Purpose: To compare Rose-K and conventional RGP contact lenses in terms of visual acuity, visual function and comfort in keratoconus patients.Method: Fifty-four patients with keratoconus were randomly fitted with Rose-K and conventional RGP contact lens (Wohlk contact lens), by one experienced ophthalmologist using a standard (three touch point) approach. General and demographic information, KR values, far and near visual acuity without and with contact lenses, daily contact lens wearing time, daily need for lens removal, patient comfort with contact lens, and visual function score(based on VFQ-25 questionnaire) at initial and follow up visits were measured and compared.Results: Both Rose-K and conventional RGP (Wohlk) lenses improved far and near visual acuity in all patients and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P=0.88).Daily contact lens wearing time and patients comfort with lenses was greater in the Rose-K group (P<0.001). Daily need for lens removal was almost equal in the two groups (mean=1.4 hr, P=0.83). There was significant improvement in visual function in all patients with use of contact lenses, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.45).Conclusion: Both lenses improve visual acuity and function in patients with keratoconus, but Rose-K lenses are a good therapeutic alternative for rehabilitation of keratoconus patients; they offer more comfort in comparison to conventional RGP contact lenses.

Different techniques for local anesthesia are used in the mandible. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of inferior alveolar dental nerve blocks by comparing the two akinosi and conventional techniques. 80 patients (aged 15-60 years old) were randomly divided into tow groups for extracting the mandibuler posterior teeth by akinosi and conventional techniques. Patients were all injected with 1.8 ml of Lidocaine 2% plus Adrenaline 1/80000.Then the Pain Sensation during injection, positive aspiration, beginning time of anesthesia, duration of anesthesia depth of anesthesia, and the anesthesia of soft tissue related to sensory nerves were evaluated. The results showed that the pain sensation in conventional technique was significantly higher than that of akinosi technique. The number of positive aspirations in conventional technique (12.5%) was higher than that of akinosi (5%) but not significantly different. The long buccal nerve anesthesia in akinosi technique (75%) was significantly higher than that of conventional technique. There was no significant difference between the two techniques for the depth of anesthesia. The success rate was 87.5% in conventional technique and 80% in akinosi technique. The average time of lips anesthesia in conventional technique was 3 minutes compared with 4 minutes in akinosi technique, which was not significantly different from each other. However, the beginning time of aneshtesia in tongue was significantly lower in conventional technique. No significant difference in the duration of anesthesia in lips and tonques between the two techniques was observed.

Introduction: Long-term clinical evaluation of dental implants and their surrounding structures is of utmost importance to acquire knowledge about reasons for implant success and failure.However, accurate and reproducible results are difficult to obtain. The aim of the present study was to examine bone height around endosseous implants on digital conventional radiographs (DCR) and direct digital subtraction images (DSI) prior to loading.Materials and methods: In this experimental study, bone height around 10 implants in 6 patients was assessed by 2 observers. Standardized digital radiographs were obtained just a week and 3 months postoperatively and subtracted by means of EMAGO software. Then the observers evaluated bone height on DCRs and DSIs. MINITAB software and paired t-test were used for statistical analysis (a=0.05).Results: Comparative evaluation of bone height indicated significantly higher values on DCR than on DSI (p value=0.002). The observers also had statistically significant variability in this assessment (p value=0.00003).Conclusion: DSI demonstrated lower values of linear measurement of bone height around endosseous implants compared with DCR. Interobserver variability should be considered when comparing values from follow-up studies.

Background and aim: One of the dentists' problems is the identification of proximal caries. B.W. radiograph is the most traditional method that is used in proximal caries detection. Another method can be used caries identification (especially in proximal caries) is the using of digital system that carry out by traditional scanner& digital camera. Its aim in vitro study was the comparison between the diagnostic power of conventional and digitized radiographs in detecting proximal caries.Methods and Materials: 40 extracted molars were selected. Cavities were prepared by 1/2 round bur D& Z under contact point. Then cavities were become deeper and larger by 1, 2, 3 & 4 round burs on 40 proximal surfaces of dentals. B.W. radiographs were taken and digitized by a digital camera"DSC-W200Sony cyber- Shot with 6, 9, 12 Mp. The conventional and digitized radiographs were observed by 4 experienced radiologists.Results: The mean of sensitivity in B.W. method is 97.5%, the mean of specificity is 91.25%, in detection by digital camera with resolution 6Mp the mean of sensitivity is 98.125%, the mean of specificity is 88.75%, with resolution9Mp the mean of sensitivity and specificity are 95.75%, 91.25% respectively; with resolution 12Mp, the mean of sensitivity and specificity are 98.75%, 92.5%. No significant differences were showed between them.Conclusion: This study showed, digital camera can be used for digitizing conventional radiographs, saving in computer, observing when ever and sending to a far place.

This study was conducted during summer and winter of 2018- 2019 in the agricultural research field of Shahid Chamran University. Experimental design was split- plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main plot was the type of agricultural system in three levels including conventional (Conv), organic (Org) and sustainable (Sust) (integrated between Conv and Org) and sup- plot was the type of pre- cultivated crop in sequence with wheat including cultivation of mung bean (M- W), corn (C- W), sesame (S- W) and fallow (F- W). Yield quantity (yield and its component) and quality (grain protein), an estimate of photosynthesis matter transfer index of wheat and soil organic carbon (SOC) after one double-cropping were measured. The result showed that the highest (545.04 g/m2) and the lowest (409.28 g/m2) seed yields were obtained in Conv and Org respectively. In contract, with the changing type of system from Conv to Org, grain protein was increased significantly (from 8.3 to 9.6 %). In addition, the highest (535.47 g/m2) yield of wheat was obtained from M- W double cropping. On the other hands the highest remobilization and current photosynthesis matter were obtained in the organic agricultural system with M- W and conventional with M- W double cropping. The situation of SOC showed that the highest (33.18 mg/g) SOC was obtained in the organic agricultural system with C- W double cropping. The reason for improving SOC in the organic and sustainable agricultural system was application of organic matter (compost and vermicompost) and crop residue management. Totally, from the crop ecology point of view, sustainable agricultural method with a sequence of M- W was the most desirable system.

Background and aim: One of the current problems in endodontic treatment is the establishment of optimal anesthesia on mandible. In this clinical study, two approved mandibular block technique were compared in the establishment of pulpal anesthesia.Materials and Methods: Inferior dental anesthesia via conventional and Gow - Gates techniques were evaluated using onset of anesthesia, pain severity duriny injection, aspiration test, pulpal anesthesia (via ice test, cavity test and pain during entrance into pulp chamber) and pinprick test (inferior alveolar, lingual and long buccal nerves). 58 patients requiring root canal rteatment of mandibular molars were divided into two groups.They were given injections of 1.8 ml of %2 lidocaine with adrenaline (1: 80,000). Results were analyzed using Mamm -Whitney and t-student tests.Results: No significant differences were found between two techniques in ice test, cavity test, pain upon entrance to pulp chamber, pinprick test, aspiration test and injection better results about injection pain and aspiration test. Time required for lip and tongue anesthesia in conventional technique was less than Gow - Gates (P< 0.001) although buccal nerve was anesthetized more in Gow - Gates Technique (P=0.01). Although the aspiration test did not show a significant difference, but the lack of positive aspitation case in Gow - Gates technique, in conparison with %10.7 in conventional technique seemed to be important. No significant difference in pulpal anesthesia between two techniques was shown, however, %57.1 of patients had pain during entrance to pulp chamber in conventional technique comparing to %39.2 in Gow - Gates technique. The buccal nerve was anesthetized more in Gow – Gates technique (%75) as compared with conventional one (%42.9), which was significantly different (p=0.01), but other branches (inferior alveolar and lingual nerves) were anesthetized equally in both applied techniques. On average, patients acquired lip and tongue numbness in 1.42 and 3.27 minutes, respectively in conventional method but more than 7 minutes was required in Gow-Gates technique (p<0.001). Conclusion: Irrespective of the operator clinical experience, Gow-Gales technique appears to be more effective in pulpal anesthesia although more slowly yielded anesthesia, as compared with conventional method, is one of its disadvantages.

Introduction: According to appropriate characteristics of glass ionomer cementum and constant increase of its usage in restorative field, so comparison of conventional and resin- modified glass ionomers seems to be useful. This study was designed to determine the shear bond strength of conventional and resin- modified glass Ionomers on enamel, dentin and cementum.Methods: This was an experimental study. Totally 60 molar intact teeth were divided into six groups. In groups A and D the surface of enamel was prepared 1mm, in groups B and E, the preparation was continued until the surface of dentin was exposed and in groups F and C the surface of cementum was only refreshed.In groups A, B, and C conventional glass ionomer and in groups F, E, and D resin-modified glass ionomer was used. For each specimen a plastic cylinder with 2mm diameter and 3mm height was bonded on treated surface and the teeth were filled by the relevant glass ionomer. In groups F, E, and D glass ionomer was light cured for 40 seconds. specimens were loaded to failure in a universal testing machine Then statistical analysis was performed using one- way ANOVA and LSD test (P=0.05).Results: The mean shear bond strength of groups A, B, C, D, E and F were 17.25, 14.77, 15.37, 27.30, 57.80, 23.50 Mpa, respectively. The difference between shear bond strength of groups F, E, and D with groups A, B, and C was statistically significant (P=0.001).Conclusion: The shear bond strength of the resin-modified glass Ionomers was significantly higher than that of conventional glass ionomer in all three surfaces.

Statement of Problem: Absence of marginal integrity is one of the most important problems in the fixed restoration treatments.Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare the effect of conventional and electroforming methods on the marginal integrity at PFM restorations.Materials and Method: In this experimental study, after preparing the metal standard die and molding, 20 plaster dyes were prepared and then randomly divided into two groups of ten each. PFM crowns were prepared using the conventional method in the first group and electroforming method in the second group. After cementing the samples on the die and mounting in transparent resin and grating, all the samples were observed in the electron microscope. Then, the data were analyzed using t-test.Result: The mean marginal discrepancy and SD was 11.16 ± 1.28 micron in the first group and 3.13 ± 0.79 micron in the second group. T -test results showed that the differences between the two groups were significant (p<0.05).Conclusion: According to the result of this study, marginal adaptation in electroforming crowns is better than casting crowns.

Background and Aim: One of the problems in dentistry is the diagnosis of secondary caries under Class II restorations filled with flow composite. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the analog and digital biting radiographic power of secondary caries under composite restorations in Class II cavities with flowable composite base. Materials and methods: The present study is an experimental-laboratory method and in terms of practical purpose, the statistical population of the study includes 32 highly extracted human premolars, of which 64 healthy proximal levels were selected as a sample and divided into 4 equal groups, each group containing 16 proximal levels: Control, case 1, case 2, case 3 are divided and sampling method was based on purpose. The studied surfaces were prepared for Class II restoration and repaired with flowable composite base. Artificial caries was created by PH cycling method with cariogenic solutions. The teeth were then mounted on the putty blocks in pairs and radiographs were taken. The images were randomly and blindly provided to the observer (a maxillofacial radiologist and a reconstructive specialist) and examined, and the presence or absence of caries in the information forms was determined as (yes-no-unclear). After performing the above studies and observations, the images were calculated into two groups, ppv and npv, and with the test, the ratios were judged and compared using the option of pair sensitivity power analysis of PASS18 software. Results: The results of this study showed that digital radiographs had 10 analog samples or15. 6% radiographs in 12 samples or18. 7% incorrect diagnosis(F. P+F. N) and the ratio test showed that this difference in these two radiographic methods was not statistically significant. (P<0. 9) Conclusion: In the diagnosis of secondary caries, composite restorations in Class II cavities with flowable composite digital and conventional radiographic bases have the same power.