INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND NATURAL RESOURCES | Year:2016 | دوره:2 |Papers Count:24

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA (PGPR) IS REFERRED TO A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF BENEFICIAL RHIZOSPHERE BACTERIA THAT COULD ENHANCE PLANT YIELD THROUGH ONE OR MORE MECHANISMS. IN THIS STUDY, SOME OF PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS SOLUBILIZING OF INSOLUBLE INORGANIC PHOSPHATE, AUXIN, ABILITY TO PRODUCTION OF ACC-DEAMINASE ENZYME AND SIDEROPHORE PRODUCTION WERE EVALUATED IN 10 STRAINS OF BACILLUS BACTERIA SELECTED FROM THE AVAILABLE BANK OF SOIL BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER RESEARCH INSTITUTE. TO EVALUATE THE ABILITY OF SOLUBILIZING OF INSOLUBLE INORGANIC PHOSPHATE, SPERBER SOLID MEDIA WAS USED THAT SHOWED ONLY BACILLUS SUBTILIS4 HAS A POOR ABILITY IN THIS AREA. RESULT SHOWED THAT THESE STRAIN HAVE A POOR ABILITY TO PRODUCE AUXIN AND THE HIGHEST AMOUNT OF AUXIN WAS PRODUCED BY B. PUMILLUS (2.42 MG/ML). THE ABILITY OF STRAINS TO UTILIZE ACC WAS ASSAYED BY A SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD(405 NM) COMPARING THE GROWTH RATE OF BACTERIA IN DF MEDIUM WITH ACC AS WELL AS THE MEDIUM CONTAINING AMMONIUM SULPHATE THAT REVEALED B. MEGATERIUM WITH THE MEASURED NUMBER OF 1.569 WAS THE BEST STRAIN IN THIS CASE. SIDEROPHORE EXPERIMENT SHOWED THAT NONE OF THE BACTERIA WERE ABLE TO PRODUCE ORANGE HALO IN CAS-AGAR PLATES AND ONLY B. MEGATERIUM PRODUCED A COLONY WITH THE DIAMETER OF 5.1 MM AFTER 48 HOURS. OTHER STRAINS DID NOT GROW AT ALL.

IN ORDER TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF BIO-FERTILIZER AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZER ON GRAIN YIELD AZOTOBACTER AND SOME AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT FIELD EXPERIMENT IN KHORRAMABAD 92-1391, FACTORIAL IN A RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN WITH THREE REPLICATIONS WAS CONDUCTED. TREATMENTS INCLUDE SIX LEVELS OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZER AND BIO-FERTILIZER AZETOBACTER (AZOTOBACTER CHOROCOCUM) AT TWO LEVELS (INOCULATED AND NON-INOCULATED), RESPECTIVELY. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE USE OF BIO-FERTILIZER WITH CHEMICAL FERTILIZER RATES ON MOST AGRICULTURAL PROPERTIES, INCLUDING THE NUMBER OF TILLERS PER PLANT, NUMBER OF GRAINS PER SPIKE, BIOLOGICAL YIELD, HARVEST INDEX, AND GRAIN WEIGHT WERE SIGNIFICANT AT P. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SHOWED THAT THE USE OF BIO-FERTILIZERS AZOTOBACTER EFFECTIVE ROLE IN IMPROVING THE GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS, QUALITY AND AGRONOMIC TRAITS OF WHEAT IN DRYLAND CONDITIONS OF KHORRAM ABAD.

COLOURE MATERIALS THAT ARISE DURING STORING OIL SEEDS MAKES THEM TASTE AND FLAVOR BAD THAT SHOULD BE SEPARATED. THESE INCLUDING: CAROTENOIDS, CHLOROPHYLL ALSO SOAP RESIDUES OF THE NEUTRALIZATION AND KETONES THAT SHOULD BE SEPARATED. IF, CONTINUE TO CAUSE OXIDATION AND CHANGE THE TASTE OF OIL.NOWDAYES, FOR BLEACHING IS USED BLEACH EARTH TONSIL WHICH IN ITS COMPOSITION HAS BEEN HYDRATE ALUMINUM SILICATE AND ACTIVE CARBON.IN THIS STUDY THE EFFECTS OF FOUR TYPES OF ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTHS WAS CHECKED OUT (TWO TYPES OF CHINESE BLEACH EARTH AND TWO TYPES OF GERMAN BLEACH EARTH) ON PARAMETERS SUCH AS: COLOR, PEROXIDE VALUE, SOAP, FREE FATTY ACID PERCENT (FFA%), CHLOROPHYLL, ANISIDINE VALUE AND PHOSPHORUS IN ALKALI- REFIND SUNFLOWER, CANOLLA AND PALM OILS.THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT BLEACHING DECREASED COLOR, PEROXIDE VALUE, SOAP, PHOSPHORUS AND CHLOROPHYLL WHILE THE AMOUNT OF FREE FATTY ACID AND ANISIDINE VALUE INCREASED IN THREE KIND OF OILS. ALTHOUGH THE BLEACHING EARTHS USED THE STUDY WERE DIFFERENT OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND MINERALOGICAL STRUCTURE AND THEY HAD MINOR EFFECTS DIFFERENT PART OF SOME OF THEIR COMPOUNDS.CONCLUSION: THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE SUPER GERMAN BLEACH EARTH AND AFTER THAT GERMAN BLEACH EARTH SHOWED THE BEST PERFORMANCE IN BLEACHING.

IN THIS STUDY, TO EXPLORE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFECTION AND DIVERSITY OF WETLAND BIRDS THREE STATIONS IN THE BALLOTING AND COUNTING THE BIRDS AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL WATER TEST WAS CONDUCTED FROM OCTOBER UNTIL WINTER 93 FIRST .AYSTGAH DRAINS CANE AT THE ENTRANCE, THE SECOND LOCAL STATION THE CORRECT DISTANCE FROM THE STATION AND THE APPARENTLY FREE OF CONTAMINANTS AS A NATURAL AREA AND THE THIRD STATION IN THE RURAL SEWAGE OUTPUT (RAGBEH) WERE SELECTED AND EVALUATED RESULTS ACHIEVED THROUGH THE APPLICATION PAST SHANNON AND SIMPSON INDICES FOR THE SPECIES DIVERSITY WAS USED. WATER TEST RESULTS SHOWED THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF EC SUGAR CANE WASTE IS RELATED TO THE FIRST STATION'S ENTRANCE. THE INDEX IN THE WINTER IN SUGAR CANE DRAINAGE STATIONS HAVE THE HIGHEST AND THE LOWEST RURAL SEWAGE STATION THAT IS AFFECTED BY THE POLLUTION OF THE STATION.

IN THIS STUDY, THREE KINDS OF COMMERCIAL PROBIOTICS WERE STUDIED TO MAXIMIZE BROILER CHICKENS PERFORMANCE. 160 MALE BROILER PLOTS, COMMERCIAL STRAIN, 308 VERTEXES IN RANDOMLY PLAN HAVING 4 TREATMENTS AND 4 REPLICATIONS WERE DIVIDED TO 10 GROUPS HAVING SIMILAR AVERAGE WEIGHT. CHICKENS WERE DIVIDED INTO FOUR GROUPS: 1- CONTROL GROUP (WITHOUT PROBIOTICS), 2- EXPERIMENTAL GROUP CONTAINING PROTEXIN (PRO), 3- EXPERIMENTAL GROUP CONTAINING PRIMALAC (PRI), AND 4-EXPERIMENTAL GROUP CONTAINING CALCIPARINE (CAL). THE EFFECTS OF PROBIOTICS ON CARCASS AND SOME INTERNAL ORGANS WERE MEASURED AND RESULTS SHOWS THAT FEEDING BROILERS WITH PROBIOTICS HAVE SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS (P<0.05) ON FULL CARCASS WEIGHT, EMPTY CARCASS WEIGHT, HEAD WEIGHT, NECK WEIGHT, BRAIN WEIGHT AND ALSO ILEUM WEIGHT, WHILE IT APPEARED INSIGNIFICANT ON OTHER RESULTS. ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS, IT CAN BE CONCLUDED THAT FEEDING CHICKEN BROILERS WITH THESE PROBIOTICS HAVE POSITIVE EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND CARCASS TRAITS OF CHICKEN BROILERS. THUS, THE USE OF THESE PROBIOTICS FOR BROILER PLOTS, COMMERCIAL STRAIN, 308 VERTEXES IS RECOMMENDED.

WHEAT SAMPLES SUSPECTED TO TAKE-ALL DISEASE WERE COLLECTED FROM FIELDS IN HAMEDAN PROVINCE AND THE CAUSAL FUNGUS OF THE DISEASE WAS ISOLATED. A TOTAL OF 30 BACTERIAL STRAINS WERE ISOLATED FROM WHEAT AND THE ABILITY OF THEM TO PRODUCE ANTIBIOTICS WERE EVALUATED. BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF BIOCHEMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BACTERIA THEY WERE BELONGS TO THE GENUS PSEUDOMONAS SP, XANTHOMONAS SP, RALSTONIA SP AND PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS. FOUR BACTERIAL STRAINS AS A REPRESENTATIVE WERE SELECTED FOR GREENHOUSE TRIALS. INHIBITION OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF WHEAT TAKE-ALL DISEASE BY BACTERIAL STRAINS WERE EVALUATED BY SEED COATING IN A COMPLETE RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN WITH THREE REPLICATIONS IN GREEN HOUSE. DATA WERE ANALYZED WITH SAS SOFTWARE. RESULTS SHOWED SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE (P=0.05) AMONG THE TREATMENT. ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS, STRAINS B7 AND B26, RESPECTIVELY, WITH AN SHOOTS (24.11, 17.87) AND ROOT LENGTH (16.03, 13.98) CM MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM GROWTH COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL.

ROSA HYBRIDA CV. DOLCE VITA-CUT AND BEAUTIFUL VARIETIES OF ROSES IN THE WORLD. ONE OF THE PROBLEMS THAT EXIST IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS FIGURE IS THAT AT THE TIME OF HARVEST, COMPLETELY WHITE FLOWERS AND PINK FLORAL BORDER DISAPPEARS, THE EFFECT OF REDUCING THE QUALITY AND MARKETABILITY OF THE PRODUCT. THE EXPERIMENT BASED ON COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN WITH TWO 1.6 AND 4.8 MM LEVEL AND WITH 4 REPLICATIONS. APPLICATION OF CALCIUM IN THE NUTRIENT SOLUTION SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE NUMBER OF FLOWERS PER PLANT, DIAMETER OF THE FLOWER AND VASE LIFE. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CALCIUM IN NUTRIENT SOLUTION WITH A CONCENTRATION OF 4.8 MM IN IMPROVING QUALITY TRAITS, QUANTITY AND COLOR OF THE FLOWERS OF ROSE DOLCE VITA IS EFFECTIVE AND IS RECOMMENDED FOR GROWERS OF ROSES.

ROSE IS ONE OF THE WORLD'S MOST BEAUTIFUL CUT FLOWERS. THIS STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF SALICYLIC ACID ON QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF CUT ROSE FLOWER CULTIVAR DOLCE VITA BASED ON COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN WITH FOUR REPLICATIONS. SALICYLIC ACID TREATMENTS AT THREE LEVELS 0, 0.75 AND 1.5 MM. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT SALICYLIC ACID WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED ALL TRAITS SO THAT THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF CONCENTRATION OF 1.5 MM WAS IT. SALICYLIC ACID AS A CONCENTRATION OF 1.5 MM INCREASED THE NUMBER OF FLOWERS ON THE ROSE FROM 59./4 TO 19.6. FLOWER DIAMETER ALSO INCREASED WITH INCREASING CONCENTRATIONS OF SALICYLIC ACID IN A CONCENTRATION OF 1.5 MM AND FLOWER DIAMETER INCREASED BY 25% COMPARED TO CONTROL PLANTS. IN THE END, IT CAN BE STATED THAT THE USE OF SALICYLIC ACID ON IMPROVING THE QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF PLANT TRAITS ROSE DOLCE VITA IS EFFECTIVE AND IS RECOMMENDED.

THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF HOUSING SYSTEM AND MILK TYPE ON PERFORMANCE AND SOME BLOOD PARAMETERS IN HOLSTEIN CALVES. SIXTY FOUR CALVES (<3 D OF AGE AT THE INITIATION OF THE EXPERIMENT) WERE ALLOCATED TO 4 TREATMENTS FOR 60 DAYS: (1) HOUSED SINGLY AND FED WITH WHOLE MILK (2) HOUSED SINGLY AND FED WITH MILK REPLACERS, (3) HOUSED IN PAIRS AND FED WITH WHOLE MILK, OR (4) HOUSED IN PAIRS AND FED WITH MILK REPLACERS. BODY WEIGHT (BW) WAS MEASURED BIWEEKLY AND DRY MATTER INTAKE (DMI) WAS RECORDED WEEKLY. BLOOD SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED AT 30, 45 AND 60 DAYS OF TRIAL. THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT INTERACTION BETWEEN HOUSING SYSTEM WITH MILK TYPE ON THE SERUM CONTENTS OF GLUCOSE AND BLOOD NITROGEN UREA (BUN) AT DAY 30 (P<0.05) AND FOR B-HYDROXYBUTYRATE (BHBA) AT DAYS OF 30, 45 AND 60 (P<0.05). IN CONCLUSION, THE PRESENT RESULTS DEMONSTRATE INTERACTION BETWEEN HOUSING SYSTEM AND MILK TYPE ON THE PERFORMANCE AND BLOOD PARAMETERS OF DAIRY CALVES.

THIS STUDY WAS DONE TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING CANOLA SEED FOR ENRICHMENT OF UFA AND MILK PERFORMANCE OF EARLY LACTATION DAIRY COWS. TWELVE MULTIPAROUS HOLSTEIN COWS (635.3±18 KG BW AND 36±9 DIM) WERE ASSIGNED TO 1 OF 3 TREATMENTS: 1- CONTROL (CON) WITHOUT CANOLA SEED, 2- 7.5% RAW CANOLA SEED (CUT), AND 3- 7.5% HEAT-TREATED CANOLA SEED (CHT) OF THE TOTAL RATION. DIETS CONTAINED SAME CRUDE PROTEIN, BUT VARIED IN NET ENERGY. DIETS WERE COMPOSED BY BASIS OF CORN SILAGE AND ALFALFA. COWS WERE MILKED TWICE DAILY FOR 4 WK. THE INCLUSION OF CANOLA SEED DID NOT ALTER DM INTAKE, WEIGHT GAIN, OR BODY CONDITION SCORE OF COWS. MILK FAT FROM CHT COWS HAD GREATER PROPORTIONS OF UFA AND MUFA (P<0.05). FEEDING CUT INCREASED PUFA WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE. MILK FAT FROM CHT HAD A GREATER PROPORTION OF C18 UFA AND TENDED TO HAVE A HIGHER PROPORTION OF OTHER UFA. FCM MILK YIELDS, MILK FAT AND PROTEIN PERCENTAGES AND TOTAL YIELD OF THESE COMPONENTS WERE SIMILAR BETWEEN TREATMENTS. MILK UREA NITROGEN WAS LOWER IN COWS FED CON AND CHT. FEEDING CANOLA SEED TO LACTATING DAIRY COWS RESULTED IN MILK FAT WITH HIGHER PROPORTIONS OF HEALTHFUL FATTY ACIDS WITHOUT ADVERSE AFFECTING MILK YIELD OR MILK COMPOSITION.

PRESENT STUDY WAS AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF FACEBOOK ON FASTER AND BETTER INFORMING ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS AS WELL AS THE REDUCTION AND ELIMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AMONG ENVIRONMENT MASTER STUDENTS THAT WERE ADMITTED 1392 ENTRANCE EXAM. THE NATURE AND PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS PRACTICAL AND THE RESEARCH METHOD WAS DESCRIPTIVE. THE STUDY POPULATION CONSISTED OF ALL MASTER STUDENTS ADMITTED ENTRANCE EXAMINATION IN 1392 (239 PERSONS) OF WHOM 144 PERSONS WERE SELECTED USING THE COCHRAN FORMULA FROM BIRJAND, YAZD, EAST BRANCH OF TEHRAN-PAYAM NOOR, GORGAN, SABZEVAR, DAMGHAN, TEHRAN, MALAYER, SANANDAJ AND GORGAN NON-PROFIT UNIVERSITIES USING CLUSTER SAMPLING METHOD. DATA COLLECTION TOOL WAS A RESEARCHER DESIGNED QUESTIONNAIRE THAT WAS APPROVED IN TERMS OF FACE AND CONTENT VALIDITY BY ENVIRONMENT EXPERTS AND ITS RELIABILITY WAS ASSESSED BY 0.79 CRONBACH'S ALPHA COEFFICIENT. DATA ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED USING DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS (FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE) AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS (T-TEST) BY SPSS SOFTWARE. THE RESULTS STATISTICALLY SHOWED THAT: 1) THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FACEBOOK AND RESOLVING OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, 2) THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FACEBOOK AND BETTER AND FASTER INFORMING ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS.

PLANTS IN NATURE ARE HOST FOR OF DIVERSE POPULATIONS OF EPIPHYTIC BACTERIA. EPIPHYTIC BACTERIA CAN PRODUCE A WIDE RANGE OF COMPOUNDS WHICH HAVE POSITIVE EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH THROUGH BOTH COMPETITION WITH PLANT PATHOGENS AND DIRECTLY EFFECTING GROWTH OF THE HOST PLANT. IN THE PRESENT EVALUATED THE GROWTH PROMOTING OF EPIPHYTIC STRAINS GROWING ON APPLE (PLALUS SYLVESTRIS) AND PEAR (PYRUS COMMUNIS) TREES, AND THEIR ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITIES AGAINST THE BACTERIUM INCITING FIRE BLIGHT OF POME FRUITS, SEVERAL STRAINS WERE ISOLATED FROM THE LEAVES AND FLOWERS OF APPLE AND PEAR. SEVEN STRAINS WHICH SHOWED STRONG GROWTH INHIBITION ABILITY AND WERE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE GROUPS WITH HIGH PREVALENCE AND WIDESPREAD DISTRIBUTION WERE SELECTED FOR FURTHER CHARACTERIZATION. THE STRAINS WERE EVALUATED FOR THEIR CAPABILITIES IN SOLUBILIZATION PHOSPHATE AND PRODUCTION OF INDOLEACETIC ACID (IAA) AND HYDROGEN CYANIDE. THERE WERE STATISTICALLY SIGRIFICANT DIFFERENCE AMONG THE ISOLATES IN ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY AGAINST ERWINIA AMYLOVORA, ISOLATES B6, B70 AND B71 BEING SUPERIOR IN THIS REGARD.

STEM CANKER, CAUSED BY BOTRYTIS CINEREA, IS FOUND IN GROWING TOMATO FIELDS. SINCE THERE IS NO COMMERCIAL RESISTANCE CULTIVAR, THE TUBERS ARE STERILIZED WITH SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES. HOWEVER, BECAUSE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES, SCIENTIST ATTEMPTS TO REPLACE THE CHEMICAL AGENT WITH THE MOST ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY COMPOUNDS. THIS STUDY WAS AIMED TO EVALUATE ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF FIVE MEDICAL HERBS AGAINST BOTRYTIS CINEREA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: THE STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE ANTIFUNGAL EFFECTS OF TWO NATIVE PLANTS (ARUM MACULATUM, ZATARIA MULTIFER) ON STEM CANKER. AFTER COLLECTION OF THE PLANTS FROM CHAHARMAHAL AND BAKHTIARI PROVINCE, THEY WERE CLEANED (WASHING AND DRYING) AND EXTRACTED BY METHANOL. THE ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY WAS THEN EVALUATED USING DISC DIFFUSION METHOD. THE MOST OF EXTRACTIONS SHOWED DESIRABLE ANTIFUNGAL EFFECTS AGAINST BOTRYTIS CINEREA. ZATARIA MULTIFER LEAF EXTRACT HAD THE HIGHEST INHIBITORY EFFECTS. ZATARIA MULTIFER INHIBITORY EFFECT WAS MORE THAN ARUM MACULATUM PLANT.

FLAT LIMB OR TWISTED LIMB PHENOMENON HAS BEEN SEEN ON DIFFERENT PLANTS. THE CAUSE OF DISEASE IN MANY CASES IS STILL UNKNOWN AND REQUIRES FURTHER STUDY. FLAT LIMB IN TREE- OF- HEAVEN (AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA) HAS BEEN SEEN FOR THE FIRST TIME IN KHOMEINI SHAHR AND HAD REPORTED. THESE DISEASE CAUSED DEFORMATION OF THE BRANCHES, TRUNK AND BRANCHES OF TREE OF HEAVEN, THIS BRANCH DRY FASTER AND ARE DESTROYED. FLAT LIMB ALSO HAS BEEN SEEN SEVERAL TIMES IN BUXUS (EUONYMUS EUROPEA), WHICH REPORTED FROM KHOMEINI SHAHR FIRST TIME, AND CAUSING A WIDENING OF BOXWOOD BRANCHES, PROLIFERATION AND STUNTING AND EASILY TRANSMITTED BY INFECTED CUTTINGS.RESEARCH ABOUT TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE BY INSECTS, GRAFTING AND OTHER WAYS AND THE TYPE OF DISEASE IS CONTINUED. TO MANAGE AND PREVENT THE SPREAD AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE SEVERAL METHODS SUCH AS REMOVE INFECTED PLANTS, AND DELETE TWISTED LIMB BRANCHES, PRUNING TOOLS DISINFECTION, HEALTH CARE OBSERVATION SUCH AS PREVENT OF CUTTINGS FROM INFECTED PLANTS AND GRAFTING OF INFECTED PLANTS AND AVOID TRANSPORTATION INFECTED ORGANS FROM INFECTED AREAS TO SAFE PLACES, VECTOR CONTROL, REMOVING WEEDS AND FERTILIZE PLANTS, IS RECOMMENDED.

DROUGHT IS A NATURAL DISASTER CAUSED BY LACK OF HUMIDITY DUE TO THE DECREASE IN RAINFALL COMPARED TO NORMAL CONDITIONS OCCUR. SUCCESSFUL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER IN AGRICULTURE AND PROPER USE OF WATER RESOURCES IS SUBJECT TO RECOGNITION OF THIS NATURAL DISASTER. SINCE DROUGHT IS INEVITABLE, IT CAN BE DAMAGED BY DROUGHT IN DROUGHT MONITORING AND PREDICTION OF AT LEAST USED. HENCE THE IMPORTANCE OF DROUGHT FORECASTING IN THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES. THE SURVEY DATA OF ANNUAL PRECIPITATION DROUGHT ZABOL CITY OF ZABOL IN THE PERIOD (1976-2015) AND THE STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX (SPI), THE TWELVE-MONTH TIME SCALE IS USED. THEN THE MARKOV CHAIN MODEL TO CALCULATE THE PROBABILITY OF BALANCE OF WET, DRY AND NORMAL ANNUAL SPI WAS USED. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE PROBABILITY OF BALANCE OF WET, DRY AND NORMAL IN ZABOL STATION RESPECTIVELY 2.7, 35.14 AND 62.16 PERCENT, WHICH MEANS THAT IN MOST OF THE REGION'S NORMAL CLIMATE CONDITIONS, IN WHILE MORE THAN THIRTEEN TIMES THE RISK OF DROUGHT IS LIKELY WET.

THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF CHROMIUM AND VITAMIN C SUPPLEMENTATION ON BLOOD PARAMETERS IN JAPANESE QUAILS (COTURNIX COTURNIX JAPONICA) REARED UNDER HEAT STRESS CONDITION. TWO HUNDRED AND TWENTY FOUR (42 D OLD) JAPANESE QUAILS (160 FEMALE AND 64 MALE JAPANESE QUAILS) WERE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO FOUR TREATMENT DIETS. EACH TREATMENT GROUP WAS REPLICATED FOUR TIMES WITH 14 BIRDS PER REPLICATE. A COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN WAS USED WITH 2´2 FACTORIAL ARRANGEMENTS. AFTER A 2-WEEK PERIOD OF ADAPTATION, BIRDS WERE EXPOSED TO 36OC FOR 6 H DAILY. WATER AND THE DIETS WERE OFFERED AD LIBITUM THROUGHOUT THE EXPERIMENT. RESULTS OF THE PRESENT STUDY SHOW THAT SUPPLEMENTING THE DIET WITH CHROMIUM DECREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE (P<0.01) TRIGLYCERIDE, CHOLESTEROL, LDL AND VLDL (P<0.05) CONCENTRATIONS DURING HEAT STRESS. THE USE OF VITAMIN C REDUCED SERUM GLUCOSE CONCENTRATIONS AND HETEROPHIL/LYMPHOCYTE RATIO (H/L), IN HEAT STRESSED QUAILS (P< 0.05).

IN APRIL 2014, THE RACHIS NECROSIS AND BLIGHT SYMPTOMS WERE OBSERVED ON OLDER LEAVES OF DATE PALM (PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA L.) IN THE SOUTHERN OF KHUZESTAN PROVINCE. THE FIRST, SYMPTOMS APPEARED AS WATER SOAKED YELLOW AND REDDISH-BROWN DIAMOND SPOTS ON ONE SIDE OF THE SHEET AND AFTER THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPOTS CAUSED BY BLIGHT, PETIOLE STRONGLY WERE DYING PREMATURELY. LIGHT BROWN STRIPES START ON ONE SIDE OF THE MAIN VEIN OF THE LEAF PETIOLE FROM THE TIP OF THE LEAVES AND DEVELOPING, THEY WERE OBSERVED. AFTER 2-3 WEEKS SYMPTOMS ALSO APPEARED ON THE OTHER SIDE OF LEAVES. THE STROMA WITH NUMEROUS OSTIOLES AND BLACKEND, WITH CIRRHUS-LIKE MASSES OF DISCHARGED ASCOSPORES WERE OBSERVED ON THE SURFACE OF INFECTED LEAF PETIOLE. INTERNAL DISCOLORATION WAS OBSERVED IN THE PETIOLE CROSS-SECTIONS. TO IDENTIFY THE DISEASE, SAMPLES WERE TAKEN FROM PALMS BLIGHTED. AFTER TRANSFERRING INFECTED SAMPLES TO THE LABORATORY, THE FUNGI PESTALOTIOPSIS PALMARUM, NATTRASSIA MANGIFERAE AND SERENOMYCES PHOENICIS WERE ISOLATED AND IDENTIFICATED. THIS IS THE FIRST REPORT OF DATE PALM LEAF NECROSIS AND RACHIS BLIGHT DISEASE IN IRAN.

DROUGHT IS A NATURAL DISASTER BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF MOISTURE CAUSED BY THE DECREASE IN PRECIPITATION THAN NORMAL CONDITIONS OCCUR.SUCCESSFUL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER IN AGRICULTURE AND PROPER USE OF WATER RESOURCES IS SUBJECT TO RECOGNITION OF THIS DISASTER. SINCE DROUGHT IS INEVITABLE CAN BE FOUND THROUGH MONITORING AND FORECASTING DROUGHT DROUGHT DAMAGE WAS MINIMAL. HENCE THE IMPORTANCE OF DROUGHT FORECASTING IN THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES. IN REVIEWING DATA FROM ANNUAL RAINFALL DROUGHT, SARAVAN CITY OF SARAVAN SYNOPTIC STATIONS IN THE PERIOD (1355-1393) AND THE STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX (SPI), THE TWELVE-MONTH TIME SCALE IS USED. THEN THE MARKOV CHAIN MODEL TO CALCULATE THE BALANCE OF PROBABILITIES PERIODS OF WET, DRY AND NORMAL ANNUAL SPI WAS USED. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE PROBABILITY OF BALANCE OF WET, DRY AND NORMAL, RESPECTIVELY SARAVAN STATION 2.80, 20.24 AND 76.96 PERCENT, WHICH MEANS THAT IN MOST OF THE REGION'S NORMAL CLIMATE CONDITIONS, IN WHILE THE PROBABILITY OF A DROUGHT ALMOST SEVEN TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE WET.

THE EFFECT OF CHROMIUM AND VITAMIN C SUPPLEMENTATION ON OVARIAN CHARACTERISTICS IN JAPANESE QUAILS (COTURNIX COTURNIX JAPONICA) REARED UNDER HEAT STRESS CONDITION WAS EVALUATED. TWO HUNDRED AND TWENTY FOUR (42 D OLD) JAPANESE QUAILS (160 FEMALE AND 64 MALE) WERE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO FOUR TREATMENT DIETS. A COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN WAS USED WITH 2´2 FACTORIAL ARRANGEMENTS. AFTER A 2-WEEK PERIOD OF ADAPTATION, BIRDS WERE EXPOSED TO 36OC FOR 6 H DAILY. RESULTS OF THE PRESENT STUDY SHOW THAT SUPPLEMENTING THE DIET WITH CHROMIUM AND VITAMIN C IN HEAT STRESSED QUAILS INCREASED OVARIAN LARGEST WHITE FOLLICLE AND LARGE YELLOW FOLLICLES DIAMETER (P<0.01). IN CONCLUSION, SUPPLEMENTING THE DIET WITH 300 MG/KG OF VITAMIN C AND 1200 MG /KG DIET CR PROVIDES THE HIGH POSITIVE EFFECT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LAYING QUAILS AND MAY OFFER A POTENTIAL PROTECTIVE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE IN PREVENTING HEAT STRESS-RELATED DEPRESSION IN THE REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS OF JAPANESE QUAILS.

COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE IS AN EXPRESSION SHOWING THE POTENTIALITY OF A COUNTRY TO PRODUCE DIFFERENT PRODUCTS COMPARING WITH THE GLOBAL MARKET. HENCE IN THIS STUDY, BOTH PAM AND DRC ARE USED TO ESTIMATE THE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE. IN ORDER TO CONSIDER THE SUPPORTIVE POLICY OF THESE PRODUCTS, PAM IS ALSO APPLIED. THIS STUDY COVERS THE YEAR 2009 IN THE CITIES OF GOLESTAN. THE SUPPORTIVE CALCULATED INDEX ALSO SHOWS EPC HAS PROVED TO SUPPORT THESE PRODUCTS.

ENERGY FLOW IS THE CRUCIAL ISSUES OF AGRICULTURAL ECOLOGY AND IN THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF WORLD IS CALCULATED THE RATIO OF OUTPUT ENERGY AND INPUT ENERGY IN AGRICULTURAL VARIOUS ECOSYSTEMS, IN THE OTHER HAND THE METHOD OF ENERGY STUDY USED FOR ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT ISSUES IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE ACCORDINGLY THE ROLE OF ENERGY IN DEVELOPMENT AND EFFICIENCY OF AGRICULTURE IS VERY IMPORTANT ACCORDINGLY IN THIS RESEARCH, THE ENERGY REQUIRED AND PRODUCED IN AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEM OF DRYLAND AND WATER WHEAT WAS ESTIMATED IN 2014 IN MANEH SECTION OF NORTHERN KHORASAN PROVINCE. INPUTS ARE INCLUDED: FERTILIZER, SEED, PESTICIDE, FUEL, EQUIPMENT, MANPOWER AND OUTPUTS ARE GRAIN AND STRAW. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE ENERGY RATE OF CONSUMPTION INPUTS IN CULTIVATION OF DRYLAND AND WATER WHEAT ON AVERAGE WAS 12044502 AND 5833494 KILOCALORIES PER HECTARE AND THE AMOUNT OF PRODUCED ENERGY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF WHEAT SEED OF WATER AND DRYLAND WAS RESPECTIVELY: 16249740 AND 5438160 KILOCALORIES PER HECTARE SO THAT, ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR SEED PRODUCTION IN CULTIVATION OF WATER AND DRYLAND WHEAT WAS RESPECTIVELY: 1.34 AND 0.93. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT MOST OF INPUTS CONSUMED IN CULTIVATION OF WATER WHEAT AFTER IRRIGATION IS RELATED TO NITROGEN FERTILIZER THAT ALLOCATED 29.22% OF CONSUMPTION INPUTS BUT IN CULTIVATION OF DRYLAND WHEAT BY 30.17 % HAVE HAD THE MOST AMOUNTS OF INPUTS.

IN PRESENT STUDY. HISTOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN LIVER TISSUE OF GALLUS GALLUS DOMESTICUS WERE INVESTIGATED WITH TWO DIFFERENT FOOD DIETS. ONE GROUP FED AND GREW WITH NATURAL FOOD SUCH AS CHOPPED VEGETABLES AND FRUITS AND THE OTHER GROUP WITH ARTIFICIAL FOODS. SECTIONS OF LIVER WERE PROVIDED FROM ROUTINE HEMATOXILIN EOSIN METHOD, AND SLIDES STUDIED WITH LIGHT MICROSCOPE. RESULTS SHOWED THAT, IN BOTH SPECIMENS, HEPATOCYTES WERE LARGE WITH CLEAR NUCLEUS .IN SPECIMEN WITH NATURAL DIET INTERNAL ORGANELLE OF HEPATOCYTES WAS OBSERVABLE TOO BUT IN OTHER SPECIMEN INTERNAL ORGANELLE WASN’T CLEAR. KOPFER CELL WASN’T SEEN IN BOTH SPECIMENS.

IN THIS RESEARCH TO FIND THE LINK BETWEEN WATER POLLUTION AND DIET OF BIRDS, THREE DIFFERENT STATIONS AND COUNTING BIRDS IN THE WETLAND PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TESTS WERE CONDUCTED FROM OCTOBER UNTIL WINTER 93 FIRST .AYSTGAH DRAINS CANE AT THE ENTRANCE, THE SECOND STATION THE CORRECT DISTANCE FROM THE FIRST STATION APPARENTLY LACKS LOCAL AND REGIONAL POLLUTION AS A NATURAL AREA AND THE THIRD STATION IN THE RURAL SEWAGE OUTPUT (RAGBEH) WAS SELECTED. ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS OF COUNTING BIRDS DENSITY INDEX CALCULATED AND EVALUATED ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH DIET. WHILE THE WATER TEST RESULTS SHOWED THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF EC SUGAR CANE WASTE IS RELATED TO THE FIRST STATION'S ENTRANCE. THE RESEARCH SHOWS THAT THE HIGHEST DENSITY OF BIRDS WADING BIRD IN A NATURAL AREA STATION, NEXT TO THE WADING AND FISH EATERS, THE ISSUE OF WETLANDS STILL RETAINS ITS NATURAL FUNCTIONALITY. IN THE FIRST AND THIRD STATIONS, BOTH OF WHICH HAVE BEEN POLLUTED, OFTEN GULL BIRDS BELONGING TO THE SPECIES IS OMNIVOROUS AND IS CONSIDERED TO BE INDICATORS OF POLLUTION. SINCE THE FOOD CHAINS OF FISH AND FISH-EATING BIRDS HAVE BEEN MUTUAL RESPECT SO SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE CAN IMPACT AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE WATER FISH THAT IS TOXIC, IS VERY IMPORTANT.

IN THIS STUDY, WE TRY USING BIOINFORMATIC SCIENCE TO INVESTIGATE IMPORTANT MACROMOLECULES SUCH AS CYTOCHROME THAT INVOLVED IN DRUG METABOLISM IN HUMANS AND IN ANIMAL MODELS. BUT BEFORE THEN NEED TO DETERMINE THE DEGREE OF HOMOLOGY BETWEEN THE CODING REGIONS OF GENES IS RELATED TO THESE PROTEINS. IN THIS WAY, THE SEQUENCE OF MRNA MOLECULES CORRESPONDING TO EACH EXON OF THE GENE CODING REGIONS TO INVESTIGATE HOMOLOGY BETWEEN GENES AND PROTEINS WERE RELATED TO EACH. SO THE REFERENCE GENE SEQUENCES OF CYP2D6 AND CYP3A4 AND PROTEINS ASSOCIATED WITH THEM, WERE RETRIEVED FROM THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY INFORMATION DATABASE, FOR THE THREE SPECIES, INCLUDING HUMANS, CATTLE AND CHICKEN AND BLAST DONE. THE RESULTS OF BLAST SHOWED THAT CYP3A4 GENE TRANSCRIPT IN THE CHICKEN AND BOVINE WERE SIMILAR WITH CYP3A29 GENE TRANSCRIPT IN 73% AND 85% HIGHER RESPECTIVELY AND CYP2D6 GENE TRANSCRIPT IN COW WAS SIMILAR WITH THREE DIFFERENT COPIES OF THE SAME GENE IN HUMANS, RESPECTIVELY, 83%, 83% AND 84% AND CYP2D14 GENE TRANSCRIPT IN CAMEL, 86%. THE TRANSCRIPTS AND EXONS OF CYP3A4 AND CYP2D6 GENES IN THREE ORGANISMS WERE RETRIEVED FROM NCBI DATABASE. THEN ALIGNMENT AND ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED BY CLC GENOMIC WORKBENCH PROGRAM TO COMPARE THE RATE OF HOMOLOGY. IN GENERAL THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SHOWED THAT THREE OF THESE GENES HAVE BEEN LINKED DEVELOPMENTALLY. ALSO SIMILARITY AND CONSERVATION OF BASES IN THE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES AND AMINO ACID IN THE SEQUENCES PROTEIN, IS THE LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE IN FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENTS.