Synthesis and investigation of a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose grafting poly (acrylic acid) hydrogel (NaCMC-g-pAAc) and a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose grafting poly (acrylic acid)/carboxylic multiwalled carbon nanotubes hydrogel nanocomposite (NaCMC-g-pAAc\COOH-MWCNTs nanocomposite hydrogel) as malachite green (MG) dye adsorbents was undertaken in this study. The grafting reaction integrated a certain weight of oxidized COOH-MWCNTs into the hydrogel matrix through the copolymerization of acrylic acid AAC onto sodium carboxymethyl cellulose ( NaCMC). The resulting optimal hydrogel, with its maximum swelling capacity, was further combined with oxidized MWCNTs to form NaCMC-g-pAAc\COOH-MWCNTs, displaying a swelling capacity peak of 1800% at pH 7.0. The NaCMC-g-pAAc and NaCMC-g-pAAc\COOH-MWCNTs’ structure, thermal stability, and morphology were characterized utilizing techniques such as fourier transform infrared (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), TGA, and scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Batch-wise investigations of the effects of pH, equilibrium time, weight, and salt on MG dye adsorption were conducted. Adsorbent’s negatively charged groups (COOH) were generated at an optimal pH 7, which established a strong interaction with MG’s positive charges, reaching adsorption equilibrium in 120 min. The adsorption potential of the NaCMC-g-PAA/COOH-MWCNTs hydrogel nanocomposite for MG was remarkably high, recorded at 198.8173 mg/g at 25°C. A suitable match for the dye adsorption data was found to be provided by both the pseudo-second-order model and the Freundlich model.

Background and purpose of the study: Verapamil hydrochloride is a calcium channel blocker which is used in the control of supraventricular arrhythmia, hypertension and myocardial infraction. There are considerable inter-individual variations in serum concencentration of verpamil due to variation in the extent of hepatic metabolism. In this study controlled-release buccoadhesive tablets of verapamil hydrochloride (VPH) were prepared in order to achieve constant plasma concentrations, to improve the bioavailability by the avoidance of hepatic first-pass metabolism, and to prevent frequent administration.Materials and methods: Tablets containing fixed amount of VPH were prepared by direct compression method using polymers like carbomer (CP), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) in various combination and ratios and evaluated for thickness, weight variation, hardness, drug content uniformity, swelling, mucoadhesive strength, drug release and possible interaction between ingredients. Results: All tablets were acceptable with regard to thickness, weight variation, hardness, and drug content. The maximum bioadhesive strength was observed in tablets formulated with a combination of CP-NaCMC followed by CP-HPMC and NaCMC-HPMC.Decreasing the content of CP in CP-HPMC tablets or NaCMC in CP-NaCMC or NaCMCHPMC systems resulted in decrease in detachment forces. Lower release rates were observed by lowering the content of CP in CP-HPMC containing formulations or NaCMC in tablets which contained CP-NaCMC or NaCMC-HPMC. The release behavior was non- Fickian controlled by a combination of diffusion and chain relaxation mechanisms and best fitted zero-order kinetics.Conclusion: The buccoadhesive VPH tablets containing 53% CP and 13.3% HPMC showed suitable release kinetics (n = 0.78, K0 zero order release = 4.11 mg/h, MDT = 5.66 h) and adhesive properties and did not show any interaction between polymers and drug based on DCS scanning. This buccoadhesive system may be useful for buccal administration of VPH.

The aim of this study was to develop an extended-release tablet formulation using a new in situ cross-linking method. The effects of polyvalent cations on theophylline release from tablets made with the polyanionic polymers sodium alginate and sodium carboxymethylcellulose, were investigated. Different miliequivalents of the di and tri-valent cation, Ca2+ and Al3+, were added to tablet formulations. The results of the dissolution study showed that incorporation of cations sustained the drug release. This is due to an in situ cross-linking between the polyanionic polymers and the added cation in tablet formulation. The drug release prolongation and the release kinetics were dependent on the nature of the polymers and the cations’ concentrations and valences. The drug release rate decreased by an increase in cation concentration. The combination of the two investigated polymers decreased the drug release rate to a higher extent in comparison with formulations containing each polymer alone. A zero-order drug release kinetic was observed in formulations containing 1:1:1 ratio of drug: Na alginate: NaCMC, and the investigated cations. These results showed that the in situ cross-linking by polyanionic polymers can be used for controlling the drug release rate.

Objectives: Sustaining propranolol hydrochloride (PLH) decreases its frequency of daily dosage, side effects and enhances patient compliance. In order to control the release of PLH the effect of Al3+ and type of anionic polymer on the drug release was studied.Methods: Matrices of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), sodium alginate (NaAlg) and tragacant (Trag) containing drug as well as different amounts of Al3+ were prepared and the drug release was measured in distilled water using USP I dissolution tester. Concentration of dissolved drug was assayed spectrophotometrically. The release of different matrices was compared with the aid of some model independent parameters e.g. F360' (drug fraction released in 360') and model dependent parameters.Results: Various amounts of Al3+ had different effects. In the range of 0-0.125 milli equivalent (meq) Al3+ in NaCMC matrices the F360' was reduced from 0.63 to 0.21 via in situ crosslinking between Al3+ and polymer and in the higher ranges e.g. 0.5 meq the release increased to 0.79 probably through disintegrating effect of Al3+. A similar effect was seen for NaAlg matrices. Al3+ had very little influence on the release of Trag matrices. Analysis by kinetic models indicated complex mechanisms such as water penetration, diffusion, erosion, dissolution, cross linking and disintegration. Conclusion: With the choice of the most suitable anionic polymer (NaCMC) together with given amount of Al3+ the release of PLH from matrices can be controlled at any desired rate. Matrices of NaAlg were the next suitable formulations. However, Trag was not a suitable polymer because it did not produce appreciable cross linkage with Al3+.

Environmental concerns and cost associated with drilling operations have made us promote the application of biodegradable and renewable drilling fluid additives, particularly at high temperature. In this study, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) synthesized from cocoa pod husk (cocoa NaCMC) was tested as a filtration agent at high temperature and differential pressure conditions. Moreover, eight mud samples containing various fluid-loss additives were tested. The Filtration test was performed using the permeability plugging tester at 248 ° F temperature and 100 psi and 300 psi differential pressures with ceramic discs 10 μ m and 90 μ m. In addition, the degree filtration agents affect the drilling mud’ s rheological parameters were estimated. Also, thermal degradability of the sample was also studied. The results showed that filtration control performance at high temperature and low/high differential pressure was improved by decreasing particle size and increasing concentration. Using the cocoa NaCMC was proved to be a better filtration agent at high-temperature conditions with a high thermal degradability. Finally, the obtained results indicated that the filtration control performance declined in higher permeable formation. Moreover, the drilling fluid’ s rheological properties were improved by the cocoa NaCMC, and it was comparable to the industrial PAC.

Purpose: The objective of this work was to develop a bioadhesive topical gel of sertaconazole nitrate with the help of response-surface approach.Methods: Experiments were performed according to a 3-level factorial design to evaluate the effects of two independent variables [amount of Carbapol 934=X1) and Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) =X2)] on the bioadhesive character of gel, rheological property of gel (consistency index), and in-vitro drug release. The best model was selected to fit the data.Results: Mathematical equation was generated by Design ExpertÒ software for the model which assists in determining the effect of independent variables. Response surface plots were also generated by the software for analyzing effect of the independent variables on the response. The effect of formulation variables on the product characteristics can be easily predicted and precisely interpreted by using a 3-level factorial design and generated quadratic mathematical equations.Conclusion: On the basis of product characteristics viscosity, bioadhesiveness, permeation study, in-vitro release, in-vivo studies, TPA and spreadability it can be concluded that the best batch of topical bioadhesive gel of Sertaconazole nitrate would be with 1% Carbopol 934 and 1% NaCMC.

Objectives: Drug delivery of impermeable drugs through biological membrane is currently one of the major interests in pharmaceutical research. It has been shown that there are different absorption enhancers which can provide rapid absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the present project is determining of intestinal absorption of furosemide, an anionic drug, in the prescence of sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (NaCMC), an anionic macromolecule. Methylcellulose is used as a chargeless macromolecule to show the influence of polymer viscosity in dialysis process. Methods: The polymers were used at the concentrations of ( (NaCMC : 0.5%,2%, 3%, 6%, 8%), (MC : 0.5 , 4% ,8% w/v%)) and drug concentration in all cases were 12.5 mg/ml. The whole process was performed in a receptor chamber in which a dialysis bag was placed as a donor medium. The temperature was kept in 37°C and samples were collected at different time points up to 4 hours. Finally the samples were analyzed by ultraviolate spectrophotometery at 277.5 nm. Results: Obtained data indicated that the dialysis rate increased by increasing the NaCMC amount up to a certain concentration. This could be explained by donnan equilibrium. Poly electrolytes (like NaCMC) enhance the transport rate of ionic drugs with same electrical charge. However the increased medium viscosity in the dialysis process would limit the donnan effect. Conclusion: The result showed that anionic polymers could be used as absorption enhancers for anionic drugs like frusemide in specific concentrations.

Background and aim: Muccoadhesive formulations are the novel drug delivery systems that are available in the forms of tablets and films. Films with mucoadhesive properties could prolong the residence time on the mucosa and provide a high concentration gradient for passive drug permeation, leading to the improvement of drug absorption. The aim of this study was to provide a mucoadhesive drug delivery system for local delivery of Ibuprofen for relief oral pain and inflammation through oral route.Methods: In this experimental study, films were prepared by casting method using various compositions of EUDRAGIT RL100, Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (NaCMC) as polymer and Glycerin and Propylene glycol as plasticizer. Their pharmaceutics characteristics such as physical features, weight, diameter, the degree of adhesion, the rate of drug release and the strength of loading were evaluated. Statistical analysis was conducted using variance analysis and Tukey test in SPSS software.Results: There was no difference between the formulations speed release of Ibuprofen. Using more than 1000 mg EUDRAGIT increase the viscosity of the system and reduce the appearance of pores and creation for films, but films made by pharmaceutics EUDRAGIT and NaCMC were more acceptable in terms of appearance and features.Conclusion: The best formulation with excellent adherence and proper speed up the release was for35 mg of ibuprofen and 200 mg NaCMC and 1500 mg EUDRAGIT which was selected due to high viscosity, adhesion strength and proper damping of drug release (4 hours).Therefore it appears that this formulation could be regarded for many patients.

Suspensions are an important class of pharmaceutical dosage forms. These disperse systems present much formulation, stability, manufacturing and packaging challenges. For evaluation of excipient's effect on suspension stability, different formulations were prepared. These preparations composed of 5.22 g/100cc chloramphenicol palmitate (as drug model) and different amounts of NaCMC, propylene glycol, Tween 80, polyvinyl pyrrolidolle (PVP), Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and preserved water (Qs). The results showed a critical amount of suspending agent (0.4%), surfactant (0.4-0.5%) and vehicle (20-22.5%) for preparing a stable suspension. PVP and BSA showed an inhibition effect on crystal growth after freeze-thaw cycling technique.

Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic polymers are widely used excipients to control the release of active ingredients from matrices. In this research the effect of various parameter (Type of polymers and their concentrations). On the release rate of atenolol were investigated. Four polymers namely Eudragit RSPO, HPMC K4M NaCMC and EC were used. The results showed that an increase in the Concentration of HPMC and EC in the matrices resulted in a reduetion in the release rate of atenolol. As the amount of Eudragit was increased in HPMC matrices the release rate of atenolol was not significantly changed (HPMC: Eudragit 3:1). When the ratio of HPMC: Eudragit was 1:1 the release rate of atenolol Significantly increased. The results showed that the release rate of atenolol from NaCMC matrices is similar to HPMC matrices at pH 1.2, but the release rate at pH 6.8 significantly increased. It can be concluded that the type and concentration of polymers are able to control the release rate of atenolol from matrices formulations.