Background and Objective: To evaluate interaction of salvigenin with DNA and the molecular mechanism of its anti-cancer effect.Materials and Methods: Salvigenin from Tanacetum canescens and DNA from calf thymus were isolated and purified. Then, salvigenin interaction with DNA in Tris buffer (0.05 M, pH equal to 4.7 and the temperature at 25 oC) was studied by different methods.Results and Conclusion: DNA absorption spectra in the presence of various concentrations of each of these ligands showed that the DNA with salvigenin has interaction and complex formation and the absorption wave length at 260 nm increased. Under the effect of changes in DNA uptake ligand showed structural changes. Also, using information obtained from the suppression with ethidium bromide of DNA complex by ligand skachard, above analysis indicated that the mechanism of suppression of publication is through non-competitive inhibition and it means that connecting mechanism of salvigenin is non-intercalated with DNA and probably through connection small grooves.

Background: Flavonoids accounted for the most of antidiabetic effects of heral medicines. The effects of Salvigenin, a flavonoids from salvia officinalis, were not reported. We aimed to investigate the effects of the flavonoid on biochemical indices and cardiac hemodynamic parameters of type 1 diabetic rats.Materials and Methods: After extracting the herb, salvigenin was purified by extraction and silica gel column chromatography. Type 1 diabetes was induced by single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at dose of 70 mg/kg. The rats were allocated into 4 groups as follows: control group that received vehicle and treatments groups that received salvigenin at doses of 5, 10 or 25 mg/kg bodyweight for 30 days. Thereafter, blood samples were collected and fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c, serum lipid profile and serum insulin level were measured. One way analysis of variances was used to assess significant differences between means of parameters between groups.Result: The obtained results implied that salvigenin can significantly reduce fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1cand serum lipid profile. In addition, serum insulin level and plasma HDL were significantly elevated in rats treated with salvigenin in compared to control rats.

The methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Salvia leriaefolia (labiatae) afforded 5-hydroxy-4´, 6, 7-trimethoxy flavone (Salvigenin) and (5,4´-dihydroxy-7-methoxy flavone (Genkwanin). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated using 1 and 2 D-NMR, IR, UV and MS.

Achillea tenuifolia Lam. (Asteraceae) afforded a dichloromethane fraction from which three known compounds b-sitosterol (compound1), 5-hydroxy, 4’, 6, 7-trimethoxy flavone (salvigenin compound 2), and methyl-gallate (compound 3) were isolated for the first time. The structure of isolated compounds was elucidated by different spectroscopic methods. Applying the molar-ratio method, the complexation of salvigenin with Fe (III), Cu (II) and Zn (II), the most abundant type of metal ions in the body, were then evaluated. It was determined that stoichiometric ratio of salvigenin with these cations were as Fe (Salvigenin)2 (H2O)2 and Cu (Salvigenin)2 (H2O)2 in methanolic solution without pH control, while zinc ions didn’t form significant complexes. The results were confirmed more, by computational molecular modeling of the structure of proposed ligand-complexes by semi-imperical PM3 calculations, which determined negative heat of formation for the complexes Fe (III) and Cu (II) ions as -689.7 and -573.5, respectively and proposed chelating affinity of salvigenin in the following order: Fe (III)>Cu (II)>>Zn (II).

Background: Achillea talagonica (Asteraceae) is an endemic herbaceous plant in Iran with small yellow flowers and several times pinnately divided leaves in worm shape. The plant was found to be cytotoxic in our previous studies.Materials and Methods: A. talagonica was collected in May 2005 from Talegan in north of Iran during the full flowering stage. Dried aerial parts of the plant were reduced in to small pieces and percolated with ethyl acetate for 72 hours. The extract obtained was filtered and then concentrated under reduced pressure and completely dried by a freeze dryer. Column chromatography of the extract on silica gel and sephadex LH-20 yielded in isolation of three main components. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated against the Artemia salina larvae by the Brine Shrimp Cytotoxicity Bioassay.Results: Isolated compounds were identified as b-sitosterol (1), salvigenin (5- hydroxy 4', 6, 7- three methoxy flavone) (2) and santoflavon (5- hydroxy 4', 3', 6, 7- tetra methoxy flavone) (3). NMR data of all the isolated compounds showed good agreement with literature data.Conclusions: In our previous studies ethyl acetate extract of A. talagonica showed cytotoxic activity in brine shrimp lethality assay. The results of BST assay indicated that only santoflavone (3) showed a good cytotoxic activity (LC50=15 mg/ml) against A. salina larvae so this compound seems to be responsible for the extract toxicity of A. talagonica against Artemia nauplii.

The creation of novel enzyme inhibitors and anti-cancer therapeutics has recently been one of medicinal chemistry's main objectives. Furthermore, the β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase and urease enzyme inhibition activities of these compounds were investigated. The obtained results revealed that Bavachalcone, with IC50 value of 13.27±1.38 µM against HMG-CoA reductase, and Ladanein with IC50 value of 3.08±0.25 µM against urease, were the most potent compounds against both assigned enzymes. It should be emphasized that all substances were more effective at inhibiting both enzymes than the common inhibitor tacrine. The chemical activities of bavachalcone, isobavachalcone, ladanein, and salvigenin against pancreatic HMG-COA reductase and urease were evaluated by conducting a molecular docking study. The anti-cancer activities of these compounds were investigated against colon cancer cells such as SNU-C1, SW48, RKO, COLO-205, SW1417, and LS411N. The chemical activities of bavachalcone, isobavachalcone, ladanein, and salvigenin against some of the expressed surface receptor proteins (CD44, endothelin receptor, EGFR, CD47, CXCR4, and HER2) in the mentioned cell lines were assessed using the molecular docking calculations. In the cancer part, all of the investigated molecules, exhibited the most potent growth inhibition in the six colon cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 5.56–200 µM, indicating that they are more powerful than 5FU, which exhibited an IC50 value of 37.36±4.69–56.06±6.82 µM except for Ladanein. The docking scores showed that these compounds have strong binding affinities to the enzymes and receptors. In addition, the compounds formed strong contacts with the proteins. Thus, these compounds could be potential inhibitors for enzymes and cancer cells.

It is believed that the inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes including α-amylase and α-glucosidase is one of the therapeutic approaches to decrease the postprandial glucose level after a meal, especially in the people with type 2 diabetes. Medicinal plants and their extracts are one of the main sources to find new inhibitors to the enzymes. In our study four flavonoids, namely luteolin 7-O-glucoside (1), luteolin 7-O-glucuronide (2), diosmetin 7-O-glucuronide (3) and salvigenin (4) were isolated from aerial parts of Salvia chloroleuca. The inhibitory activity of these compounds against α-amylase and α-glucosidase were evaluated. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 showed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory effect with IC50 values of 18. 3, 14. 7, and 17. 1 μ M, respectively. Also these compounds exhibited moderate α-amylase activity with IC50 values 81. 7, 61. 5, and 76. 3 μ M, respectively.

The genus Salvia is a rich source of structurally diverse terpenoids. Salvia rhytidea Benth. from the Lamiaceae family is one of the endemic species in the southeast of Iran. Significant biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal effects have been previously reported for the plant. There has been no phytochemical study on the aerial parts of S. rhytidea, with the exception of an analysis of the essential oil. The aim of this study was to carry out a comprehensive phytochemical investigation on aerial parts of S. rhytidea. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of the aerial parts of the plant was separated by different chromatographic methods on the silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 columns, and preparative thin layer chromatography (Prep TLC) to afford eleven (1-11) metabolites. The structure elucidation of the compounds was performed by extensive 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopy and comparing their spectra with those reported in the literature. The process resulted in the isolation and purification of four flavonoids, salvigenin (1), eupatorin (2), cirsiliol (3), and cirsimaritin (4), three pentacyclic triterpenes, α-amyrin (5), lupeol (6), and ursolic acids (8), two labdane diterpenoids, sclareol (9) and 6β-hydroxysclareol (10), and two steroidal compounds, β-sitosterol (7) and daucosterol (11). All of these metabolites are described here for S. rhytidea for the first time. In previous studies, several biological properties have been reported for these compounds. Hereupon, S. rhytidea has good potential to conduct further studies in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields.

Recently Nutrition and Food Chemistry researches have been focused on plants and their products or their secondary metabolites having anti-alzheimer, anti-cancer, anti-aging, and antioxidant properties. Among these plants Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) species come into prominence with their booster effects due to high antioxidant contents, which have over 900 species in the world and 98 in Turkey. Some Salvia species are already in use as herbal treatment of vessel stiffness, Dementia like problems and cancer. Recently some species of Salvia are of extensive research topic. In this study, inhibitory potentials of secondary metabolites, rosmarinic acid, salvigenin, salvianolic acid A and B, tanshinone I and IIA, cyrtotanshinone, dihydrotanshinone I, carnosic acid, carnosol, and danshensu sodium salt were investigated against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, urease and tyrosinase enzymes both in-vitro and in slico in detail. Elevated inhibitory effects on acetyl-and butyryl-cholinesterase of dihydrotanshinone I (IC50: 1. 50 ± 0. 02 and 0. 50 ± 0. 01 μ g/mL, respectively), carnasol (IC50: 11. 15 ± 0. 05 ve 3. 92 ± 0. 03 μ g/mL) and carnosic acid (IC50: 31. 83 ± 0. 65 ve 4. 12± 0. 04 μ g/mL) were observed. Furthermore, all other secondary metabolites were active against butyrylcholinesterase. Anti-urease (42. 41 ± 0. 85%) and anti-tyrosinase (39. 82 ± 1. 16%) activities of tanshinone I were also observed. Potential inhibitory effects of these molecules on target proteins were investigated using DOCK and molecular dynamics calculations. Dock score analysis and Lipinski parameters were demonstrated that these ligands are potential inhibitors against relevant enzymes. Our findings suggest that Salvia species can be utilized as a ptential source of anti-alzheimer active compounds for designing novel products.

Background: Salvia, known as Maryam Goli in the Persian language, is an important genus that includes approximately900species in the Lamiaceae family. There are 58 Salvia species growing naturally in Iran, including Salvia chloroleuca Rech. f. and Allen., which grows wild in the northeastern and central parts of the country.Objectives: This study was designed to determine the chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant activity, and total phenol content of various extracts of S. chloroleuca.Materials and Methods: Dried aerial parts of the plant were crushed, then sequentially extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The fractions of S. chloroleuca were subjected to silica gel column chromatography and Sephedex LH-20. The antioxidant activities of these extracts were measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and the total phenolic contents of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent.Results: The separation and purification processes were carried out using different chromatographic methods. Structural elucidation wasonthe basis 1H-NMRand 13C-NMR spectral data, in comparison with that reported in the literature. The isolatedcompounds were salvigenin (1), luteolin (2), cirsiliol (3), b-sitosterol (4), and daucosterol (5). Ethyl acetate extract displayed the highest level of total antioxidants and total polyphenols compared to the other analyzed extracts (n-hexane and methanol). In the FRAP assay, ethyl acetate extract had the highest (230.4±10.5) FRAP value, followed by methanol (211.4±8.3) and n-hexane (143.4±12.04). Total phenol contents were calculated to be 13.8±0.3, 58.25±0.05, and 43.48±0.38 mg of gallic acid/100 g in the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts, respectively.Conclusions: The above-mentioned compounds were isolated for the first time from S. chloroleuca. The antioxidant activity of this plant could be in part related to isolated flavonoids and sterols. The results of this study indicated that S. chloroleuca could be an important dietary source of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant capacity.