INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MODERN RESEARCH IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT | Year:2015 | دوره:1 |Papers Count:37

NEONATAL CHICKS FOR THE PRACTICES LIKE SEXING, VACCINATION, PACKAGING AND TRANSPORT FROM AFTER HATCHING UNTIL LOCATED IN THE FARM DEPRIVED OF FEED AND WATER FOR ABOUT 48-72H. DELAYING ACCESS TO FEED AND WATER MOBILIZES BODY RESERVES TO SUPPORT METABOLISM AND THERMAL REGULATION WHICH RESULTED IN RETARDATION OF GASTRO INTESTINAL DEVELOPMENT AND BODY WEIGHT AND IMPAIRMENT OF OVERALL PERFORMANCE. THIS STUDY CONDUCTED TO EVALUATION THE EFFECT OF POST-HATCH DELAYED FEED INTAKE ON GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT DEVELOPMENT IN JAPANESE QUAIL. ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY NEWLY HATCHED JAPANESE QUAIL CHICKS WERE PLACED IN THREE TREATMENTS WITH FOUR REPLICATIONS OF 10B EACH. THE EXPERIMENT WAS ARRANGED WITH THREE TREATMENTS IN A COMPLETE RANDOM DESIGN, BIRDS DELAY ACCESS TO FEEDING FOR 3, 24 AND 48H IMMEDIATELY AFTER HATCH. THE CHICKS SUBJECTED TO FASTING FOR 48H SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY (P<0.05) LOWER LIVE BODY WEIGHT, GIT ORGANS RELATIVE WEIGHT AND BLEMISH SMALL INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM THAN THOSE FED WITH UP TO 3 AND OR 24 H DELAYED AFTER HATCHING. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY REVEALED THAT UP TO 48H DELAYED ACCESS TO FEED AFTER HATCH HAS ADVERSE EFFECTS ON JAPANESE QUAIL CHICK GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT DEVELOPMENT.

ORGANIC FARMING HAS A VITAL ROLE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE MAIN FACTOR IN THE ORGANIC FARMING DEVELOPMENT IS CONSUMERS DEMAND AND ATTITUDES DETERMINE THE DEMAND. THUS THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO DETERMINE THE FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSUMERS' ATTITUDES TOWARD ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. THE STUDY IN FUNCTIONAL WITH CORRELATION METHOD. CRONBACH'S ALPHA COEFFICIENT OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE BETWEEN 0.7 TO 0.8, WAS CALCULATED. THE POPULATION INCLUDES THOSE PEOPLE WHO CONSUME AT LEAST ONE GROUP OF ORGANIC PRODUCT (HORTICULTURAL, VEGETABLES, LIVESTOCK, DAIRY AND CROPS). DUE TO THE FACT THAT THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF POPULATION SOCIETY IS A FUNCTION OF TIME FIRST, A STATISTICAL MODEL TO DETERMINE SAMPLE SIZE WAS PRESENTED AND ACCORDING TO COCHRAN FORMULA, 124 SUBJECTS WERE SELECTED BY SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING. RESULTS OF REGRESSION ANALYZES INDICATED THAT THE VARIABLES OF HEALTH AWARENESS, KNOWLEDGE OF ORGANIC PRODUCTS, CONSUMERS' MOTIVATIONS AND AGE, EXPLAINED 32% OF THE CHANGES IN ATTITUDE ABOUT ORGANIC PRODUCTS.

TODAY, ENERGY PLAYS A PARTICULAR ROLE IN WORLD'S ECONOMY AND POLITICS. AS FOSSIL FUELS CAUSED MAJOR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, ENERGY WILL BE THE KEY ELEMENT OF DEVELOPMENT IN FUTURE CENTURIES. IT IS CLEAR THAT ALL COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD CAN NO LONGER BE RELIED ON TRADITIONAL AND LIMITED ENERGY SOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. SO, APPLYING RENEWABLE ENERGIES AS A CLEAN ENERGY SEEMS NECESSARY. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO INTRODUCE SOME OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES' APPLICATION IN A COLLECTION CALLED ENERGY FARM. A FARM IN DEZFOUL IN KHUZESTAN PROVINCE, LOCATED IN THE SOUTHWEST OF IRAN, WAS SELECTED AS THE CASE STUDY AND THE USE OF SOLAR, WIND, BIOGAS AND FUEL CELLS ENERGIES WAS EVALUATED AND THE ENERGY BALANCE ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED IN THERE. ACCORDING TO CALCULATIONS IN DESIGNED ENERGY FARM, 12260 LITERS OF ETHANOL WILL BE PRODUCED IN THE BIOGAS SYSTEM IN EVERY CULTIVATING SEASON. WIND TURBINE PRODUCES ABOUT 13.6 KW POWER WHICH IS USED IN THE ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS. MOREOVER, THE FUEL CELL SYSTEM PRODUCES 5425 AND 102 KWH FROM BIOLOGICAL AND ELECTRICAL HYDROGEN SOURCES, RESPECTIVELY. THE ENERGY WHICH IS PRODUCED FROM THE BIOLOGICAL HYDROGEN SOURCE OF THE FUEL CELL SYSTEM IS PRODUCED BY ALL CLOVER SYMBIOTIC MICROORGANISMS.

DUST CRISIS CAN BE SEEN A POTENTIAL THREAT TO NATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST. SOME OF THESE TENSIONS ARE ECONOMIC TURMOIL AND OCCUPATION OF IRAQ IN 0991S AND SOME INCIDENCE OF CONFLICTS AND POLITICAL CONFLICTS REMAINED FROM THE PAST AND EXISTENCE THE HYDRO POLITIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REGION’S COUNTRIES. DUE TO THE MAIN ORIGIN OF DUST THAT IS FOCUSES ON SEVERE WIND EROSION AND THE SPREAD OF DESERTIFICATION IN COUNTRIES SUCH AS IRAQ AND SAUDI ARABIA, DAMAGE FROM IT HAVE FOLLOWED TO HEALTH DAMAGE, ECONOMIC AND DEVELOPMENT FOR THE COUNTRIES INVOLVED, IN ANALYZING THE REGIONAL ROLE OF EACH ACTORS IN THE FIELD OF DUST, THREE CATEGORIES OF POWER, KNOWLEDGE AND INTERESTS ARE TIED TO EACH OTHER. IRAN, IRAQ, SAUDI ARABIA, YEMEN, JORDAN, TURKEY, SYRIA, KUWAIT AND NORTH AFRICA ARE FOLLOWING THE SUBJECT OF DUST WITH DIFFERENT SENSITIVITIES AND VULNERABILITIES. BUT IT SHOULD BE ACKNOWLEDGED THAT THIS IS NOT THE TOP PRIORITY FOR THE GOVERNMENT. THE PRESENT STUDY IN THIS MANNER NOTED BY DESCRIPTIVE – ANALYTICAL METHOD THAT THE DIPLOMACY OF ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN IN THIS PART NEEDS TO COMPREHENSIVE AND FRESH MOVEMENT FOR ENCOURAGING THE COUNTRIES IN THE REGION TO MULTILATERAL COOPERATION TO OPERATIONAL CONTRAST WITH DUST CRITICS IS BY USING PERSUASIVE DISCOURSE THAT IN THE MEANTIME, FAVORABLE ADVANTAGE OF THE INSTITUTIONS, THE ENVIRONMENT PROVISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, IN THE FORM OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND PROTOCOLS, THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY WILL BE ALONG TO THE CONTINUATION OF NECESSARY NEGOTIATIONS.

THE METALWORKING OR CUTTING FLUIDS (MWCFS) USED AS A COOLANT AND LUBRICATION IN BY DIFFERENT METAL WORKING OPERATIONS AND MACHINERY PROCESSES. TREATMENT OF THIS KIND OF WASTEWATER IMPOSES AN EXCESSIVE COST ON METALWORKING INDUSTRIES. THE WORLDWIDE USAGE IS ESTIMATED ABOUT 3.8-7.6 MILLION M3 OF OILY WASTEWATER RESULTS ANNUALLY FROM THE USE OF MWCFS. FENTON AND FENTON-LIKE PROCESSES IS APPLIED FOR THE TREATMENT OF MWCFS CHARACTERIZED BY HIGH COD CONCENTRATION AND NON-BIODEGRADABILITY. AFFECTING THE PROCESSES, SUCH AS PH, DOSAGES OF FE2+ (AND FE3+) AND H2O2, THE CONTACT TIME, MIXING SPEED WERE DETERMINED BY JAR-TEST EXPERIMENT, ALSO ACCORDING TO DUAL FUNCTIONS OF OXIDATION AND COAGULATION IN FENTON PROCESS, THE SLUDGE PRODUCTION RATE AND SLUDGE SETTLING VELOCITY WERE DETERMINED IN A GRADUATED CYLINDER.THE RESULTS OF STUDY SHOWED THE OPTIMUM CONDITIONS, THE AMOUNT OF COD REMOVAL WAS 88.31% IN FENTON PROCESS UNDER PH 3, 50 G/L H2O2, 10 G/L FE2+ AND 60 MIN SETTLING TIME, AND 73.97% IN FENTON-LIKE PROCESS UNDER PH 5, 100 G/L H2O2, 10 G/L FECL3 AND 30 MIN SETTLING TIME. ALSO, DURING THE FIRST 15 MIN OF THE FENTON’S REACTION, MORE THAN 92% OF COD REMOVAL COULD BE ACHIEVED. THE EFFICIENCY OF THE FENTON-LIKE PROCESS WAS LESS THAN FENTON PROCESSES. THE FENTON PROCESS, WHEN INCREASING THE DOSAGES OF FE2+ FROM 5 TO 40 G/L, THE SLUDGE PRODUCTION RATE INCREASING FROM 55 TO 580 ML/L BUT ALSO INCREASING SLUDGE SETTLING VELOCITY.AFTER ALL PROCESSES, THE BIODEGRADABILITY (BOD5/COD RATIO) OF THE TREATED MWCFS WAS INCREASED COMPARED TO THAT OF THE RAW MWCFS AND THE HIGHEST INCREASE IN BOD5/COD RATIO WAS OBSERVED IN THE FENTON PROCESS.

THIS STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF PLANTING DATE ON DAMAGE INFLICTED ON THE CHARACTERS ASSOCIATED WITH A CLUSTER OF WHEAT STRIPE RUST PATHOGEN OF WHEAT AFFECTED BY WEATHER CONDITIONS IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCE CROP YEAR 90-1389 A SPLIT PLOT RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN WITH THREE REPLICATIONS. IN THIS EXPERIMENT, THE PLANTING DATE (NINTH AND TENTH) AS MAIN PLOTS AND CULTIVARS AS SUB PLOTS WERE EXAMINED. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT DELAYED PLANTING TRAIT BECAUSE OF EARLY EXPOSURE TO THE GROWTH PERIOD OF WINTER RAINFALL AS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT THIS CONDITION LEADS TO AN INCREASE OF 25% PLANTS WERE INFECTED WITH THIS DISEASE. ALL TRAITS WERE REDUCED TO NON-GRAIN WEIGHT AND GRAIN NUMBER PER PANICLE HOLLOW OTHER TRAITS (YIELD, GRAINS PER PANICLE AND PANICLE LENGTH), THIS REDUCTION WAS SIGNIFICANT. CHAMRAN CULTIVARS IN THE FIRST PLANTING ON AVERAGE 3733.3 KG HA GRAIN YIELD RESPECTIVELY. IT IS HOPED WITH RESISTANT CULTIVARS IN ORDER TO MANAGE THEM PROPERLY, ESPECIALLY AT THE BEGINNING OF AUTUMN RAINFALL IS AN EFFECTIVE STEP IN CONTROLLING AND REDUCING THE DAMAGE TO BE REMOVED.

RECENTLY, THE PROBLEM OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ISSUES. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY IS TO INVESTIGATE AND ANALYZE OBTAINED INFORMATION AND DATA, AND ALSO TO STUDY THE AMOUNT OF WASTE IN CITY OF BIRJAND IN 2013 AND FOCUS ON THE ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS. DATA WERE COLLECTED FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT OF BIRJAND AND THEN STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WERE PERFORMED. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT WITH A POPULATION OF 197,896 IN THE CITY OF BIRJAND IN 2013, 4.33727 TONNES OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE WERE COLLECTED. THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT IS RELATED TO ORGANIC WASTE WITH AMOUNT OF 25970 TONS AND MINIMUM RELATED TO RELATED TO TEXTILES WITH AMOUN OF 6.168 TONS. BASED ON CALCULATIONS, THE HIGHEST RATES OF ECONOMIC VALUE IS RELATED TO BIOGAS WITH THE VALUE OF $ 3376112. WITH THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF WASTE IN THE CITY OF BIRJAND, LOTS OF ACTIVITIES CAN BE DONE INCLUDING CREATE ADVANCED RECYCLING SITE AND EMPLOYMENT, GENERATE INCOME AND PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT AND URBAN LANDSCAPING.

THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION WAS UNDERTAKEN TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS AND COMBINATIONS OF 2, 4-DICHLORO-PHENOXYACETIC ACID (2, 4-D), NAPHTHALENE ACETIC ACID (NAA) ON CALLUS INDUCTION OF FIVE CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS (SOUR ORANGE, CITROMELO, CITRANGE, PONCIRUS, VOLKAMERIANA) ON MS BASAL MEDIUM. DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION OF 2, 4-D AND NAA WERE TASTED IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THE BEST CALLUS FORMATION. MAXIMUM CALLUS INDUCTION RESPONSE (100%) WAS OBTAINED ON MS MEDIUM WITH 2, 4-D (2 AND 3MG/L) AND NAA (1.5 MG/L) FOR VOLKAMERIANA. BEST CALLUS INDUCTION RESPONSE OF CITRANGE (83.33%) WAS OBSERVED ON MS MEDIUM WITH 2, 4-D (1 MG/L) AND NAA (1.5 MG/L). THE HIGHEST FREQUENCY OF THE CALLUS INDUCTION RATE FOR PONCIRUS AND CITROMELO (91.67%) WAS OCCURRED ON MS MEDIUM SUPPLEMENTED WITH 2.4-D (3 MG/L) AND NAA (1.5 MG/L). MS MEDIUM SUPPLEMENTED WITH 2, 4-D (1 MG/L) AND NAA (1.5 MG/L) SHOWED MAXIMUM CALLUS INDUCTION (91.76%) FOR SOUR ORANGE.

IN THIS PAPER COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD) AND MEASUREMENTS USING HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETERS WERE USED TO STUDY THE FLOW CONFIGURATION AND PERFORMANCE OF A SUCTION FAN (SF) USED FOR PNEUMATIC CONVEYOR FOR CHICKPEA SEED. A GENERAL TWO-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF TURBULENT FLUID FLOW IS PRESENTED TO PREDICT VELOCITY AND PRESSURE FIELDS FOR A SUCTION FAN. A COMMERCIAL CFD CODE WAS USED TO SOLVE THE GOVERNING EQUATIONS OF THE FLOW FIELD. IN ORDER TO STUDY THE MOST SUITABLE TURBULENCE MODEL, THREE KNOWN TURBULENCE MODELS OF STANDARD K-E, RNG AND RSM WERE APPLIED. SIMULATION RESULTS IN THE FORM OF CHARACTERISTIC CURVES WERE COMPARED WITH AVAILABLE EXPERIMENTAL DATA, AND AN ACCEPTABLE AGREEMENT WAS OBTAINED. ADDITIONALLY, SPECIAL ATTENTION WAS PAID ON THE EFFECT OF LOCATION OF INLET ON THE EFFICIENCY OF FAN WAS STUDIED. IT WAS DEMONSTRATED THAT TWO-DIMENSIONAL CFD MODEL CAN PREDICT FAN PERFORMANCE UP TO AN ACCEPTABLE LEVEL. MOREOVER, IT WAS SHOWN IN GENERAL THAT THE LOCATION OF INLET PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF THE SF. THE LOCATION OF INLET WAS CHANGED IN FOUR SECTION (TOP, BELOW, LEFT & RIGHT). THE RESULTS SHOW THAT THE POSITION OF INLET IN BELOW SECTION HAS THE HIGHEST VELOCITY INLET. INVESTIGATIONS OF THIS KIND CAN HELP TO REDUCE THE REQUIRED EXPERIMENTAL WORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN OF SUCH DEVICES.

THIS STUDY WAS PERFORMED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF DIETARY ZINC ON MALE SEX HORMONES IN MALE ALBINO RATS. RATS WITH BODY WEIGHTS BETWEEN 200-250 GMS WERE RANDOMLY ALLOTTED INTO FIVE TREATMENT GROUPS WITH 8 ANIMALS EACH. THE CONTROL GROUP (I) RECEIVED FOOD AND WATER AD LIBITUM. GROUPS II-V RECEIVED 30G, 40G, 50G AND 60 G OF ZINC SULPHATE RESPECTIVELY. AT THE END OF THE TRIAL, THE RATS WERE EUTHANIZED AND BLOOD SAMPLES ASSAYED FOR LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH), FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH), PROLACTIN (PL), TESTOSTERONE (T), PROGESTERONE AND OESTRADIOL. SERUM LEVELS OF TESTOSTERONE IN GROUPS II, III AND IV WERE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED. WE ALSO OBSERVED SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN SPERM MOTILITY AND MORPHOLOGY IN GROUPS COMPARED WITH CONTROL (P<0.05). IT WAS ALSO SHOWN THAT ZINC SULPHATE HAS BENEFICIALLY EFFECT ON MALE SEX HORMONES AND SPERM QUALITY.

IRAN IS LOCATED ON THE WORLD’S DESERT BELT, AND IS CONSIDERED AS THE ARID AND SEMIARID REGION. DROUGHT IS ONE OF THE MAJOR ABIOTIC FACTORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES WHICH LIMITS GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL VEGETATION MORE THAN THAT OF ANY OTHER FACTORS VIZ. EXTREME TEMPERATURE, COLD, HEAVY METALS, DROUGHT AND SALINITY. DROUGHT STRESS DETERMINES THE SUCCESS OR FAILURE OF PLANT ESTABLISHMENT. THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF DROUGHT ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CROP PLANTS ARE OF MULTIFARIOUS NATURE AND COULD AFFECT AT ALL THE GROWTH STAGES OF PLANT GROWTH. IN ORDER TO STUDY OF DROUGHT STRESS TOLERANCE OF DIFFERENT CANOLA (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) GENOTYPES, A FIELD EXPERIMENT WAS CONDUCTED ON THE BASIS OF RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN WITH THREE REPLICATIONS UNDER TWO IRRIGATED CONDITIONS FROM 2012-2014 YEARS AT THE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH STATION OF ISLAMABAD GHARB, KERMANSHAH PROVINCE, IRAN. SEVEN DROUGHT TOLERANCE INDICES INCLUDING STRESS SUSCEPTIBILITY INDEX (SSI), STRESS TOLERANCE INDEX (STI), GEOMETRIC MEAN PRODUCTIVITY (GMP), TOLERANCE (TOL), MEAN PRODUCTION (MP) YIELD INDEX (YP) WERE CALCULATED. ACCORDING TO RESULTS FROM DROUGHT STRESS RESISTANCE (SSI), DROUGHT STRESS TOLERANCE (TOL) AT FLOWERING STAGE, KS12 AND AT POD FORMING STAGE KARAJ3 GENOTYPE WAS DETERMINED AS SUPERIOR GENOTYPES. AND ACCORDING TO MP, GMP AND STI INDICES, KS7 AND KR4 AT FLOWERING STAGE AND KR4 AND KS7 AT POD FORMING STAGE, PLACED IN FIRST AND SECOND RANKS BY A LITTLE DIFFERENCE WHICH WERE SIMILAR WITH SSI AND TOL INDICES.

DENSITY CURRENTS ARE DETERMINED AS THE MAIN FACTORS THREATENING THE WATER RESOURCES AND DAMS’ RESERVOIRS. AS THEY CAN REDUCE BOTH THE VOLUME OF DAM’S RESERVOIR AND THE VOLUME OF FLOOD CONTROL, THEY CAN ALSO AFFECT THE QUALITY OF WATER SO THAT THEY CAUSE REDUCTION IN ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY AS WELL AS EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION. IN THIS RESEARCH, THE EFFECTS OF SIX ARRANGEMENTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT SPEED OF THE FRONT OF DENSITY CURRENT WERE INVESTIGATED. BECAUSE THE FACTORS SUCH AS BED SLOPE AND CURRENT’S CONCENTRATION HAVE INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT VELOCITY OF DENSITY CURRENT’S FRONT, THE EXPERIMENTS HAVE BEEN REPETITIVELY CONDUCTED ON 0 %, 1 %, AND 2 % SLOPES, AND WITH TWO DENSITIES OF 40 G/L AND 80 G/L. IN SUM, 42 EXPERIMENTS HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT. THE RESULTS SHOW IF THERE ARE OBSTACLES IN FRONT OF DENSITY CURRENTS, THE SPEED OF THE FRONT REDUCES CONSEQUENTLY. THE ARRANGEMENT OF OBSTACLES ARE EFFECTIVE IN IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF OBSTACLES. BY INCREASING THE SLOPE OF THE BED OF THE IMPACT OF REDUCED BARRIERS MAKE MAXIMUM IMPACT IS MADE AND OBSTACLES UP 16% AND IN MAKEUP WAS SIMILAR CONVERGENT.

ALLIUM AMPELOPRASUM AND ALLIUM WAKEGI IS A MEMBERS OF THE ONION GENUS ALLIUM THAT COMMONLY USED IN HUMAN DIET. ABSORBING HEAVY METAL FROM SOIL BY ROOT BULB CAN ACCUMULATE THESE METAL IN GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES. CR, FE AND ZN ARE ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS FOR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES THAT CAN ENTER TO HUMAN BODY BY USING VEGETABLES IN DIET.THE AIM OF THIS RESEARCH WAS DETERMINING ESSENTIAL HEAVY METAL (ZN, FE, CR) IN TWO GENUS OF ALLIUM FAMILY THAT MOST COMMONLY USED IN IRANIAN DISHES AND COMPARING BETWEEN THEM.MATERIAL & METHOD: GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES GATHERED FROM AGRICULTURAL SITES OF MARKAZI PROVINCE. AFTER WASHING LEAVES, THEY KEEP IN CONTAINER AND TRANSFER TO LABORATORY.SAMPLES DRIED IN OVEN 60º AND DIGESTED BY ACIDS, THEN BY USING COUPLED PLASMA OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROMETRY THE AMOUNT OF HEAVY METALS WERE MEASURED. RESULTS ANALYZED BY SPSS22.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF IRON AND ZINK WERE SEEN IN ALLIUM AMPELOPRASUM IN ORDER 8451.74±24287.2 AND 1087.63±619.27. THERE WAS SIGNIFICANCE DIFFERENCES IN TERM OF THE ACCUMULATION IRON IN THESE PLANT BUT HAS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN ZN AND CR, ALTHOUGH IN ZINK ACCUMULATION WAS MINOR DIFFERENCE IN ALLIUM SPECIES. THE CONCENTRATION OF THIS THREE METALS IN ALLIUM FAMILY ARE LOWER THAN PERMISSION LIMIT WHO/FAO.IN CONCLUSION ALLIUM AMPELOPRASUM CAN ACCUMULATE HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ESSENTIAL HEAVY METAL THAT MAKE AN IMPORTANT VEGETABLE IN DIET.

ABSTRACT WHEAT IS THE FIRST AND FOREMOST CEREAL CROP IN THE WORLD. THE INTERVAL BETWEEN THE GERMINATION AND EARLY TILLERING STAGE IS CALLED SEEDLING. THE SEEDLING STAGE, SEED EMBRYO HAS THREE INITIAL LEAF CELLS, WHICH AFTER GERMINATION, VEGETATIVE SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM BEGINS TO BE DIVIDED LEADING TO THE EMERGENCE OF THE LEAVES. IN THIS STUDY, PROTEOMICS HAS BEEN USED TO STUDY CHANGES OF PROTEIN PROFILES IN WHEAT LEAVES IN THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF SEEDLING BEFORE TILLERING. TO INVESTIGATE CHANGES IN PROTEIN PROFILES, SAMPLINGS TOOK PLACE IN THREE STAGES: UNIFOLIATE, BIFOLIATE AND TRIFOLIATE. TO STUDY AND IDENTIFY THE PROTEINS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SEEDLING, TOTAL PROTEIN WAS EXTRACTED FROM WHEAT LEAF IN SEEDLING STAGES BY TCA-ACETON METHOD AND SEPARATED BASED ON TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTROPHORESIS METHOD. AFTER ANALYSIS OF GELS OBTAINED FROM THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTROPHORESIS THROUGH SOFTWARE IMAGE MASTER 6, 360 DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED PROTEIN SPOTS (DEPS) WERE DETECTED. AMONG WHICH, 31 PROTEIN SPOTS SHOWED SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF 5%, IN VARIOUS STAGES OF SEEDLING. 55% OF THE IDENTIFIED PROTEINS SHOWED DECREASED EXPRESSION AND 19% SHOWED INCREASED EXPRESSION AND 26% OF THE IDENTIFIED PROTEINS DID NOT INDICATE SIGNIFICANT REGULATORY CHANGES.

THIS STUDY WAS ACCOMPLISHED TO ANALYZE THE GENETIC VARIATION OF 35 AGRICULTURAL SUGARCANES VARIANTS USING RAPD TECHNIQUE. THE AIM WAS TO DETERMINE THE GENETIC VARIATION LEVEL AND RELATION AMONG SOME COMMERCIAL VARIETIES OF SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM AND THE TWO WILD VARIETIES OF SACCHARUM SPONTNEUM AS WELL. TOTAL GENOMIC DNA OF EACH SAMPLE WAS EXTRACTED FROM 1.5-2.5 GR OF NEW GERMINATED FRESH YOUNG LEAVES USING MODIFIED CTAB METHOD. THE CONCENTRATION WAS DETERMINED BY SPECTROPHOTOMETER. RAPD ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED BY USE OF 10 BP RANDOMIZED NUCLEOTIDE PRIMERS. ALL GENOTYPES WERE STUDIED FOR PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF BANDS, AND ANALYZED BY USE OF STATISTICAL SOFTWARE NTSYS 2002. AMONG 65 USED PRIMERS, 30 OF THEM SHOWED POLYMORPHISM BETWEEN THE SAMPLE, AND 462 POLYMORPHIC BANDS WERE PRODUCED. CLUSTER ANALYSIS LAYS VARIETIES INTO TWO SEPARATED GROUPS THROUGH THE JACARD COEFFICIENT AND UPGMA METHODS. IN THIS CLASSIFICATION, THE TWO WILD VARIETIES FROM THE SACCHARUM SPONTANENM WERE SEPARATED COMPLETELY AND SHOWED COMPLETELY DIFFERENT BAND PATTERN IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER VARIETIES. GENERALLY, THE RESULTS OF THIS RESEARCH SHOWED THAT RAPD MARKER IS A SUITABLE TOOL TO STUDY GENETIC VARIATION IN SUGARCANE. IT IS RECOMMENDED TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF BREEDING PROGRAMS TO STUDY PRECISE GENETIC VARIATION AND TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG CULTIVARS. OVERALL, THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT RAPD TECHNIQUE IN COMBINATION WITH MORPHOLOGICAL SELECTION AND IDENTIFICATION COULD SERVE AS AN IDEAL TOOL FOR STUDYING THE GENETIC VARIATION AMONG SUGARCANE FAMILIES.

CEREALS CONTAMINATION OF FEEDSTUFF SUCH AS CORN WITH MYCOTOXIGENIC SPECIES OF FUSARIUM IS CONSIDERED AS A MAIN SOURCE OF FUMONISIN MYCOTOXIN GROUPS WHICH CAUSE WORLDWIDE SERIOUS DISEASES IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL HEALTH. ACCORDING, IN THIS STUDY, A TOTAL OF 100 FUSARIUM ISOLATES WERE RECOVERED FROM CORN SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM 16 DAIRY FARMS IN RAZAVY KHORASAN PROVINCE, IRAN, DURING 2011-2012. FUSARIUM ISOLATES WERE IDENTIFIED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND USING SPECIES-SPECIFIC PCR. CONSIDERING THAT, EARLY DETECTION OF FUSARIUM SPECIES COULD BE VERY IMPORTANT TO PREVENT MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINATING FOOD AND FEED GRAINS, A MULTIPLEX-PCR ASSAY WAS DESIGNED ON THE BASE OF FOUR SETS OF SPECIFIC PRIMERS INCLUDING: ITS-F/R, VERT1/2, FUM1-F/R AND FP3-F/FP4-R WHICH HAS BEEN DEVELOPED FOR THE DISCOVERY OF THE TWO COMMON FUSARIUM SPECIES (F. VERTICILLIOIDES AND F. PROLIFERATUM) THAT THEY CAN POTENTIALLY PRODUCE FUMONISIN. IN THIS STUDY, PCR ANALYSIS COMFIRMED 78% OF MORPHOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION TO SPECIES LEVEL AS F. PROLIFERATUM (53.8%) AND 29.5% AS F. VERTICILLIOIDES. 42 (53.84%) OF TOTAL (78) F. VERTICILLIOIDES AND F. PROLIFERATUM ISOLATED WERE FUMONISIN PRODUCING OUT OF WHICH 24 (57.14%) WERE F. PROLIFERATUM WHILE 18 (42.86 %) WERE F. VERTICILLIOIDES. MOREOVER, WE HAVE ESTABLISHED THE METHOD TO DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN THE TWO POPULATIONS F. VERTICILLIOIDES AND F. PROLIFERATUM, SIMULTANEOUSLY ENABLE US TO DISCRIMINATE FUMONISIN-PRODUCING STRAINS FROM NON-FUMONISIN-PRODUCING STRAINS IN THE CORN GRAINS OF ANIMAL FEEDSTUFF.

RURAL DEVELOPMENT IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE PROCESS OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, ESPECIALLY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. IN TODAY'S LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, RURAL DEVELOPMENT AS A DOMINANT APPROACH IN THE PROCESS OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, ACCEPTED, ESPECIALLY SINCE IN MOST OF THESE COUNTRIES, THE DOMINANT POPULATION, STILL LIVE IN RURAL AREAS AND IMPROVE THE LIVING CONDITIONS OF THIS GROUP ACCEPTED SUCH COUNTRIES. THEY'VE BEEN ON THE PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNANCE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT OVER THE YEARS TO THINK IN IRAN. THE RESEARCH METHOD IS DESCRIPTIVE - ANALYTIC. THE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE PROPORTION OF RURAL POPULATION GROWTH RATE, ITS SHARE OF THE TOTAL POPULATION OF THE COUNTRY IS DECREASING. THE LITERACY RATE IN THE RURAL COMMUNITY IS GROWING, SO THAT THE RATIO OF 1.51 PERCENT IN 1345 TO 75 PERCENT IN 1385 REACHED. DURING DIFFERENT PERIODS, MOST HEALTH VARIABLES HAS BEEN GROWING. THE PROPORTION OF THE POPULATION 10 YEARS AND OLDER DECLINED FROM 5.48 TO 6.37 PERCENT PERCENT IN 1335 AND DROPPED IN 1375, BUT WITH AN INCREASING TREND TO 2.38 PERCENT REACHED IN 1390. VILLAGES BENEFIT FROM THE SERVICES INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE HAS BEEN A SIGNIFICANT GROWTH IN THE YEARS 1365 TO 1375. THE RATIO OF WORKING POPULATION TO THE TOTAL RURAL POPULATION FROM 1345 TO 1365 ALSO DECLINING, BUT IN THE NEXT ROUND WITH AN INCREASING TREND FROM 22% IN 1365 TO 6.25 PER CENT REACHED IN 1390. DESPITE THE RECENT EMPHASIS ON DEVELOPING PROGRAMS ORCHESTRATE, PHYSICAL APPROACH TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN OVERCOME. PROVIDING INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES IN RURAL AREAS COMPARED WITH OTHER TARGETS IN THE FIELD OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN MORE SUCCESSFUL.

INSECT CELL CULTURES ARE WIDELY USED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF RECOMBINANT PROTEINS, VACCINES AND VIRAL PESTICIDES. IT HAS BECOME A COMMON EXPRESSION SYSTEM FOR BOTH BASIC RESEARCH AND LARGE-SCALE COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS. THE BACULOVIRUSES EXPRESSION SYSTEM IS BASED ON THE REPLACEMENT OF NON-ESSENTIAL, VIRAL GENE, TERMED POLYHEDRIN, WITH A GENE OF INTEREST. THE INSERTION OF FOREIGN DNA AT THE POLYHEDRIN LOCUS WITHIN THE VIRAL GENOME RESULTS IN INCORPORATION OF THE FOREIGN DNA INTO PROGENY VIRUS PARTICLES AND SUBSEQUENT HIGH-LEVEL EXPRESSION OF THE RECOMBINANT PROTEIN WITHIN EUKARYOTIC INSECT CELL LINES. A MAIN FACTOR TO THE POPULARITY OF INSECT CELL EXPRESSION IS THE ABILITY OF INSECT CELLS TO PRODUCE RELATIVELY LARGE QUANTITIES EUKARYOTIC PROTEINS IN A RELATIVELY SHORT PERIOD OF TIME.IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUS ON THE CELL LINE OF INSECTS AND BACULOVIRUSES THAT USED IN BEV SYSTEM AND RECOMBINANT PROTEINS PRODUCTION IN THIS SYSTEM.

THIS STUDY AIMED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY PREBIOTIC MITO (MHF-Y) ON COMPENSATORY GROWTH COMMON CARP CYPRINUS CARPIO FRY (N=300; 4.5±0.05 G) FOLLOWING ONE WEEK STARVATION. THE EXPERIMENT WAS CONDUCTED WITHIN 60 DAYS WITH THREE TRIPLICATE TREATMENTS: A CONTROL FED WITH NON-PREBIOTIC DIET WITH NO STARVATION PERIOD (T1), A 2ND GROUP STARVED FOR ONE WEEK THEN FED 2.0 G OF PREBIOTIC PER KG DIET (T2), AND THE 3RD ONE RECEIVED NO PREBIOTIC FOLLOWING ONE WEEK STARVATION (T3). THE RESULTS SHOWED THE HIGHEST FINAL WEIGHT AND LENGTH IN THE CONTROL FOLLOWED BY T2 (P<0.05). T1 AND T2 GAINED THE GREATEST (0.81±0.00 AND 0.57±0.01 D-1, RESPECTIVELY) SPECIFIC GROWTH RATE (SGR). THE CONDITION FACTOR SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED (1.8±0.11) IN T3 WHILE T1 AND T2 WERE NOT DIFFERENT IN THIS RESPECT (P>0.05). THE LOWEST (2.26±0.02 AND 2.59±0.1) FEED CONVERSION RATIO (FCR) AND HIGHEST (1.2±0.04 AND 1.38±0.01) PROTEIN EFFICIENCY RATIO (PER) WERE RECORDED IN T1 AND T2, RESPECTIVELY. NUMBERS OF RED BLOOD CELLS WERE SIMILAR IN THE THREE TREATMENTS (P>0.05). HEMOGLOBIN AND HEMATOCRIT WERE UTMOST IN T3 AND T1, RESPECTIVELY. T2 CONTAINED THE HIGHEST (13800±600) NUMBER OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC). THE TREATMENTS WERE NOT DIFFERENT IN WBC DIFFERENTIAL COUNTS OF BASOPHILS, EOSINOPHILS, AND MONOCYTES. THE GREATEST (77.59±1.00) AND LOWEST (74.33±0.57) AMOUNTS OF LYMPHOCYTES, RESPECTIVELY, WERE DETECTED IN T2 AND T1. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT THE ADDITION OF 2% OF PREBIOTIC MITO IN THE DIET OF CARP FRY COULD NOT IMPROVE THEIR GROWTH PERFORMANCE, IT, HOWEVER, COULD GIVE RISE TO BETTER RESULTS COMPARED WITH T3 THAT FED NO PREBIOTIC AFTER STARVATION; IN ADDITION, THE FRY IN T2 SHOWED THE BEST RESULTS CONCERNING IMPROVED IMMUNITY.

ANIMAL KINGDOM POSSESSES NUMEROUS POISONOUS SPECIES THAT PRODUCE VENOMS OR TOXINS. THE BIODIVERSITY OF VENOMS AND TOXINS MADE IT A UNIQUE SOURCE OF LEADS AND STRUCTURAL TEMPLATES FROM WHICH NEW THERAPEUTIC AGENTS MAY BE DEVELOPED. SUCH RICHNESS CAN BE USEFUL TO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND/OR PHARMACOLOGY IN MANY WAYS, WITH THE PROSPECTION OF NEW TOXINS IN THIS FIELD. VENOMS OF SEVERAL ANIMAL SPECIES SUCH AS SNAKES, SCORPIONS, TOADS, FROGS AND THEIR ACTIVE COMPONENTS HAVE SHOWN POTENTIAL BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS. RECENTLY, USING MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TECHNIQUES AND ADVANCED METHODS OF FRACTIONATION, RESEARCHERS HAVE OBTAINED DIFFERENT NATIVE AND/OR RECOMBINANT TOXINS AND ENOUGH MATERIAL TO AFFORD DEEPER INSIGHT INTO THE MOLECULAR ACTION OF THESE TOXINS. NOW A DAY TO VISUALIZE THE BOUNDARIES BETWEEN CANCEROUS TISSUES AND NORMAL TISSUES FLORESCENT LABELED SCORPION VENOM PEPTIDES ARE USED. STILL A LOT OF PEPTIDES IN SCORPION VENOM ARE NOT IDENTIFIED. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO IDENTIFY THERAPEUTICALLY CRUCIAL PEPTIDES IN SCORPION VENOM. THIS PAPER REVIEWS THE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE VARIOUS ASPECTS RELATED TO THE NAME, BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL IMPORTANCE OF POISONOUS ANIMALS OF DIFFERENT MAJOR ANIMAL PHYLA.

TALESH MOUNTAINS ARE THE HIGHEST MOUNTAIN RANGE IN THE WESTERN CASPIAN SEA. THERE ARE TWO PROTECTED AREAS IN TALESH MOUNTAINS, LISAR AND AGH-DAGH PROTECTED AREAS. THE AREAS LIES BETWEEN IRANO-TURANIAN AND EURO-SIBERIAN PHYTOCHORION, THE VEGETATION WERE COLLECTED BY 240 RELEVES, FOCUSING ON ALTITUDES BETWEEN 2100 AND 3300 M A.S.L., AND FOLLOWING THE TRADITIONAL SAMPLING STRATEGY IN THE BRAUN-BLANQUET APPROACH. FOR CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETATION GROUPS, THE DATA MATRIX OF SPECIES DATA WAS CREATED. THE MATRIX WAS SUBJECTED TO A NUMERICAL CLASSIFICATION USING TWINSPAN. IN THE MOST PARTS OF THE MOUNTAIN, THERE ARE ALPINE AND SUBALPINE HABITATS, LIKE SNOWBED, SCREE, THORN-CHUSHION. THIS STUDY REPRESENTS MAIN DOMINANT PLANT, MAIN PLANT GROUP AND MOST ENDANGERED ENDEMIC PLANTS FOR EACH HABITATS. HUMAN ACTIVITIES SUCH AS OVER GRASSING, ROAD BUILDING, HARVESTING MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS AND ALSO GROWTH OF VILLAGES AND TOURISM HAVE LED TO THE DESTRUCTION OF THE VEGETATION AND HABITATS. EFFECTIVE CONSERVATION INITIATIVES ARE URGENTLY REQUIRED.

PROBLEM OF SEEPAGE IN THE FOUNDATION OF CANAL STRUCTURES IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ISSUES IN GROUNDWATER ENGINEERING. THERE EXIST SEVERAL FAILURE IN DIFFERENT CANAL SECTIONS CONSTRUCTED IN GUILAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM DUE TO PENETRATION OF GROUND FLOW THROUGH PERMEABLE MEDIA OF THE SOIL. IN THIS STUDY, FOLLOWING SERIES OF CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL AND STRENGTH TESTS, THE EFFECT OF LEACHING HAS BEEN APPOINTED AND INVESTIGATED ON THE NORTH IRAN'S CLAY SOILS. THIS STUDY INDICATES THAT AS A RESULT OF LEACHING THE SOIL STRUCTURE HAVE BECOME POROUS AND REMOVAL THE SOLUBLE SALTS AND PART OF THE FINE PARTICLE CHANGE THE DRY UNIT WEIGHT, VOID RATIO, SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY. ALSO, LEACHING CAUSE THE REDUCTION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, ELASTICITY OF MODULUS, COHESION AND FRICTION ANGLE IN TWO CONDITION AS DRAINED AND UN-DRAINED CONDITIONS. FINALLY, USING THE RESULT OF LABORATORY TESTS AND COMPARISON WITH THE RESULTS OF A CASE STUDY USING A NUMERICAL APPROACH, THE EFFECT OF LEACHING IN SLIDING HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED.

THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF SESAME GENOTYPES WAS STUDIED BY MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN SOUTHERN KERMAN AGRICULTURE RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTER IN AN EXPERIMENT ON THE BASIS OF A RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN INCLUDING 20 GENOTYPES WITH THREE REPLICATIONS. THE STUDIED TRAITS WERE PLANT HEIGHT, THE HEIGHT OF THE FIRST CAPSULE FROM THE GROUND, CAPSULE LENGTH, THE NUMBER OF FIRST-ORDER AUXILIARY BRANCHES, STEM DIAMETER AT CROWN, THE NUMBER OF SEEDS PER CAPSULE, THE NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER PLANT, 1000-SEED WEIGHT, LEAF DRY WEIGHT, STEM DRY WEIGHT, CAPSULE DRY WEIGHT AND SEED YIELD. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE EFFECT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY WAS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT ON PLANT HEIGHT, THE HEIGHT OF THE FIRST CAPSULE FROM THE GROUND, STEM DIAMETER AT CROWN, THE NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER PLANT, 1000-SEED WEIGHT, LEAF DRY WEIGHT, STEM DRY WEIGHT, CAPSULE DRY WEIGHT AND SEED YIELD AT THE 1% LEVEL AND ON THE NUMBER OF SEEDS PER CAPSULE AT THE 5% LEVEL. THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER PLANT (78), 1000-SEED WEIGHT (3.5 G) AND SEED YIELD (1020 KG HA-1) WAS PRODUCED BY GENOTYPE 9. WITH RESPECT TO THE YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS, GENOTYPES GL2, GL8, GL13, GL14, GH27, LOCAL DEZFUL, LOCAL BEHBEHAN, LOCAL JIROFT, LOCAL KAHNUJ GL11 AND DARAB ONE WERE CATEGORIZED IN THE SAME STATISTICAL GROUP IN TERMS OF THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF SEEDS PER CAPSULE, GENOTYPES GL13, GL18, LOCAL DEZFUL, LOCAL KAHNUJ AND VARAMIN 237 WERE CATEGORIZED IN THE SAME GROUP IN TERMS OF THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER PLANT, GENOTYPES GL2, GL8, GL11, GL18, GH27, LOCAL DEZFUL, LOCAL BEHBEHAN, LOCAL KAHNUJ, LOCAL JIROFT AND VARAMIN 237 WERE CATEGORIZED IN THE SAME GROUP IN TERMS OF 1000-SEED WEIGHT, AND GENOTYPES GL18, GH27, GL14 AND LOCAL DEZFUL WERE CATEGORIZED IN THE SAME GROUP IN TERMS OF THE HIGHEST YIELD.

WETLANDS TYPICALLY OFFER A WIDE VARIETY OF BENEFITS TO SOCIETY. THEY HAVE PLAYED A CENTRAL ROLE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT THROUGHOUT HISTORY. THESE HABITATS CONTRIBUTE IN DIVERSE WAYS TO THE LIVELIHOODS OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE. THEY ARE OFTEN INEXTRICABLY LINKED TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS. IN MANY PLACES, GROWING POPULATION, IN CONJUNCTION WITH EFFORTS TO INCREASE FOOD SECURITY, IS ESCALATING PRESSURE TO EXPAND AGRICULTURE WITHIN WETLANDS. THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF WETLAND AGRICULTURE CAN HAVE PROFOUND SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC REPERCUSSIONS FOR PEOPLE DEPENDENT ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OTHER THAN THOSE PROVIDED DIRECTLY BY AGRICULTURE. IF WETLANDS ARE NOT USED SUSTAINABLY, THE FUNCTIONS WHICH SUPPORT AGRICULTURE, AS WELL AS OTHER FOOD SECURITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ARE UNDERMINED. CURRENTLY, THE BASIS FOR MAKING DECISIONS ON THE EXTENT TO WHICH, AND HOW, WETLANDS CAN BE SUSTAINABLY USED FOR AGRICULTURE IS WEAK. THERE IS A DEARTH OF KNOWLEDGE ON THE BEST AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES TO BE APPLIED WITHIN WETLANDS AND A LACK OF UNDERSTANDING ON HOW TO ESTABLISH APPROPRIATE MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS THAT WILL ADEQUATELY SAFEGUARD IMPORTANT ECOSYSTEM SERVICES. EFFORTS HAVE BEEN MADE IN THIS STUDY TO EXAMINE THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL USE OF WETLANDS IN GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY. ON THE OTHER HAND, WE ALSO ATTEMPTED TO SHOW THAT OVER-EXPLOITATION OF SUCH HABITATS CAN HAVE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS ON HUMAN WELL-BEING. HENCE WE SUGGEST THAT UTILIZATION OF WETLAND SHOULD BE PERFORMED THROUGH WISE USE OF THESE HABITATS AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN ORDER TO PRESERVE THEM FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS. FINALLY, WE CONCLUDE THAT ALL INTERNATIONAL ACTORS AND ABOVE ALL CONTRACTING PARTIES TO THE RAMSAR CONVENTION SHOULD FULFILL THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER THIS CONVENTION TO STOP LOSS AND DEGRADATION OF WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS.

IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHOSPHORUS BIOLOGICAL FERTILIZERS (BARVAR2) AND TRIPLE SUPER PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER AMOUNTS ON THE YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF BREAD WHEAT AND DURUM, A SPLIT-SPLIT PLOT EXPERIMENT WITHIN RANDOMIZED COMPLETELY BLOCK DESIGN WITH FOUR REPLICATIONS IN DECEMBER 2009 IN RESEARCH FARM OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES UNIVERSITY OF RAMIN IN KHUZESTAN WAS CARRIED OUT. THE MAIN PLOTS WERE CHEMICAL FERTILIZER TRIPLE SUPER PHOSPHATE (ZERO, 50% AND 100% OF PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS), SUBPLOTS WERE BIO-FERTILIZER BARVAR2 (CONTROL, BY BASAL APPLICATION AND TOP DRESSING) AND SUB-SUBPLOTS WERE WHEAT CULTIVARS (CHAMRAN AND BEHRANG). RESULTS SHOWED THAT 50% OF PHOSPHORUS WITH THE BARVAR2 BASE LED TO A NO. 349.54 FOR SPIKE NUMBER, GRAIN YIELD 3309.5 KG AND 10932.1 KG OF BIOMASS TO ENSURE THAT THIS AMOUNT 100% OF THE RECOMMENDED INTAKE OF PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS MATCH. GRAIN WEIGHT AND HARVEST INDEX ATTRIBUTES THAT HAVE NOT BEEN AFFECTED BY THE BIOLOGICAL FERTILIZER. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SHOWED THAT THE USE OF PHOSPHORUS BIOLOGICAL FERTILIZER (BARVAR2) CAN BE USED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR A PORTION OF THE PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER, WITHOUT A DECREASE IN YIELD OCCURS.

AS FAR AS, SALINITY STRESS IS THE MAJOR FACTOR AFFECTING PLANT PRODUCTION, IN THIS RESEARCH, THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SALINITY STRESS LEVELS (0 AS A CONTROL, 25, 50, 100, 200 AND 300 MM NACL) ON SOME OF THE BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF P. OVATA ETHANOLIC EXTRACT WERE EVALUATED FOR 30 DAYS. FURTHERMORE, THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC, METHANOLIC AND ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACTS OF P. OVATA SAMPLES WERE DETERMINED IN EACH TREATMENT. THE RESULTS INDICATED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASING IN PROLINE, TOTAL FLAVONOIDS AND TOTAL SAPONINS WITH THE ENLARGEMENT OF NACL IN THE MEDIUM. MOREOVER THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF P. OVATA EXTRACTS WAS INCREASED WITH INCREASING SALT LEVEL IN THE MEDIUM. THE INCREASED ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY WITH INCREASING NACL TREATMENTS, SUGGEST THAT THE SECONDARY METABOLITES ARE EFFECTIVE ON P. OVATA’S RESISTANCE TO SALINITY STRESS. IT SEEMS THESE SECONDARY METABOLITES INCREASE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF P. OVATA AND PROTECTS IT FROM ION-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS, PROBABLY DUE TO A COMMON STRUCTURAL SKELETON AND THE PHENYL GROUP OF THOSE METABOLITES. COLLECTIVELY, OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT P. OVATA HAS PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS ASSOCIATED WITH RESISTANCE TO SALINITY THROUGH INCREASING ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND ACCUMULATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES WHICH MADE IT AS USEFUL PLANT FOR GROWING IN SALINE CONTAMINATED SITES.

THIS RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED IN ORDER TO EVALUATION OF BIO-FERTILIZER NITROXIN, SUPER-NITRO PLUS, BIO-SULFUR AND UREA FERTILIZER (NH22CO) IN RANDOMIZED COMPLETELY BLOCK DESIGN (RCBD). THIS TRIAL INCLUDED OF 9 TREATMENTS AND 3 REPLICATIONS. DATA OF THIS EXPERIMENT ANALYZED USING SPSS SOFTWARE AND MEANS COMPARISON STUDIED ACCORDING TO DUNCAN TEST.BIO-FERTILIZERS INCLUDING BIO-FERTILIZER NITROXIN, SUPER-NITRO PLUS AND BIO-SULFUR EACH ONE IN 4 AND 8 KG/HA, UREA FERTILIZER IN 75 AND 100 KG/HA AND CONTROL TREATMENT (WITHOUT USING UREA FERTILIZER AND BIO-FERTILIZER). THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT ACCORDING TO RESULTS OBTAINED FROM VARIANCE ANALYSIS IN LEMON BALM MEDICINAL PLANT FOUND THAT EFFECT OF SOIL FERTILIZERS INCLUDING BIO-FERTILIZERS (NITROXIN, SUPER-NITRO PLUS, BIO-SULFUR) AND UREA FERTILIZER ON TRAITS SUCH AS PLANT HEIGHT, NUMBER OF STEMS PER PLANT, FRESH WEIGHT OF STEM IN PLANT, DRY WEIGHT OF STEM IN PLANT, FRESH WEIGHT OF ROOT IN PLANT, DRY WEIGHT OF ROOT IN PLANT, LEAVES NUMBER PER PLANT, FRESH WEIGHT OF LEAVES PER PLANT, DRY WEIGHT OF LEAVES IN PLANT, FRESH WEIGHT OF SHOOT IN PLANT, ESSENTIAL OIL PERCENT, ESSENTIAL OIL YIELD AND DRY BIOLOGICAL YIELD IN 1% LEVEL OF PROBABILITY WAS SIGNIFICANT. THIS TRIAL SHOWED THAT BIO-FERTILIZERS (NITROXIN, SUPER-NITRO PLUS AND BIO-SULFUR) COULD PARTLY COMPENSATE THE DECLINE IN BIOLOGICAL YIELD AND ESSENTIAL OIL YIELD RESULTED FROM NUTRIENTS DEFICIENCY CAUSED BY NOT USING OF FERTILIZERS THUS APPLICATION OF THESE BIO-FERTILIZERS (NITROXIN, SUPER-NITRO PLUS AND BIO-SULFUR) ALONE OR WITH LESS AMOUNTS OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZER IS RECOMMENDED.

A SURFACTANT MEDIATED CLOUD POINT EXTRACTION (CPE) PROCEDURE HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO REMOVE COLOR FROM WASTEWATER CONTAINING EOSIN B, USING TRITON X-100 AS NONIONIC SURFACTANT. THE EFFECTS OF THECONCENTRATION OF THE SURFACTANT, PH, TEMPERATURE AND SALT CONCENTRATION ON THE DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION OF DYE HAVE BEEN STUDIED AND OPTIMUM CONDITIONS WERE OBTAINED FOR THE REMOVAL OF EOSIN B. THE CONCENTRATION OF EOSIN B IN THE DILUTE PHASE WAS MEASURED USING UV-VISSPECTROPHOTOMETER. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE SEPARATION OF PHASES WAS COMPLETE AND THE RECOVERY OF EOSIN B WAS VERY EFFECTIVE IN THE PRESENCE OF NACL AS AN ELECTROLYTE.

ALMONDS ARE HIGH ENERGY NUTS AND RICH IN UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS. IN ADDITION THE COMPLEX MATRICES OF ALMOND CONTAIN MANY BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS SUCH AS A-TOCOPHEROLS, AND PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, WHICH ARE HIGH IN A VARIETY OF HELPFUL ANTIOXIDANTS OR PHYTOCHEMICALS THAT SHIELD AGAINST THE DAMAGING EFFECTS OF FREE RADICALS. THE PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS WERE IDENTIFIED NOT ONLY IN ALMOND AND ITS SKIN, BUT ALSO IN SHELL AND HULL. THE ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID PROFILE, PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND DIETARY FIBER PROBABLY LEAD TO ALMOND IDENTIFICATION AS A FUNCTIONAL FOOD. BECAUSE OF THEIR UNIQUE COMPOSITION, ALMOND CONSUMPTION COULD BE USEFUL TO DECREASE CHOLESTEROL AND PROTECT HUMANS FROM CORONARY ARTERY DISEASES, LIPID OXIDATION, DIABETES AND COLON CANCER. AND ALSO ALMONDS ARE LIKELY TO BENEFIT NEWER CARDIOVASCULAR RISK BIOMARKERS, SUCH AS LDL OXIDIZABILITY, INFLAMMATORY MOLECULES, AND ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION.

PLANTS IN AMARANTHACEAE FAMILY ARE SIGNIFICANT IN DIFFERENT ASPECTS SUCH AS INDUSTRIAL, FOOD, MEDICINAL AND FODDER. SOME COUNTRIES TRY TO ESTABLISHMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL FARMS IN ORDER TO GROW THIS PLANT AND REMARKABLE SUCCESS HAVE GAINED IN THE FIELD OF INDUSTRIAL AND EDIBLE OIL SEEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS. THIS FAMILY IS SALINITY RESISTANCE. IN THIS STUDY, ACCORDING TO DIVERSITY AND THE HIGH DISTRIBUTION OF THIS FAMILY IN IRAN PLANT FLORA TRY TO EVALUATE AMOUNT OF OIL AND PROTEIN IN DIFFERENT GENUS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL. IN THIS STUDY, THE AMOUNT OF OIL WAS OBTAIND BY SUKLSE METHOD AND AMOUNT OF PROTEIN BY KJLDAL AND BRADFORD METHOD. COLLECTED SAMPLES CONTAIN SALICORNIOIDEAE SUB-FAMILY AND DIFFERENT GENUS FROM THIS FAMILY. TOTALLY, THERE ARE 20 SAMPLES. RESULTS COME FROM PROTEIN DENDROGRAM SHOWED THAT AZERBAIJAN SAMPLES IN TERMS OF PROTEIN HAVE THE HIGH SIMILARITY WITH EUROPEAN SAMPLES BUT, FINALLY GENUS H. STROBIACEUM HAD THE HIGHEST AMOUNT OF PROTEN, AND COLLECTED GENUS S. IRANICA FROM SHARAFKHANY REGION OF AZERBAIJAN AND PERSIAN MAHARLOU HAD THE HIGHEST AMOUNT OF OIL AND PROTEIN.

ENDOPHYTICE BACTERIA PROMOTES PLANT GROWTH OF DIFFERENT HERBALS BY VARIOUS PROCESS SUCH AS NITROGEN FIXATION, SOLUBILIZATION OF PHOSPHATE, PRODUCTION OF PHYTOHORMONES, SIDROPHORE, POSING ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY AND INDUCE HIGH BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC RESISTANCE FOR PLANTS. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE EMPHASIZES YIELD IMPROVEMENT WITHOUT NEGATIVE AFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT, THROUGH THE CURRENT STUDY, THE PRESENCE AS BACILLUS AMYLOLIQUEFACIENS ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA WAS IDENTIFIED FROM ARTEMISIA DRACUNCULUS IN IRAN FOR THE FIRST TIME, BY FURTHER RESEARCH ABOUT PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING FEATURE OF THEM, MEDICINAL PLANT-BASED INDUSTRIES IMPROVED TO ACHIEVE THEIR COMMERCIAL SUCCESS AND PLANT MAINTENANCE FACILITATE IN SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEMS.

THROUGHOUT HISTORY, HOT SPRINGS HAVE BEEN OF UNDENIABLE EFFECTS ON HUMAN’S LIFE, EVEN ANIMALS BENEFIT FROM NATURAL HOT SPRINGS. SOME OF THESE WATERS, BECAUSE OF HAVING SOME CHEMICAL MATERIALS, HOLD A PARTICULAR COLOR, ODOR OR TASTE AND THEY ARE USED ENORMOUSLY IN THE FIELDS OF HEALTH AND TOURISM. BORON IS DERIVED FROM GEOTHERMAL SOURCES, AND IS LEACHED FROM MANY VARIETIES OF ROCKS. NORMALLY, BORON CONCENTRATION IN THE HYDROTHERMAL AND GEOTHERMAL SOLUTIONS FOR WATER RISE HIGHER THAN ITS STANDARD LEVEL FOR WATER HIGH B CONCENTRATIONS CAN CAUSE HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS. ADDITIONALLY HIGH B CONCENTRATIONS CAN HAVE A DETRI MENTAL EFFECT TO CROPS. SO, AIMED AT THIS PURPOSE, STUDYING THESE SPRINGS FROM AN ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE IS OF VITAL IMPORTANCE. IN THIS PAPER, ISTI SU’S HOT SPRING IN AB-E-GARM VILLAGE LOCATED IN THE CITY OF SALMAS WAS STUDIED .REGARDING THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DANGERS EMERGED DUE TO EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS OF THESE DANGEROUS ELEMENTS AFTER THE GEOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS OF WATER SAMPLES TO DETERMINE THE WATER TYPE, DRAWING DIAGRAMS AND COMPARING THE VALUES OBTAINED WITH NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE AS, B, LI, FE, HG, NA, AND CR ELEMENTS’ LEVELS ARE OVER THE PERMITTED LEVEL. AS A RESULT, THE INAPPROPRIATE USE OF THIS NATURAL PHENOMENON CAN BEAR HARMFUL NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN BEINGS.

MOSQUITOES CONTROL AND PERSONAL PROTECTION FROM MOSQUITO'S BITES IS ONE OF THE SERIOUS WAYS FOR PREVENTING OF CONTAGIOUS DISEASES DISTRIBUTION. MOSQUITOES IN ADDITION TO THE LOCAL SYMPTOMS (ITCHING, REDNESS AND IRRITATION) CAN CAUSE TRANSMISSION OF FATAL AND DANGEROUS DISEASE ESPECIALLY IN TROPICAL AREAS. IN RECENT YEARS INTEREST IN PLANT-BASED PRODUCTS HAS BEEN REVIVED BECAUSE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE, CROSS-RESISTANCE AND POSSIBLE TOXICITY HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH SYNTHETIC INSECTICIDES AND THEIR RISING COST. VARIOUS PLANT-BASED PRODUCTS AS HERBAL REPELLENTS ARE SAFE AND BIODEGRADABLE ALTERNATIVES TO SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS FOR USE AGAINST MOSQUITOES.IN THE PRESENT STUDY, ESSENTIAL OILS AND EXTRACTS OF SIX PLANTS "MELISSA OFFICINALIS, ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS, LAVANDULA OFFICINALIS, CITRUS LIMONUM, EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS AND OCIMUM BASILICUM" WERE EVALUATED COMPARED AGAINST MOSQUITOES OF ANOPHELES STEPHENSI. FINALLY, REPELLANT PROPERTIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS AND EXTRACTS AS EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS AND OF N, N-DIETHYL 3 - METHYLBENZAMIDE (DEET) AS A POSITIVE CONTROL GROUP WERE COMPARED. WE USED DUNCAN'S MULTIPLE RANGE TESTS TO DETERMINE THE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES AT %1 LEVEL BETWEEN THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP AND THE CONTROL GROUP. RESULTS OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SHOWED SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE EXTRACTS AND ESSENTIAL OILS. ESSENTIAL OILS INDICATED MORE EFFECTIVENESS RATHER THAN EXTRACTS.

THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION WAS UNDERTAKEN TO INDUCTION OF POLYPLOIDY IN CITRUS ROOTSTOCK THROUGH COLCHICINE TREATMENT. SEED WERE IMMERSED IN DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF COLCHICINE TREATMENTS (0, 0.2%, 0.6%, 1.2%) FOR DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCK (CITRANGE, CITROMELO AND SOUR ORANGE). THE SEEDLING PLOIDY WAS DETERMINED VIA FLOW CYTOMETRY. HIGHER COLCHICINE CONCENTRATIONS DECREASED THE SURVIVAL. MIXOPLOEID CITRANGE PRODUCED BY 0.6% COLCHICINE TREATMENT. MORPHOLOGICAL DATA CONFIRMED THE RESULTS OF FLOW CYTOMETRY. THE MIXOPLOID FROM CITRANGE CAN BE USED FOR BREEDING PROGRAMS

MENTHA LEAVES WERE DRIED IN HOT-AIR DRYING USING 3 DIFFERENT AIR TEMPERATURES (60, 70 AND 80OC) WITH VELOCITY OF 1 M/S. IN THIS STUDY, MEASURED VALUES WERE COMPARED WITH PREDICTED VALUES OBTAINED FROM TWENTY ONE THIN LAYER DRYING THEORETICAL/ SEMI EMPIRICAL/ EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS. ALSO A NOVEL MODEL OF KINETICS OF THIN LAYER DRYING IS TESTED IN THIS STUDY. MODELS WITH HIGHEST COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION (R2) VALUES WERE CHOSEN AS THE BEST MODELS. ACCORDING TO THIS, THE INTRODUCED MODEL SHOWED THE BEST COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION FOR ALL OF TEMPERATURES.

THE SELECTION OF THE TYPE OF TURBULENCE MODELS HAS AN IMPORTANT IMPACT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE NUMERICAL MODELS FOR FLOW SIMULATION IN THE COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SOFTWARES. THIS RESEARCH IS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SINGLE-EQUATION MODEL OF TURBULENCE KINETIC ENERGY AND TWO-EQUATION MODEL OF K-EPSILON IN SIMULATION OF POSITIVE WAVE MOVEMENT CAUSED BY DAM FAILURE ON A MOBILE BED. THE RESEARCH METHOD INCLUDED THE NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS USING FLOW-3D SOFTWARE. THE RESERACH RESULTS SHOWED THAT K-EPSILON MODEL IS MORE ACCURATE IN PREDICTING THE PATTERN OF THE FLOW’S FREE SURFACE. BOTH MODELS HAVE THE SAME ACCURACY IN CALCULATING THE PROFILE OF THE NON-DIMENSIONAL DEPTH, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION OF THE ADVANCING FRONT OF POSITIVE WAVE. NEITHER MODEL COULD PREDICT WELL THE PROFILE OF MOBILE SEDIMENT BED. THE FINAL CONCLUSION IS THAT K-EPSILON TURBULENCE MODEL HAS HIGHER EFFICIENCY IN SIMULATION OF FLOW IN DAM FAILURE ON THE MOBILE BED.

HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS BECAUSE OF READY ACCESSIBILITY OF THE SYSTEM AND BY THE EASE WITH WHICH FRACTIONS OF CELLS FROM BONE MARROW COULD BE USED TO RESCUE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEMS WHOSE MARROW HAD BEEN ABLATED BY CHEMOTHERAPY OR X-RAY IRRADIATION, DRIVEN ATTENTION OF RESEARCHERS BY THE USE OF BONE MARROW FOR TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS AND ENCOURAGED US TO INVESTIGATE MULTIPOTENT ADULT PROGENITOR CELLS IN MARROW ABLATED HORSE. MULTIPOTENT ADULT PROGENITOR CELLS WAS DERIVED FROM CULTURES OF ADHERENT CELLS FROM BONE MARROW OF A HORSE HAS A GREAT POTENTIAL FOR DIFFERENTIATION INTO HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS, ACQUIRED FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TISSUES FOLLOWING DIFFERENTIATION IN-VITRO. IT WAS ENGRAFTED INTO THE MARROW-ABLATED COMPROMISED OF THE SAME HORSE. THE CELLS PROMOTE TISSUE REPAIRED EITHER BY PROLIFERATING INTO THE PHENOTYPE OF THE DAMAGED CELLS OR BY CREATING A MILIOU THAT PROMOTES REGENERATION BY ENDOGENOUS CELLS OF THE TISSUES. THE OBVIOUS BARRIER FROM AN UNRELATED DONORS AND THRESHOLDS FOR EVENTS SUCH AS MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION LIKELY WAS DUE TO PROVOKE IMMUNE REACTION.