appropriate enough to predict and clarify inflation.

Because of the existing probsems in Military Base Site Selection (MBSS) and many other factors affecting this process, the use of new computrized techniques is very urgent. Unfortunately many of the existing garrisons in Iran have been selected at unstitable sites causing many problems in their management and missions performance. The goal of this research has been studying logestic base site selection and developing suitable and efficient method based on GIS. Hence, for evaluation and weighting of the effective facfors for MBSS, questionaires have been prepared and filled out by experts. The area of this case study is located in Arak. Basic information has been gathered through digitizing the existing maps including topography, Iran"s air-lines maps, hydrology and water qudlity, soil, geology and non-spatial data (via documents, books, maps) and a geographic database was built upon them. Then topological relations among the features in 16 layers (including pavek roads, slopes, water quality, etc.) were defined for analyses. In each layer, the different zones (totally 55 zones) were delineatid. Then by weighting each zone and combination, diffrent zones suitable site for logestic baseshave been specified. The final suitable sites have beenselectedby considering decision makerspreferencesand tactical factors. The results of this researchshow that current sites of garrisons had not been selected suitably and the capabilities and advantages of the GIS (considering time, expenses, accuracy) to the traditional methodes is demonstrated also advantages of the weighting method to the boolean approachesshown in this research. According to the results of the research, using GIS for MBSS and evaluation of the capabilities and limitations of different sites includin

In this article, I will attempt to analyze and discuss the concept and scope of the Article 220 of the Commercial Code of Iran 1311 (1932). This study tends to show that the purpose of the phrase of "Iranian Company" under Art. 220, refers solely to commercial companies envisaged in the Commercial Code. All such companies have legal personality and administrative and financial independence, separate from their members. General application and generality of said phrase merely can be interpreted in the scope of Commercial Code and does not include partnership (whether engaged in commercial or non-comercial activity). The partners of such an entity do not intend to separate their financial affairs from their partnership, or to benefit from the concept of legal personality,or to create the legal person.In other words,the partnership is coverd wholly by the regulations and principles of the Civil Law. Therefore, Mozarebah, de facto company and non-registered company are not covered by Article 220 - of Commercial Code. This interpretation of Art. 220 of Commercial Code is in confirmity with the 4th principle of the Constitutional of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the present legal system (adopting partnership in Iranian Banking System according to Civil Law and not considering independent legal personality for partnership in general in Direct Taxation Act of Iran 1366 (1987).

The purpose of this paper is to present an introduction to Gray"s personality theory, which focuses on the separate evolution of reward and punishment mechanisms in the vertebrate brain. The three main Brain / Behavioral Systems that Gray believes to underlie personality differences are: 1) BAS, referingto sensitivity to signals of reward;2) BIS, dealing with response to signals of punishment; and -3) FFS, concerning with unconditioned aversive experiences. Gray (1970) suggested that Extraversion and Neuroticism should be rotated (approx.) 30 degrees to form twofundamental dimensions: Anxiety and impulsivity. It is also suggested that the hypothesis in Eysenck"s theory of Introversion -Extraversion attributing greater conditionability to introverts should be replaced by the hypothesis in which"introverts are relatively more sensitive to signals of punishment and to frustrative nonreward.

Various aspects of social responsiblity in three domains were surveyed in this study. A Combination of descriptive research methods and content analysis were employed. The sample consisted of all educational programs of 4th and 5th grade, 60 teachersfrom 30 schools in IsfahafJ, 90 school administrative personnel from 30 schools, and 300 4th and 5th grade students. Six instruments, consisting of, three checklists for goals, content of teacher"s guide, a teaching observation form, and two closed interview forms for administrative staff and students, The most salient findings of this study are asfollows: 1. All kinds and.aspectsof social responsibility have been considered in general and lesson-levelgoals of elementarygrades, but this consideration has been on religious, social and civic responsibilities and mainly in the cognitive domain. 2. Civic responsibelitieshave attractd the most consideration in the content ofprograms, while the cognitive and affective aspects of social responsibility have recieved minor consideration, and behavioral aspects have been ignored totally. 3. While 4th and 5th grade mathematics teacher"s guide have paied no attention to teaching three aspects of social responsibility, the teacher"s guide for emperical sciences have dealt with all aspects of social responsibilityand specially the cognitive aspect. 4. Teachers have dealt with three aspects of social responsibility on a medium level, but teaching the affective factors have recieved the most attention. The complementary factors of teaching behavioral aspects of social responsibility by the schools were also at a medium level. (Significant differences were observed in both groups.)

Most of our students are learning How to perform mechanical skills of the three Rs, but they are not learning the higher level thinking skills.At the begining of this article, because of scientific transformation, new educational approaches and situa"tion of critical thinking in the process of education, the necessity of alternating scientific attitudes and methods with transmission, storing facts and saving.information have been discussed.Then the analysis of theories such .as cognitive and metacogriitive and constructive theories that support the critical thinking is presented.At the end of the article the reseacherhas statistically analyzed the result of the quasi - experimental research. The:purpose of this study was to determine the effect of group problem solving on fourth grade elementary school students critical thinking an academic achievement:The sample of the study is comprised of 418 fourth grade students that were selected randomly from the educatinalr.egions of Tehran. The result of the final analysis of data showed that there .

The purpose of this article is to compare the image of human being-the creation of man, the aspects of his entity and the methods of the study of his behavior-in a sample of secondary school textbooks of the United States with that of Iran. Content analysis was used as the method of study. Findings of this study are as follows: In American Biological secondary school textbooks man has claimed to be evolved out of animals and the offspring of apes. While man in the Iranian religionsecondary school textbooks is regardedas the vicegerent of Allah and created by God. Man has been considered in the American Biological school textbooks as a soulless biological entity. Whereas according to the Iranian biology and religion textbooks man prossesses a spirit (ruh) that has come from God"s own spirit. Considering the study of man "s behavior} according to the American psychology textbooks man could be treated as a biological phenomenon and predictable data could be collected and sorted out regarding his behavior. But in the Iranian psychology textbooks haman "s behavior is considered as a complicated phenomenon which could not be treated solely through experimental methods of study. Furthermore, the spiritual aspects of man could not be ignored and rejected within such studies. The article also deals with the impact of school curriculum on students behav/or and concludes that school textbooks mid curriculum play a major role in shaping the attitudes of students and influence their way of thinking. Finally two different approaches of introducing the image of human being in school textbooks has been discussed briefly.

The issue of balance (or the desired State of affairs) in research systems may be approached from various angels. For example, one may discuss balance from the perspective of time and countend that research should focus on both present (immediate) as well as future problems. Or balance could be discussed from the perspective of Quantitative vs. Qualitative approaches to research. This paper, however, aims to address this topic from a different perspective by focusing on yet another dimension of balance, namely, that of due attehtion to "action r.esearch"along with attention to "academic research", The basic idea is that in defining the desired state of affairs in researchsystems involving social and human phenomena, one should not underestimate the importance of action research and or should refrain from paying exclusive attention to academic research. In the light of this proposal, Cldifferent definition of research-orientness in decision making by policy makers and administrators is offered. In the last section of the paper some theoretial implications resulting from the outlook legitimizing action research are enumerated and discussed.

Semantic of modal logic were devised by kripki, in famous article "Semantic Consideration on modal logic (1963)" and was applied in a larg scope of modal logics and another related systems. Based on this semantic distiction between "modality de re" and "modality de dicto" were distinguished clearly and precisly. In the present article various locations of modality in the structure of categorical proposition in Avicennan logic were studied (ie: quantifier modality, Copula modality and predicate modality) and then were evaluated based on modem modal logicpoint of view

In this paper considering charactristics of Information Technology (IT) age, a new definition for University libraries and their duties have been described. Then Due to distributed uses for Information, the concept of dependent college librarieshas been explained. Finally, using decentralized control fundamental a new structural model has been developed for Organized connection among any part of this sets. The main result of this model is to satisfY dynamic and forward motion of whole the system.

There is a feling that we would deliver ideas, concepts, and prototypes, and companies would then invest to put them to work practically, we must think how to do it in advance. Transfer of resultsfrom the laboratory and R & D centers to successful process imjJlementation and product commercialization is a continuing challenge. The problem with transfer of results is not that always one does not know how to do it, but it is to perform it in the best way. Usually, the effective methods of transfer are in the mind of researchers but to put it to work is difficult. This article provides the theoretical and practical principles of R & D consortia, cnsisting of government, universitie!!"~industries and provate sectors. that transfer and transform the results of research activities to products and processes. The follow;"1gsare four steps of transfering the results from R & D ceonsortia to a ;nember user-i.e. a firm: 1) research on products orprocesses and development of them, 2) acceptance of the results by a member firm, 3) implementation of the results by a member firm, 4) market application of the results by a member firm. This article is based on the experiencesof researchersand the surveys of R & D consortia in other countries. We are suggested to relate R & D consortia to demand articulation system by a spherical structure.