Iranian Journal of Trade Studies
Year:2008 | Volume:12 | Issue:45|Papers Count:12

For each economy in which monetary policy is relatively independent, monetary base is controlled by the central bank to affect the economic variables, preserve the value of money and to achieve economic stability. Supply of money, however, is not just an exogenous variable to be determined by central bank, but it is considered to be an endogenous variable too.  The endogeneity of money supply is a very important factor which affects the efficiency of monetary and fiscal policies. The present article aims at estimating the supply of money using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) during 1982-2005.  The findings of the research show that long term and short term interest rates have significantly positive effects on supply of money in Iran.  This indicates that banking activity is the main factor affecting the volume of money in Iran through variation in free reserves. Based on this estimation, it is concluded that in about two and half years the divergence caused by the initial "shock" would be corrected.

United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts is the last codified document in electronic commerce area that can be treated as continuing process of harmonization of different legal systems in this ground. After analyzing the provisions of convention as a whole, we argue in this paper about its advantages to international trade and great efforts that conduced for creation of utmost harmonization of different systems of law in context of electronic communications for international contracts. In the case of Iranian Law, the paper considers Iranian Electronic Commerce Act [IECA] and the Iranian Policy of Electronic Commerce [IPEC] for concluding the necessity of ratification of convention by Iranian parliament as undeniable fact. Inevitably, deferment in admission of convention or endeavor for approving territorial act as independent provision is not justifiable in comparison with practical efficacy of international convention.

One of the permanency factors is decrease of the cost of products in today’s competitive environment. Selecting the right suppliers can significantly reduce the purchasing cost and increase organization competitiveness. That’s why in most industries the cost of raw material and component part constitutes the main cost of a product. In the present study, Sintering Plant of Isfahan Steel Company was selected to be investigated. The inventories of this plant were categorized using the concepts of the VED and ABC methods.Two kinds of raw materials were found as the most important ones. The model of the supply of these materials with optimal consumption composite and the total cost of logistics, properties of suppliers and the buyer company was designed as a model of Mixed–Integer Non-Linear Programming type. Then the parameters of model using the company’s data within three previous years were computed. The performance of this model was examined using data of  two consecutive years and the findings show 10.9% and 7.1% cost reduction for 1382 and 1383, respectively.

The purpose of the present paper is to analyze the relationship between insurance development and economic growth in Iran during 1960-2004. While different results have been obtained from theoretical point of views between financial development and economic growth regarding the presented views (i.e.1-Financial development promotes economic growth "Supply leading theory". 2-Economic growth promotes financial development "demand-following theory". 3- There is no relationship between financial development and economic growth), in this paper, the major emphasis is that the issue of causality should be empirically investigated. Unit root, cointegration and causality tests based on Error Correction Models (ECM) and first difference VARs Models have been applied. The results show that there is a unidirectional causality from insurance development and life (death, living a certain period, disability and injury or incurring a disease) insurance development to economic growth, though this issue is not confirmed for non-life (property/casualty) insurance. The results indicate that for other types of insurance, there isn't causality relationship from fire insurance to economic growth, but there exists a one –way causality relationship from Auto insurance to economic growth and the unidirectional causality relationship from cargo insurance to economic growth both in long and short term is seen. For life(death, living a certain period and disability) insurance, there is a one-way causality relationship from life insurance development to economic growth, while for accident insurance, there is a one-way causality relationship from economic growth to accident insurance.

Align with customer orientation movement and new managerial prospective, organizational citizenship behaviors have attracted attention in managerial studies. These behaviors have positive or negative impacts on customer perception of services quality. Correlation between services quality and customer's loyalty has been explained in recent researches. Customers' loyalty has positive effect on organizational performance and profitability, and increasing customer's loyalty by enhancing organizational citizenship behaviors is the key element in today customer oriented companies. In order to explain the relationship of these variables we took advantages of Spirman correlation quotient and structural equations model. Research findings exhibit organizational citizenship behaviors are vital variables in customer's loyalty, satisfaction and perception of services quality

This article studies and analyzes the comparative advantage of Iran tile industry using domestic resource cost technique (DRC). Then it uses DEMATEL technique for finding and prioritizing critical success factors in tile industry of Iran, which are: quality of products, customer service, fast response to market changes, market analyses and products variety. Investment and improvement in management competencies, labor skills and technology are also determined as investment priorities.

Important role of E-business development in the entire communities and efforts made toward increasing ICT usage in economy and business certainly calls for explanation of objectives and strategies. This leads to effective use of e-business and strengthens the effectiveness and efficiency of e-business progress flow. In this research, we try to provide solution for developing e-business in Iranian industries, after prioritizing the industries. This provision and prioritization is based on assuming a direct role for export leap strategy. Hence, the basic problem of research is, can e-business development result in export development generally and in each industry individually?The results showed in current IRAN business environment, e-business has no considerable effect on export leap, but if some economic, political and competitive areas are corrected then this effect can be more effective. It should be noted the lack of significance effect of e-business on export leap does not mean unimportance of e-business. This paper concludes there should be more care about prioritization of e-business activities on different industries. Comparisons depict that e-business effect export leap in rubber and plastics, basic metals and other transportation vehicles. Findings indicated e-business has no effect on export leap for other industries.

The purpose of this paper is to estimate and study country specific determinants of some selected developing countries’ intra industry trade (IIT) types. For this, these counties’ foreign trade data was collected, processed, and then used to estimate their index and determinants of IIT types. Pooling data then is used to estimate country determinants of IIT types by panel method. Results indicate that development stage, market size, Linder variable, economic integration, tariff similarity, research and development (R&D) expenditures, multinational enterprises, tariff barriers, product differentiation and cultural similarity are among the HIIT determinants of developing countries. Furthermore, development stage, human capital, market size, economic integration, tariff similarity, research and development (R&D) expenditures, multinational enterprises, tariff barriers, product differentiation and common border, income distribution situation and geographical distance are among the VIIT determinants of developing countries. To sum up, it seems that country specific characteristics are important for upgrading IIT. This implies that emphasis on country characteristics may increase trade volume of developing countries, specially Iran. Thus, it is suggested that country specific factors including product differentiation, FDI, economic integration and trade liberalization, should be emphasized.

This paper examines the impact of competition law on the degree of local competition, competitiveness and the standard of living. Data is obtained from the World Economic Forum2003 and Global Competition Review2003 – in the form of different indices calculated for 83 less developed, developing and developed countries. A system of three equations is established, which is estimated both simultaneously and in single form. The result of both models showed that competition law application affects competitiveness and thus the standard of living in a positive way (0.62). Also the simultaneous approach results on the degree of local competition showed that monopoly regulation policies influences the level of competition among domestic firms (5.4%) and through that it improves the standard of living (0.58%).

The main objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between exchange rate uncertainty and private investment by using the Iranian time series over 1961-2002. For this purpose a GARCH model has been developed to measure uncertainty in the real exchange rate. Then, the relationship between the real exchange rate uncertainty and private investment has been estimated by ARDL model. The main findings indicate that there has been a negative short run as well as long run relationship between those two variables. From the prospective of the other effective variables, the effect of GDP, MK on the private investment has been positive and the influence of GI, RER on that has been negative. The negative influence of the government investment reflects its crowding out effect on the private investment in Iran. The significance results of the co-integration test show that there has been an equilibrium long run relationship among those variables in Iran.