Year:2001 | Volume:7 | Issue:1 |Papers Count:8

In order to study the effects of some biofertilizers with manure utilization, a research has confirmed by factorial experiment in completely randomized block design with 4 replications and 4 factors, Azospirillum , Mycorrhiza , Streptomyces and Manure (dung) was used in which 2 levels of each one (one with and one without using) were applied. Results showed that Azospirillum and Mycorrhiza , individually, caused significant increase in spike/m2, grain/spike and grain yield. Also mycorrhiza increased 1000 GW significantly. Otherwise manure increased most of characters specially when it used with Azospirillum and Mycorrhiza. Results of threefold and fourfold interctions of experimental factors showed that the use of Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza and Manure increased most of characters but there were a negative or antagonistic interactions between Mycorrhiza and Streptomyces and there were not any antagonistic interactions between Azospirillum and Streptomyces.

In the process of milling paddy rice to it remain safe, the uniform moisture content of paddy which takes from dryer is important. To study the reduction of difference moisture content of paddy in the depth of batch dryer in the research center of paddy on Rasht city in Autumn and Winter in 1378 with a laboratory dryer tested to investigated and compared with the effect of temperature and the change of air direction in a definite course of time, on the coefficient of variability of Moisture Content. Randomized complete block design in form of factorial experiment with temperature factor in four levels 35, 45, 55, 65 centigrade degrees, and the factor of air direction in two, one way and reverse levels to dryer during half of the necessary time were considered. The result the experiments showed that changing the air direction in the half time necessary had a significant (α = %1) effect on the reduction of coefficient of Variance of moisture content. In depth of dryer and had no effect on the whole time of in comparing with one way air drying. So that, we can replace this system with the current system in milling center.

In order to find the suitable diet for mass rearing of Orius albidipennis (Reut.), an experiment was carried out under controlled conditions. Six diets were tested: Eggs of MFM (Mediterranean Flour Moth; Ephestia kuehniella Zeller), MFM eggs + pollen grains, IMM (Indian Meal Moth, Plndia interpunctella Hubner), larvae, IMM larvae + pollen grains, pollen grains alone, and control (without a diet). In this experiment an unbalanced CRD was used and Experimental means were compared using Duncan's multiple rang test. In each replication a total of twenty first ins tar nymphs (24oId) were used. The results showed that, hatching and sex ratio were not affected by the diet. The means of hatching percentages were 84-89% in different treaments. Effects of diets on adult emergence were significantly different with the highest of MFM eggs + pollen grains and IMM larvae + pollen grains. IMM larvae and pollen grains alone had no significant difference. Also, the results showed that nymphs in control couldn't complete their developments. Fecundity was affected by diet with the highest effect of MFM eggs + pollen grains and IMM larvae + pollen grains. When a diet of MFM eggs was supplemented with pollen grains total fecundity was increased by about 30%. Similarly when a diet of IMM larvae supplemented by pollen grains, the total fecundity was increased by about 68%. Females which were fed with pollen grains alone laid four times less eggs than those fed with MFM eggs + pollen grains. The results indicated that MFM eggs + pollen grains and IMM larvae + pollen grains suitable for mass rearing.

A union regional wheat yield trial comprising twenty genotypes was carried out under irrigation condition in sub tropical regions of the Caspian sea shore for three years (1992-1994). In order to determine the most stable wheat entries, variance analysis on collected yield data was calculated after the uniformity test. Since some factors such year are random factors, the F test of this experiment was calculated based on Expected Mean Squares. Since there was a significant difference among treatments in terms of yield and environment genotype interaction, the stability of the entries was evaluated through six different methods including: Variance and coefficient of variability of environment (parameter No.1) coefficient of regression of Mean yield on environmental Index (parameter No.2) Variance and deviation from regression line (parameter No.3) Within location variance and C. V. (parameter No.4). Results from the methods differed slightly, but since the Within Location Variance (stability parameter No.4), in this experiment and some other resulted in selecting the stable high yielding entries and on the other hand due to the inheritance of this parameter, it could be used as a criterion to release and introduce the stable entries suitable trials. In this experiment, in order to omit the 'correlation between within location mean and variance, the within location C.V. was used to evaluate the stability of twenty genotypes. Consequently, two entries performed better than the check (falat) in terms of yielding and stability. Due to the desired traits, these two entries were introduced as new varieties by the Agricultural Research, Education and Extension organization.

The aim of the search in the study abillity to form embryogenic callus and regeneration and the effects of the callus age in changeing the regeneration frequency in six rice cultivar: Hasan saraii, Hasani Domsiah, Nemat, Neda and Khazar. Mature seeds cultured on MS medium containing various concentration of 2,4-D and BAP (0.2 mg/L) and formed embryogenesis callus.The result shows in the presence of cytokinins is necessary for the embryogenic callus induction. Higher percentage for embryogenesis callus was induction observed with 2, 4-D at 2 mg/L in six cultivar. Cultivar Hasan Saraii showed the maximum percentage (%90.63) for embryogenesis callus induction. Addition of amino acid such as proline and tryptophan observed a significant increase in the callus induction and proved tryptophan role as much higher than for proline.Regeneration ability was weaker in the: 1-2 months callus, while the highest regeneration frequency was of the three month callus. Plant production was reduced in 4-6 month callus. In the all cultivars, the highest plantlets were produced from 3 month callus. The highest regeneration frequency and number of the plantlets Was observed in Nemat cultivar, %66.6 and 16, respectively. 8-10 day - old immature embryos were cultured in two culture media (FJ1, N6). Our. results indicated that 8-day old embryo on the FJ1 medium produced the highest percentage emberyogenic callus in Basan saraii cultivar (%100). The results in dicated frequencies regeneration from immature embryo was more than that of mature seed culture and the highest regeneration frequency and number of the plantlets was observed in Nemat cultivar, %73.3 and 25, respectively. Somatic embryogenesis induced in light and or darkness, but darkness had more positive effect light. Forming somatic embryogenesis, cololptile with stronge root and dipolar plantlets indicated that, probably the regeneration pathway was the some as the somatic embryogenesis. Khazar cultivar callus didn't product any plantlet. Plantlets were grown to maturity and Basan saraii Nemat and Basani cultivars were product seeds.

In this research is with attention to important develop export without oil and with known this matter that membership ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN in WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION in tomorrow that it is not late is certain.In this vorified research with title "consideration comparative advantage product citrus in IRAN and comparing it in MAZANDARAN and HORMOZGAN province" at first with benifit of domestic recourse cost existence or non existence in citrus product in every provinces has calculated in condition separate, and then with got two province information side to side then to take action comparing comparative advantage.In this research we calculated domestic recourse cost in three condition with deferent exchange rate (flowing exchange rate, export exchange rate, free market exchange rate). We understand that MAZANDARAN province had been comparative advantage in two and three condition in citrus product.But HORMOZGAN province had comparative advantage in every three condition and with comparing comparative advantage in two province MAZANDARAN and HORMOZGAN relation to world price.We result that product in HORMOZGAN province related to MAZANDARAN province have been more comparative advantage and development this production is good for HORMOZGAN. So in this research whit calculation protection coefficients revisioned government direct and indirect intervention has been investigated with calculation of protection coefficients.Result of this matter that in the upper exchange rate with this matter that effective protection rate in ever two province in lesser than unit then we can say in addition to this that inputs user in product citrus have been of subsidy input but effect in market production like indirect showed that this work subsidy has neutral with government revision and that in inexpert of on products of this production on protection positive in background inputs Victorian and result of this effect in EPC < 1 is shown.

This study was undertaken to investigate the factors affecting the adoption and application of Trichogramma in controlling Chilo suppressible by rice growing farmers in city of AmoI. The study contains two parts of; 1) theoretical and 2) field research. In the first part an attempt was made to formulate some theoretical aspects of the topic such as sustainable agricultural development, diffusion of innovations and integrated pest management. In the second part, the sample population included 120 rice grower in city of Amol Was gathered by using a questionnaire and in addition applying rapid rural appraisal (RRA). This sample was selected using proportional simple random sampling. The instrument of study was validated by a group of specialists and it's reliability was tested by administrating it among Babolsar farmers and calculating Chronbach Alpha coefficient. Independent variables included personal, social, extension related, economics and environmental ones. The finding related to analysis are the following:1- There was not any significant relationship between the adoption of innovations by farmers and variables of watching T.V programs, size of land-holding, cost of chemical inputs and recommendation of family members.2- There was significant statistical relationship between educational level, type of land ownership, easy access to thrichogramma, low cost of biological control, complexity of spraying, contact with extension agent and adopting Thrichogramma.The results of this study indicates that advancing the Knowledge of diffusion process in Iran would be useful in developing extension programs and their effectiveness specially in new strategies as sustainable agriculture.