Grammaticalization Process of engâ r / engâ ri

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Tasalli Bakhsh Fahimeh; CHANGIZI EHSAN

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Journal: Journal of Language Research Year:2021 | Volume:11 | Issue:2 Page(s): 49-72

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Title

Grammaticalization Process of engâ r / engâ ri

Author(s)

Tasalli Bakhsh Fahimeh | CHANGIZI EHSAN | Issue Writer Certificate

Keywords

“Q1

engâQ1

r”Q2

“Q1

engâQ1

ri”Q1

grammaticalizationQ1

Middle PersianQ1

Early New PersianQ1

Abstract

In Modern New Persian, two adverbs “; engâ; r”; and “; engâ; ri”; are used to represent irrealis modality when the speaker introduces a simile or a parable or expresses doubt and uncertainty about what he/she says. Some grammarians consider “; engâ; ri”; as two other adverbs “; guyi” and “; pendâ ri”; . They believe that these adverbs are originated in second-person singular verbs which have acquired adverbial function. In this article, we will discuss the process of grammaticalization of the two adverbs “; engâ; r”; and “; engâ; ri”; using evidence from ancient texts written in Persian (either verse or prose post-Islamic texts) and Middle Persian, focusing on semantic changes the verb “; hangā r-/ hangā rd” has gone through: In Middle Persian, “; hangā r-/ hangā rd” is a lexical verb meaning “; to consider”; . After going through certain semantic changes, the verb obtains the meanings “; to count” and “; to assume” . Later on, the second-person singular imperative form of the verb shifts to the beginning of the clause which leads the noun phrase object to be replaced by a subordinate clause. Such changes speed up the progress of grammaticalization and make it easier for “; engâ; r”; to be reanalyzed as an adverb. After being decategorized, “; engâ; r”; is used as a modal adverb to indicate hypothetical actions and irrealis modality. On the other hand, there is a grammatical rule in Middle Persian according to which, the morpheme “; ē ” can be added to present stem of the verbs to construct the optative mood mainly functioning as a device to imply irrealis modality. This applies to “; engâ; ri”; which is reanalyzed as an adverb indicating simile, allegory, doubt and uncertainty since in New Persian, modality is more expressed by linguistic devices such as modal verbs and adverbs than the verb moods. Phonological changes lead speakers to reanalyze “; engâ; ri”; and consider it to be originated from second-person singular verb due to resemblance in orthography and pronunciation.

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APA: Copy

Tasalli Bakhsh, Fahimeh, & CHANGIZI, EHSAN. (2021). Grammaticalization Process of engâ r / engâ ri. JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE RESEARCHES (FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES UNIVERSITY OF TEHRAN), 11(2 ), 49-72. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/405384/en

Vancouver: Copy

Tasalli Bakhsh Fahimeh, CHANGIZI EHSAN. Grammaticalization Process of engâ r / engâ ri. JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE RESEARCHES (FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES UNIVERSITY OF TEHRAN)[Internet]. 2021;11(2 ):49-72. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/405384/en

IEEE: Copy

Fahimeh Tasalli Bakhsh, and EHSAN CHANGIZI, “Grammaticalization Process of engâ r / engâ ri,” JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE RESEARCHES (FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES UNIVERSITY OF TEHRAN), vol. 11, no. 2 , pp. 49–72, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://sid.ir/paper/405384/en

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