JOURNAL OF ILAM UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
Year:2016 | Volume:24 | Issue:2|Papers Count:25

Introduction: Patients with a variety of intestinal parasites estimated over four and half billion people in the world. Numerus survey performance in different area of Iran also showed that the spread of intestinal parasites infections in different area of the urban and rural. Of course, the prevalence of public health as well as improving significantly reduced. In recent years.Materials & methods: In this cross sectional study was used in a hospital in Ilam city collected 1300 stool samples in long one years was studied to formol–ether concentration methods and colorated with logu.Findings: The findings this study showed that the total number of samples (1300 samples of faeces) was diagnosed six type parasites and of protozoan Giardia lambelia, Entamoba histolytica, Entamoba coli ,chilomastix mesnili, Blastocystis hominis. and of intestinal wormes Oxyuris was diagnosed. Total infected samples 231 samples with 17%, Among them 101 (43%) of the parasites giardia, 69 patients (29%) infected with Entamoeba histolytica and 37 (16%) of infected worm Oxyuris 24 (10%) to E. coli, 2 (0/008%) with,chilomastix mesnili, 6 patients (0/025%) Blastocystis hominis was diagnosed.Discussion & Conclusions: Currently, parasitic in fectious in Iran is still one of the basic problems Nevertheless the preventive measures the prevalence of some of these diseases is high in Iran. Also health education and increase health culture in the region and providing healthy foods solutions including is reduction of parasitic infection in areas under study.

Introduction: Practical Application of Intimate Relationship Skills program is a marriage enrichment program which notifies couples to realize the importance of intimate relationships through putting emphasis on the need for intimacy. The present study was conducted by the aim of investigating the effect of group training based on practical application of intimate relationship skills program on marital relationship quality.Materials & methods: The current study used a quasi-experimental method with pretest-posttest with control group design. The population of the study consisted of all the couples visiting Golha health house in the 6th district of Tehran in 2013. The sample included 20 couples who were selected by available sampling method, and were randomly assigned to experiment and control groups (10 pairs each). The research tool was The Golombok-Rust Inventory of Marital Status (GRIMS, 1998) which was completed by the participants in the pre-test and post-test phases. Practical application of intimate relationship skills program was performed in thirteen 1.5 hour sessions for couple of the experiment group, but the control group received no intervention.Findings: The results of univariable covariance analysis indicated that practical application of intimate relationship skills program promoted the quality of marital relationship in the couples of the experiment group, compared to the control group at posttest (F=46.43, P=0.000).Discussion & Conclusions: The practical application of intimate relationship skills is effective in improving the quality of marital relationships. This program can be used as a marriage enrichment program for the purpose of preventing problems and improving couples’ relationships.

Introduction: Due to the importance of milk nutrition and its effects on human health, it is necessary and inevitable to have more knowledge regarding what it contains. Therefore, mammary gland and milk production were under study in present research.Material & methods: For microbiological study of healthy cow milk and suspected of mastitis for this investigation, sampling was done on 150 dairy cows. Positive samples were determined using California Mastitis Test. Staphylococcus was detected from sample by bacteriological tests. To determine sensitivity and bacterial resistance, we used antibiogram test. For histopathology study of 150 samples, 12 tissue breast samples were collected from animals suspected of mastitis taken to Ilam’s industrial slaughterhouse. Histopathological studies were done on slide using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining.Findings: Out of 150 samples, 42 cases were found with subclinical mastitis, fourwithclinical. Seven cases of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated. Bacteria were more sensitive to the antibiotics like enrofloxacin and trimethoprim. Squamous epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia degeneration and the cylindrical, deep penetration of lymphocytes, and macrophages in various parts of the breast tissue were observed.Discussion & Conclusions: Based on the obtained results, staphylococcus coagulase positive which belongs to aureus species were the most causes of mastitis pathogens. Enrofloxacin and trimethoprim respectively had the highest effect on inhibiting the growth of bacteria. Given that the most common causes of mastitis are discussed in this study, it is so obvious that other factors are involved in causing inflammation of the breast depending on the climatic conditions of each region which should go under study.

Introduction: Through increased inflammation and oxidative stress, obesity can result in metabolic disorders and other related diseases. Physical activity and consumption of dairy products can be effective in reducing damage. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of eight-week-aerobic exercise and milk consumption on levels of chemerin, resistin and C reactive protein in overweight children.Materials & methods: In one Quasiexperimental study 28 healthy obese prepubertal boys (8 to 12 years old) with overweight (95≤BMI≥85) were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups: Exercise, milk, Exercise-milk and Control. Exercise program included 8 weeks (3 sessions per week) with 45 to 60% of maximum heart rate. Milk consumer groups received 236 ml of low-fat cow milk every day. Blood samples were collected before and after the 8 weeks with 14 hours fasting conditions. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). P<0.05 considered statistically significant.Findings: Chemerin, resistin and CRP levels in exercise, exercise-milk and milk groups compared with the control group had a significant decrease. Furthermore combined intervention were associated with significantly greater decreases in this biomarkers compared to other groups (p<0.05).Discussion & Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the use of nonpharmacological methods such as aerobic training and milk consumption can improve inflammatory markers in overweight children.

Introduction: Cerebral ischemic edema is one of the most important complication of cerebral stroke that result in intensification of early (primitive) ischemic lesion in brain. In this study, we determinate relationship between effect of pre-nutrition of flax seed oil on level of blood oils and the amount of cerebral edema in model of rat stroke.Materials & methods: This study was performed on 5 groups included 7 male rats. Blank group received distil water, where 3treatment groups received flax seed oil by gavage 30 days. (0.25, 0.50, 0.75). For sham group isn''t performed treatment and ischemic induction. Two hours after the last gavege, group operated by surgery of model MCAO (Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion) for ischemic induction and study of cerebral ischemic and blood oils. Data were analyzed by test ANOVA investigation.Findings: Pretreatment with flax seed oil resulted in decrease of cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL and also resulted in increase of level of HDL in doses of 0.50 and 0.75 (P<0.05) Pretreatment by flax seed oil resulted in decrease of the amount of cerebral edema after MCAO in rat (P<0.05).Discussion & Conclusion: Results of this study indicated that flax seed oil with doses of 0.50 and 0.75 protected ischemic rat in contrast to cerebral edema and decreased the amount of serum lipids.

Introduction: Appendicitis is considered as one of the major causes leading to acute abdomen and as one of the most prevalent cases in urgent need of surgery. Although diagnosis of acute appendicitis is based on the accounts, clinical examinations and laboratory results, but making any certain diagnosis often seems to be quite difficult, even for experienced surgeons. This problem is more appreciable/ discernible concerning some groups like pregnant women, children/infants, and aged people. So, there has been always a constant effort to achieve inexpensive and feasible/available methods for improving the process of diagnosis.Materials & methods: All the patients who were suspected of having acute appendix, operated in the emergency of Be''sat Hospital in Hamadan during six months ago, have been checked. 5 cc peripheral blood has been obtained from each of those hospitalized patients whom were suspected of having acute appendicitis and supposed to have surgery afterwards. Serum DLactae level measured using Spectrophotometric method. Serum level of above 0.25 mg in deciliter has been considered for patients whom their testresult was positive.Findings: In acute appendicitis diagnosis, the sensitivity of D-Lactae measurement was (79%) and specificity (58%) for all patients, positive predictive value (87%) and negative predictive value (43%) as the result of the test have been calculated. The accuracy of the test was 74%.Discussion & Conclusions: Serum lactate test could be an influential aid in diagnosis of acute appendicitis. This test is quite inexpensive and widely available. Besides, the method of measurement is simple. Test sensitivity, in all age groups, is high; positive predictive value of the test, in comparison with other laboratory tests, is high. Accuracy of the test is also high and is comparable to other laboratory tests.

Introduction: Hypertension is one of the chronic health problems across the world and raises significant global responsibility in developed and developing countries. The aim of this study was the survey of the effect of educational intervention on the nutrition, physical activity and stress management of patients with hypertension among the Rural Population of Aligoudarz County of Lorestan province.Materials & methods: This study is of an interventional type which was conducted from November 2013 to June 2014 in the rural regions of Ghaman Sultan (30 people), Doozan (28 people) and Soor (28 people) in the city of Aligudarz in Lorestan Province in 2015 were selected by simple random sampling. Before the intervention, both groups completed the standard questionnaire of health promotion lifestyle profile (HPLP II) and two months after the treatment, both groups completed the same questionnaire. The results were analyzed using the SPSS software, t-test, and Chi- square.Findings: The age mean and the standard deviation in both cases and control groups, were respectively 59.95±7.9 and 64.51±9.2 years old. The mean and the standard deviation for the three dimensions of physical activity, nutrition, and stress management before the educational intervention in the case group 16.09±4.5, 24.34±3.6, 19.34±3.8 and in the control group 16.04±4.6, 26.5±4.04, 20.02±4.1 and after the educational intervention in the case group increase to 24.76±6.5, 30.5±2.8, 25.7±3.7 and in the control group increase to 21.48±4.8, 29.27±3.3 and 23.5±3.8. As well, the average scores for the three dimensions of physical activity, nutrition, and stress management after the educational intervention in the case group compared to the control group showed a significant increase (P<0.05).Discussion & Conclusions: Given the relationship between dimensions of lifestyle including nutrition, physical activity and stress management and hypertension, it seems that implementing educational programs in the field of nutrition, physical activity, and stress are essential to the improvement of the knowledge and modification of the behavior among patients with hypertension.

Introduction: Successful control of diabetes is mainly dependent on patients’ self-care behaviors. This study aimed to investigate the self-care behaviors in type 2 diabetic patients in the city of Ilam.Materials & methods: In this cross sectional study in 2014, 70 patients with type 2 diabetes were selected randomly by stage sampling. The instruments used in this study included a demographic questionnaire and a summary of diabetes self-care activities checklist. Data were analyzed using the SPSS-20 software. To assess the correlation between the independent variables and the self-care status, one-way ANOVA and independent t-test were used.Findings: The samples of this study were respectively at moderate (74.3%) and poor (21.4%) levels of self-care. The total mean score of the self-care was 31.44 with a standard deviation of 8.89.The percentage score of self-care was 44.9% which represents self-care behaviors lower than the moderate level. The highest amount of self-care was done by the samples in terms of smoking (97.1%) and regular oral medication use and insulin (77.9%), and the lowest level of self-care was performed in the dimension of blood glucose selfmonitoring at home (18.3%). In this study, there was a significant difference between education and self-care scores; so that with increased education, self-care scores increased, but there was no significant difference between gender, marital status, occupation as well as the type of treatment and the self-care scores.Discussion & Conclusions: Considering that most diabetic patients in this study are at moderate and poor levels in terms of selfcare behaviors, there is a need to develop and support programs with educational contents and to do regular self-care followups among diabetic patients.

Introduction: Increasing drug resistance against different antibiotics in most bacteria the cause is increased interest in the development of natural antimicrobial compound. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of ethanol extracts of Ferula assafoetida, Carum copticum and Mentha piperita strains on standard pathogenic bacteria.Materials & methods: Plant extract was performed by maceration method. Well diffusion, disk diffusion and microdilution method was used to determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) each of the extracts against four species of bacteria, including methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157: H7 and salmonella typhimurium. .Finding: The minimum inhibitory concentrations of Ferula assa foetida, Carum copticum and Mentha piperita extract for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was 50, 25, 3.25 mg/ml respectively and for methicillin- susceptible Staphylococcus aureus was 25, 25, 3.25 mg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Carum copticum and peppermint on E.coli O157:H7 was 50, 25 mg/ml while ferula assa foetida had no effect. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Mentha piperita on Salmonella typhimurium was 12.5 mg/ml.Discussion & Conclusions: Therefore, according to the results, natural compounds such as essential oils and plant extracts recommended to Control disease.

Introduction: The use of medicinal plants to treat infections is an old method, having antimicrobial properties that can be common problems in the use of antibiotics to restore. Thus the aim of this study, antibacterial effects of essential oils of rosemary plant was on five different bacteria in vitro. Essential oil samples after drying in the shade plant, using steam distillation and were isolated using distillation.Materials & methods: An antibacterial effect of this plant by successive dilution and disk diffusion methods was evaluated. In order to control and standardized methods of antibiotic discs and standard bacterial strains were used.Findings: Based on the results, P. mirabilis and E.fecalis the most sensitive and most resistant bacteria to the dilution ratio of 1, 1/2 and 1/4 were essential but the most sensitive E.fecalis and E.coli bacteria to dilution of 1.8 , 1.16, 1.32 and 1.64 had. The evaluation results o disk diffusion method with antibiotic disks, the effect of the plant  compared with Gentamicin disks and streptomycin, showed against five strains of S.aureus ATCC1885, S.epidermidis ATCC2405, E.fecalis QTCC2321, E.coli ATCC1652, and P.mirabilis ATCC 2601.Discussion & Conclusions: The results of this study show that plant oils can replace for chemical drugs to treat infections. Of course all of this oil should be carefully evaluated in vivo and in vitro.

Introduction: Healthy behaviors are influenced by physical, social, and personal activities of people. Self-efficacy is one of the effective factors influencing health promotion behaviors. This study aimed to examine the Self-Efficacy and Health Promoting Behaviors among Women of Reproductive ages in Shiraz during 2013..Materials & methods: In this crosssectional study, 392 women (15-49 ages) of Shiraz selected thorough multiple stage cluster sampling in 2013 were interviewed. In order to gather information, a questionnaire consisting of personal demographic question, health promotion behaviors, general self-efficacy and social support was utilized. To examine the association between variables, Independent sample T-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and Multiple Regression were performed.Findings: the study indicates that mean and standard deviation of age is 30.91±8.89. Most of women (79.6%) have moderate and high level of self efficacy. In general, Mean and standard deviation of health behavior of women is 53.69±12.82 (in 0-100 scale) which varies in different groups. Study in field of Health, self-efficacy, Marital Status and Social support show a significant relation with healthy behavior. Among age, the marital status, employment status, experience of some particular diseases, the study in areas of health, classical identity, Social support, education and the use of communication media, Self-efficacy indicates the most significant factors affecting health related behavior.Discussion & Conclusions: Self-efficacy is the most significant factors affecting pursue of health related behavior and Life-style. Thus, executors should pay attention to the importance of social-psychological dimension, consideration to promotion selfefficacy increase cultural programs in planning of health care system promoting awareness of people.

Introduction: Some pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli can cause intestinal and external intestinal diseases. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is one of the most important factors of children diarrhea in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and the prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes in Escherichia coli causing diarrhea.Materials & methods: A total of 150 stool samples of diarrheal children under 5 years from treatment centers in Tehran hospital were selected randomly, collected and finally 55 cases were confirmed as Escherichia coli with different biological and biochemical tests. Antibiogram testing was performed by disk diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines with various antibiotics. Multiplex PCR test was used for identifying the tetracycline resistance genes.Findings: The results showed that the most resistance to antibiotics were amoxicillin and tetracycline 36.3% and 27.5%, respectively, and were reported the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the strains resistant to tetracycline, 66.6% of the strains 128 μg/ ml and 33.3 % of the strains 256 μg/ ml. The most prevalence were identified of tetracycline resistant genes, genes tetBand tetA in 6 samples (20%). TetC gene identified in 2 isolated and tetD gene in 1 isolation.Discussion & Conclusions: Antibioticresistant Escherichia coli in children with diarrhea can indicate excessive use of antibiotics, the spread of antibiotic resistance gene cassettes and genetic transmission among the population. Treatment and absence of resistance gene in pathogenic strains, is necessary determine the resistance pattern and the MIC to follow up the process of resistance.

Introduction: Exposure to high-density microwaves maybe cause detrimental effects on the testis and other organs and could induce significant biologic changes in fertility. In this study the effects of mobile phone electromagnetic radiation examined on the testes and the hormone production.Materials & methods: A total of 30 healthy adult male mice were divided into one control and one exposed groups. Treatment group were placed in cages with exposure to electromagnetic waves with a frequency of 915 for 60 consecutive days. Anatomical and histological changes of the testis tissue were described and the serum levels of testosterone were measured. Results were analyzed by independent t-test and a p value as <0.05 considered significant.Findings: In the experimental group, electromagnetic waves of mobile phone had detrimental effects on the both histological and anatomical parameters of testis. The germinal epithelium height, seminiferous tubules diameter and leydig cell numbers showed significant decrease in the treatment group. In addition, scrotal circumference and testicular weight showed a significant decrease in the exposure group when compared with control animals (P<0.05). Furthermore, the serum levels of testosterone in the exposure group revealed significant decrease compared to the controls (P<0.05).Discussion & Conclusions: The present findings showed detrimental effects of electromagnetic mobile phone radiation on the male mice.

Introduction: There were many conflicts about involvement of Internet addiction in fifth version of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM-V). As personality characteristics are one of the risk factors of risky behaviors, this study have investigated the role of neurobehavioral factors of personality in Internet addiction.Materials & methods: This study is a correlational study. For this procedure, among all students of Kharazmi university of Tehran, 359 participants (196 male and 163 female) were selected through Multistage cluster sampling. They answered Jackson-5 scale and Young’s Internet addiction test. Data were analyzed by stepwise regression method by SPSS.22.Findings: Analyzing data showed that Freeze and Fight of Fight/Flight/Freeze system could predict Internet addiction (P<0.001, R=0.40, R2= 0.16). After analyzing genders separately, Freeze, Flight, and Fight could predict addiction in males (P<0.001, R=0.55, R2= 0.30), but only Fight and Freeze predicted addiction in females (P<0.001, R=0.26, R2= 0.07).Discussion & Conclusions: From all brainbehavioral systems, only fear and sensitivity to threatening stimuli affects Internet addiction. This imply that Internet addiction is somehow different from other risky behaviors; therefore, to prevent and treat Internet addiction, sensitivity to punishment and fear should be considered more important than sensitivity to reward.

Introduction: Considering the evidence which show the effect of herbal medicine on nephrolithiasis treatment, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ethanolic extract of Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss root on prevention of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in rats.Materials & methods: Thirty-two female Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. Normal control received water and other three groups received ethylene glycol (EG) (1% v/v) in distilled water for 28 days. Extract was given 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg orally in distilled water for 28 days in groups III and IV. The urea, uric acid and creatinine were measured on 28th day. 24 hr urinary volume and oxalate were measured on day 0 and 28.Findings: EG significantly had increased serum creatinine, urea and uric acid in comparison to the normal control. Whereas serum creatinine, urea and uric acid were reduced non-significantly in groups III and IV in comparison to EG group. Smyrnium cordifolium extract significantly increased urinary volume but decreased urine oxalate level compared to EG group (P<0.05).Discussion & Conclusions: This study showed that Smyrnium cordifolium extract was able to reduce urine oxalate in the rat. Therefore, the beneficial action of extract on human kidney stones may be suggested. However, further studies must clarify the mechanism.

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease prevention in pediatrics is important. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationships and response of incremental exercise on inflammatory, immune and hormonal markers in pediatricsMaterials & methods: Thirty healthy non-active pediatrics boys with the age range of 9-11 years old participated voluntarily in this study, and were randomly divided into control (C; n=11) and exercise group (E; n=11). Blood and salivary samples were collected in the two stages: prior to GXT (Graded exercise test) exercise test and immediately after graded exercise test. ELISA method was used for measurement of salivary immunoglobulin A, C-reaction protein, cortisol and fibrinogen serum levels. The research data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, Multiple Linear Regression, independent and paired t testFindings: CRP (p=0.043), fibrinogen (p=0.039) cortisol serum (p=0.001) and S-IgA (p=0.021), concentrations were significant increased immediately after the exercise in the exercise group. A significant relationship was observed between CRP and fibrinogen (r=0. 525, p=0.048), CRP and S-IgA (r=0. 621, p=0.022), CRP and cortisol serum (r=0.712, p=0.012), fibrinogen and S-IgA (r=0.638, p=0. 028), cortisol and fibrinogen serum (r=0.562, p=0.038), also cortisol and S-IgA (r=0.734, p=0.003) in the exercise group.Discussion & Conclusions: Incremental exercise not only significantly increases inflammatory immune-saliva and stress hormonal markers in non-active pediatrics, but also cardiovascular risk factors in this paediatrics. Rather reveals the close relationships between these indicators that can be effective in predicting cardiovascular risk factors in paediatrics.

Introduction: In a condensed chromatin formation, the DNA is hardly accessible for transcription factors; thus, gene expression requires nucleosome unfolding. A key role in condensing of chromatin structure is played by HDAC4. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single bout of resistance exercise on hdac4 gene expression in fast and slow twitch skeletal muscles in male Wistar rats.Materials & methods: The subjects of this experimental study were15 rats that provisioned from Pasteur Institute and housed under natural conditions (temperature, light/dark (12-h) cycle, with ad Libitum access to food and water). The rats were randomly assigned into experimental (n=10) and control groups (n=5); the exercise group performed a session exercise (Climbing of a one meter ladder, plus 80% of their weight). After three and six hours, the rats were anaesthetized and killed, then to determine hdac4 gene expression rate, the soleus and EDL muscles were removed, to determine expression rate, the Quantitative Real time RT-PCR was used. Data were analyzed by one sample and independent t test.Findings: The results indicated that in response to an acute exercise, the expression of hdac4 gene in EDL muscle significantly (p=0.0013) increased at 3h and it remained unchanged (p=0.058) 6h after exercise, while in soleus muscle the hdac4 expression remained unchanged at 3h (p=0.18) and 6h (p=0.45) after exercise.Discussion & Conclusions: It seems that fast twitch type muscles have more plasticity than slow type fiber to response exercise and possibly chromatin condenseness increase in fast-twitch fibers after exercise.

Introduction: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a global problem. Thus, discovery of newer antibacterial agents is always necessary. As a result of this problem, researchers are usually focusing on natural products to develop better medications against drug- resistant microbial strains. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of Scrophularia striataa gainst standard and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli.Materials & methods: Ethanol, cold water and hot water extracts of S. striata were carried out by using soxhlet apparatus. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bacterial Concentration (MBC) of plant extracts were determined in six different concentrations (25, 50-100-200-400-800 mg/ml) using disk-diffusion agar method and the dilution method. The antibiotics amikacin and gentamicin as a positive control and DMSO was used as negative control.Findings: The results obtained from the cold water extract of this plant have no antimicrobial effect on standard and clinical strains. Ethanol extract at concentrations of 800 and 400 mg/ml and boiling water extract a tall concentrations had antimicrobial effect. Spread on agar disk diffusion method has a significant inhibitory effect on the E.coli. MIC and MBC were 100 and 400 mg respectively.Discussion & Conclusions: Methanol and hot water extracts of this plant inhibited growth of pathogenic bacteria. Clinical applications of these materials needed further investigations.

Introduction: Apoptosis or programmed cell death plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Diabetes mellitus is a devastating effect on reproductive system of male sexual function in human and animal models and increased apoptosis. Kudzu root is an ISO Flavonin and saponins and often is used as a reducing agent is glucose. Kudzu is able to lower blood glucose in non-insulin dependent and also, by eliminating free radicals that lead to the reduction of oxidative stress. This study was conducted on the effect of Kudzu roots on apoptosis in the testes of rats diabetic.Materials & methods: In this study, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into four groups: control, diabetic rats, diabetic rats treated with Kudzu 100 mg/kg, diabetic rats treated with Kudzu 50 mg /kg. Diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin55 mg/kg was induced. One week after injection, they were treated with a dose Kudzu 50 and 100 mg/kg for five weeks using gavage. Testicular damage by H & E staining and immunohistochemistry and hormonal and Blood biochemical factors were measured.Findings: Diabetic rats showed a significant increase in apoptosis in the testis. Decrease in seminiferous tubule diameter of diabetic rats, Sertoli cells, sperm count,Insulin and testosterone levels were shown. In rats treated with Kudzu roots it resulted in significant reduction of apoptosis in diabetic rats and significantly increased body weight, plasma Insulin and testosterone levels. It was observed that the oral administration roots of Kudzu increase sperm count, sperm cell of Sertoli cells.Discussion & Conclusions: The results of this study confirmed the occurrence of apoptosis in diabetes and root Kudzu of the anti-apoptotic effect notes.

Introduction : One the most prevalence infection is Urinary tracts infection (UTI). Failure in diagnose and treatment of UTI causes severe renal complications such as renal parenchyma damage, hypertension and chronic renal failure .wasteful use of antibiotics were caused resistance to common drugs available.This study aims to investigate the pattern antibiotic resistance in bacterial strains isolated from urine of patients referred to clinical laboratory of Ilam during 2012.Materials & methods: In a retrospective study, data from portfolio patients referred to university hospitals and private laboratories in the city of Ilam were collected by census sampling . Spss software t-test and x2 were used for analysing.Findings: Escherichia coli (28.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (28.8%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (13%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (9%), Streptococcus. Spp (8%) and Enterococcus (7%) were the most common pathogen. coterimoxazole and amikacin had the highest and lowest rates of antibiotic resistance.Discussion & Conclusions: Result of this study indicated that E. coli is the most common pathogen in patient referred to laboratory and hospital of Ilam city. The highest resistant was observed for coterimoxazole . It is recommended that use of it should be limited.