IRANIAN JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2019 | Volume:20 | Issue:2 |Papers Count:11

In order to investigate the effects of putrescine on growth and development of olive fruits an experiment was conducted on Olea europaea ‘ Fishomi Tokhme-Kabki’ trees in 2017 and 2018. The treatments included control (normal fruits and shotberries), normal fruits, shotberries, normal fruits with putrescine at 3 and 6 mM and shotberries with putrescine at 3 and 6 mM were sprayed on uniform branches two weeks after full bloom. Experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Fruit set and physical characteristics of the fruit (average weight, length, diameter, flesh weight, pit weight and flesh /pit ratio of 10 fruits) were measured. The results showed that putrescine spraying increased total weight of normal fruits. Application of putrescine at 3 and 6 mM increased the weight and number of normal fruits at harvest time. Shotberry fruits caused the production of the highest total number of flower and complete flower in the next year compared to the other treatments. The normal fruit with different concentrations of putrescine had no significant effect on the formation of flower in the next year. Application of putrescine at 6 mM L-1 on shotberries showed that total number of flowers and complete flowers were increased in the return year.

A remarkable part of Iran is surrounded by arid and semi-arid areas, which are faced with drought and salinity stresses. Today, the management of salinity and drought stresses in the landscape, has a particular importance. In this study, the drought and salinity tolerance of Phyla and Frankenia were investigated, which consisted of 12 treatments (Four levels of salinity at 0. 5, 3, 6 and 9 dS/m and three irrigation levels including100%, 75%, 50% of field capacity) and performed in 5 replications. The results showed that shoots length, amount of starch and water relative content of shoots were reduced. On the other hand, amount of glucose and proline, activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbite peroxidase, peroxidase enzymes and ion leakage were increased under drought and salinity stresses. Phyla showed a higher relative water content and a lower ion leakage in comparison with Frankenia, which shows higher tolerance of Phyla to drought and salinity stresses.

In order to investigate the interaction effects of humic acid and nano-calcium chelate on Gerbera jamesonii cv. Dune, an experiment was performed as factorial based on a completely randomized design with two factors and three replications in hydroponic conditions. First factor was included: humic acid in 4 concentrations of 0 (control), 500, 1000, and 2000 mg L-1 as drench and the second factor: nano-calcium chelate at 4 concentrations of 0 (control), 1, 2, and 3 g L-1 as foliar application. Indices such as number of leaves and leaf area, fresh and dry weight of inflorescence, vase life, time of bud to floral anthesis, flower longevity, and antioxidant enzymes activity were measured. Results showed that humic acid and nano-calcium chelate in comparison with the control increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guayacol peroxidase about 7, 6, and 7 times, respectively. Vase life and flower longevity were affected by application of humic acid and nano-calcium chelate compared to the control as showed a 57 and 31% increasing, respectively. Flower diameter and flower stem diameter showed 20% increasing compared to control. With increasing the concentration of nano-calcium chelate, leaf area increased. The number of leaf was increased only with increasing the concentration of humic acid. Generally, application of both humic acid and nano-calcium chelate was effective on improving some characteristics of gerbera and approximately 2000 mg L-1 humic acid and 2 g L-1 nanocalcium chelate were more effective.

In vineyard where ‘ Khazandeh’ training system has been employed, the last irrigation and harvest time depends on type of product usage (table grapes or raisins), product price, climatic conditions and not facing the process of raisin production in open spaces with early autumn rains. This study was carried out in 2015-2017 to investigate the effect of last irrigation cutting-off and harvest time on freezing tolerance of Bidane Sefid grape buds and its fruit quality. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 treatments and 6 replications in Khosbijan, Shazand, Iran. Treatments included the first treatment: cut-off irrigation on September 5 and harvest on September 15, the second treatment: cut-off irrigation on September 15 and harvest on September 25 (control) and the third treatment: cut-off irrigation on September 25 and harvest on September 4. After early frost in autumn of 2016 and evaluation of the sprouting percentage in the spring of the following year, its amount in second and third treatments was 19. 46 and 19. 31%, respectively, with a significant difference against first treatment (15. 8%) but no significant difference was observed between the second and third treatments. Artificial freezing carried out on March 5 and March 10 in 2016 and tolerance to artificial freezing was evaluated based on LT50 index. The third treatment (irrigation and harvesting with delay) with a significant difference was the lowest LT50 at-7. 86 ° C and has the most tolerant treatment after artificial freezing. Furthermore, the results showed TSS and pH of the fruits of the third treatment were 27. 57 and 3. 25, respectively, which was significantly higher than the first and second treatments. Results showed that delaying the time of the final irrigation and harvesting time improved bud cold tolerance as well as fruit quality. Therefore, contrary to public opinion, harvesting with a delay compared to the control not only increases the quality of fruits, but also increases the vine tolerance against freezing.

Supplying proper ratios of nutrients in different stages of growth and development may increase yield and fruit quality of horticultural crops. Treatments consisted of three potassium concentrations (200, 250 and 300 mg L-1) and two nitrogen concentrations (120 and 180 mg L-1). To prepare the medium used 1: 1 (v/v) ratio of cocopeat and perlite. In order to determine the best potassium to nitrogen ratios, some plants were continually fertigated with the same K: N ratios to the end of experiment period and other plants were fertigated with different N: K ratios in vegetative and reproductive periods. Results showed that the tenth treatment (200/180 K/N ratio in vegetative period and 300/120 ratio in reproductive period) significantly increased yield components and parameters including length, diameter, achenes number and weight of fruits, fruit set and qualitative parameters such as phenol, ascorbic acid and anthocyanin. None of the treatments had significant effect on titratable acidity, number of inflorescence and flower of the strawberry. Considering all measured parameters, the tenth treatment was the best nutrient solution. These results suggest that K: N ratio with 200/180 mg L-1 and 300/120 mg L-1 in vegetative and reproductive periods can be applied as a proper treatment to improve yield and the quality of strawberries.

Recently, environmentally-friendly materials, ideally those able to be obtained from biobased resources and presenting biodegradable characteristics, are used to improve quality and biosafety of horticultural products. Fruits of sweet cherry (Prunus avium ‘ Siah Mashhad᾽ ) were coated by galbanum gum (0, 1, 2, and 3%w/v), cumin essential oil (0, 100, and 200 μ L L-1), and calcium chloride (0 and 1%w/v). The coated fruits were then kept in a storage at 2± 1° C with 90-95% relative humidity for 30 days and one additional day at 20º C. After that, the quality of fruits was evaluated. All concentrations of experiment factors, increased the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes 15 days after storage and retained these properties until storage. Also these treatments slowed the rapid reduction in ascorbate-peroxidase enzyme activity, ascorbic acid content and general acceptance. 1 and 2%w/v gum galbanum composed with 1%w/v calcium chloride or 200 μ L L-1 cumin essential oil cause a temporary increase in total antioxidant and phenol 15 days after storage and retained these features until the end of the shelf life. 1%w/v galbanum gum combination with 1%w/v calcium chloride or 200 μ L L-1 cumin essential oil can be used as a suitable alternative for chemicals in maintaining sweet cherry quality and shelf life.

The present study was conducted at Isfahan University of Technology greenhouses on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Chef) as a factorial experiment in completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications including: complete fertilizer 20: 20: 20, Johnson's solution, Johnson's solution with wood vinegar, Johnson's micronutrients and macronutrients with wood vinegar, macronutrients nutrients with wood vinegar, and micronutrients with wood-vinegar, in two soilless (Cocopeat-Perlite 1 to 1 ratio) and soil. Results showed that stomatal resistance and transpiration in Johnson's solution increased the highest amount and photosynthesis of Johnson's macro and micronutrient elements along with wood vinegar. Greenness index was the highest in Johnson's solution with wood vinegar and Johnson's macro and micro nutrient elements with wood vinegar. Plant height in whole manure, Johnson's nutrient solution, Johnson's nutrient solution with wood vinegar and micronutrient elements Johnson did not change significantly in cocopit medium and in macronutrient elements with wood-based vinegar and micronutrient elements Wood vinegar decreased and was lower in all treatments in soil. Root volume and root weight in complete fertilizer treatment, Johnson's nutrient solution with wood vinegar, Johnson's nutrient and low nutrient content with wood vinegar, and nutrient intake with wood vinegar in cocopeat medium and root dry weight in complete fertilizer treatment Johnson's with wood vinegar, macro and micronutrients consumption of Johnson's wood vinegar, and high consumption of wood vinegar with wood vinegar were the highest in the cocopeat medium. The highest yield was obtained in the treatment of Johnson's nutrient solution, Johnson's solution with wood vinegar, and nutrient intake with wood vinegar in the soilles culture and the lowest in all soil medium.

In this study, effects of humic acid, mycorrhizal fungi and madder residue on some growth characteristics and nutrients uptake of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L. ) were investigated under soil salinity stress. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on a completely randomized design. Six levels of fertilizers including control (without soil amendments), 1. 5 and 3 g L-1 mycorrhizal fungi, 16 and 32 mg L-1 humic acid, and 25% v/v madder residue were used in the presence ofthree levels of soil salinity (4, 7, and 12 dS m-1) with three replications. Results showed that in salinity of 4 dS m-1 the maximum number of flowers, flowering duration and dry weight of flowers were obtained in 32 mg L-1 humic acid. In salinity level of 7 dS m-1 the treated plants with 1. 5 mg kg-1 mycorrhizal fungi showed the maximum number of flowers, flowering duration, and the highest uptake of Na, K and P. In salinity level of 12 dS m-1 the maximum number of flowers, dry weight of flower, total protein, peroxidase activity, and the lowest Na uptake were observed in plants treated with madder residue. Using organic and biological fertilizers induced flowering in salinity of 12 dS m-1. Generally, mycorrhizal fungi and madder residue in all salinity levels caused increasing growth and yield of plant.

In this research the interaction effects of NaCl and nitrogen concentrations, on some physiological, biochemical, and growth characteristics of three olive (Olea europaea L. ) cultivars (Abou-Satal, Arbequina and Conservolia) were investigated. The experiment was conducted as factorial with four NaCl levels (0, 40, 80, and 160 mM) along with three (NH4)2SO4 levels (0, 200, and 400 mg L-1) based on a completely randomized blocks design with three replications. Salinity had a statistically significant negative effect on responses considered, although the severity of the effect varied among cultivars. High concentration of salinity decreased the plant height, leaf number, root and leaf K/Na ratio, N absorption and concentration of root and leaf, K, Ca, Mg and P both of root and leaf while increased the root and leaf Na and Cl concentration. Increasing N levels to 200 mg L-1 has improved the plant height and leaf number. At 200 mg L-1 N concentration, Na, Cl and Ca root and leaf were decreased whereas, K/Na ratio, N absorption and concentration also K, Mg and P of root and leaf were increased. It can be concluded that under salinity condition increasing N concentration up to 200 mg L-1 in salt sensitive cultivars to salinity is favorite in counteracting the adverse effects of salinity but the further increase of N concentration (400 mg L-1) may be ineffective or harmful for the growth of olive plants. In this experiment, investigation cultivars responses to salinity showed that cv. Abou-Satal is a highly resistant at highest salinity level (160 mg L-1), also cv. Arbequina is semi-sensitive and cv. Conservolia is a sensitive to salinity condition.