Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research
Year:2007 | Volume:5 | Issue:3 (SERIAL NUMBER 19)|Papers Count:25

Background: Cephalometry discusses different measures of the head and face and having this information is very important in foreseeing the scale of growth of the skull. By having the dimensions of the skull we are able to calculate the weight, volume and index of the brain. Acknowledging the above mentioned information can be helpful for the evaluation of health of sickness in infants, youth and in the elderly.Materials and Methods: This research was done under the cross-sectional method. 560 Samples of boys between the ages of 18-20 in the city of Tehran were studied. All were sane and none of them contained any effective disease. The weight was measured with the minimum amount of clothes and by German scale called Sohnel with 0.5 kg accuracy, the length and width of the face was measured by the Martinsaler scaled cephalometre weight was measured with 0/5 Kg accuracy and height by stadiometer with 1 mm accuracy. Then the weight, volume and index of the brain were measured.Results: The mean of the length of the head in boys between the ages of 18-22 year aids were as follows: 188.7+7.7 & 188.6+8.7 millimeter, Width: 152.7+6.5 & 156+6.9 millimeter, Height: 69.7+11.5 & 70.8+10.5, Auricular Height: 132.1+7.1 & 133.4+8.1 millimeters, Brain Volume: 1411.4+76.8 & 1438.5+11, Brain Weight: 1460.8+82.6 & 1488.8+114.9, Brain Index: 2.1+0.3 & 2.1+0.3.Conclusion: The length of the head in between the ages of 18-22 has not changed but the weight, auricular height, volume and weight of the brain have ascended. However the brain index has been the same in all ages (except for 19 year aids).

Background: Mental disorders represent an important source of morbidity among U.S. military personnel and are a commen reason for early separation from the military, and the The purpose of this study is evaluation of prevalence of psychiatry disorders (axis I) in soldier of separation from military a service.Materials and Methods: In a descriptive-cross sectional study 102 awoles and 105 soldiers referred to the clinic of 506 Army hospital, evaluated by clinical interviews on the basis of DSM-4-TR criteria. The results were then analyzed by statistical soft ware of SPSS.Results: In this study, the frequencies of psychiatry disorders in awols respectively major depression disorder 27.27%, cyclotymia 25.97%, dysthymia 25.97%, bipolar mood disorder (1) 7.79%, bipolar mood disorder (2) 6.49%, adjustment disorder 6.49% and in the soldiers referred to clinic are respectively 47.5%, 12.5%, 13.75%, 15%, 6.49% and 7.5%.Conclusion: The frequencies of major depression disorder and adjustment disorder in soldiers of referred to clinic of hospital were more than awols, but cyclotymia, dysthymia, bipolar mood disorders were more common than soldiers which referred to clinic of hospital.

Background: Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative process that in addition to other problems leads to autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Heart Rate Variability is a normal phenomena that appears during deep breathing and valsalva maneuver, but in some diseases such as Parkinson's Disease, may diminishes. Levodopa is a principal agent in treating Parkinson's Disease, so, it is probable that it would cause or worsen autonomic nervous system dysfunction in some patients.Materials and Methods: In this study, effect of levodopa treatment upon occurrence and severity of dysfunction in cardiovascular system was investigated, by the aim of putting a comparision on incidence of dysfunction, with and without levodopa treatment. With companionship of neurologists in 501 Army Hospital and other hospitals in Tehran, Patients with Parkinson's disease who were between 41-70 years of ago, who had our entrance factors, were evaluated with standard autonomic electrophysiologic tests. Patients with dementia and who received other agents with effects on autonomic nervous system, were excluded. Cases of study were patients who had received the last dosage (100.10 mg lovodopa) exactly 2 hours, before test performances, and controls were who had received the last dosage exactly 8 hours prior to tests.Results: Mean and standard deviation of age of case and control groups were compared. In the former it was as 55.2±8.7 and in the latter as 55.3±7.2, which have no significant statistical difference. Mean and standard deviation of E: I ratio in case and control groups were in order, as 1.18±0.11 and 1.25±0.1 and of valsalva ratio as 1.33±0.15 and 1.44±0.9 and none of them with statistical differences. Severity of electrophysilogic dysfunction in both groups was compared and no differences were seen. Conclusions: For further evaluation for effect of levodopa treatment on autonomic cardiovascular function, more studies and with extensive sampling and cohort study are advised. According to complications of parkinson's disease and vast economic and anthorpoetic costs to societies, it is essential to make effective plans for control of these complications and usage of appropriate drugs.

Background: frequent bending, heavy labor, towing, frequent bending, previous history of low back pain age, parity and obesity are the risk factors for back pain during pregnancy. The most common region is sacroiliac joint. aim of this study is investigate of prevalence of low back pain in pregnant women referring to the department of gynecology and obstetrics of baqiyatallah hospital.Materials and methods: the study is cross-sectional after filling out of questionnaire and collecting the results and analysis. The prevalence of low back pain and other factors was studied 230 cases.Results: According to the results, prevalence of low back pain in pregnant women was 63.5% and the most common region was sacroiliac with prevalence of 97.9% (P<0.05). there was not statistically significant relationship between low back pain and the others factor including age, Body mass index, heavy labor, age pregnant, exercise, job and...(p>0/05).Conclusion: by regarding to the high prevalence of low back pain in Iranian women, pregnant woman we suggest that pregnancy high weight and in old age with bad habits of sitting, daily works and stand in works would increase the pain and woman have to prevent of this factors. Exercise suggested by a specialist would decrease the back pain.

Background: Over one billion Muslims fast worldwide during the month of Ramadan. Many of Moslem's women continue to using oral contraceptive pill (OCP) to prevent menstrual bleeding because of Ramadan and it's fasting. The object of this study was to investigate whether continues using OCP has any effect on cerebrovascular accident in women fasting in Ramadan.Materials and Methods: This observational case-control study was based on quota sampling of 41 patients with CVA and 123 control patients who refer to Baghyatallah Hospital because of other disease. Both of them using OCP. Results: 73.2% of patients have hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident. All of patient belong to less than 30 years old use OCP and 58.9% of patients belong to 35-45 years age group use OCP and 50% of patient of over 45 years old group use OCP too. Age mean of patient was more than control group (p=0.015). In patient group there is more percent of OCP user that continue pill to prevent menstrual bleeding. (p=0.000, OR=45.2).Conclusion: Continuous using of OCP for prevention of menstrual bleeding makes increase in risk of CVA.

Background: In the last decades one of the effective adverse agents on workers health has been workplaces noise. This adverse agent exsit in Small Scale Industries and threatened workers health in this areas because of increasing small scale industries and workers in our country, this study performed with subject "Determining the effect of noise on workers hearing in small scale industries".Materials and Methods: In these study 109 workers, between Small Scale Industries workers selected for case group and the same for control group. First workers information was gathered with questionnaire and clinical periodic examinations, and then audiometeric test implemented. Noise indices measurement performed in the workers with sound level meter (CEL-440.480) with ISO 9612:1997 (E) Standards. Also octave - band frequency analyses carry out for case group workers in the workstations.Results: Results indicated that, mean and standard deviation of Equivalent sound pressure level (LAeqT) for case workers was 94.2±6.72 dBA and for control workers 84.87±3.97 dBA. In the case group the mean hearing threshold at 4K hz (31.07dB) was less than mean hearing threshold at 8K hz (35.59 dB). Multiple regression analyses indicated that exposure to noise was the primary, age and precedent the secondary predictor of hearing loss.Conclusion: In this study, pierson correlation coefficient between age & hearing loss and also between work duration & hearing loss was taken. In these conditions, we can expect progression of hearing loss with increase in work duration for occupied workers.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a common condition and a broad spectrum of cutaneous disorders may be encountered in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. To obtain the prevalence and the main clinical characteristics of skin disorders in the Iranian diabetic patients.Materials and Methods: For a period of 6 months, all of the diabetic patients attending the outpatient diabetes and dermatology clinics of the University of Hamedan in the city of Hamedan in western Iran underwent a complete dermatologic examination. Only patients with type 1 insulin dependent (100M) and type 2 non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM) were included the study. We also studied the relation of the cutaneous manifestations with glycemic control, Body Mass Index (BMI) and diabetic complications.Results: Diabetic skin manifestations were detected in 110 of 155 (71%) diabetic patients. The most frequent skin lesions in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients was cutaneous infections (71.8%). No significant differences were observed between two types of diabetes regarding age, duration of disease and diabetic complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and large vessel diseases) (p-value>0.05).Conclusion: In the outpatient diabetic population in the city of Hamedan in western Iran there is a high prevalence of skin lesions mainly represented by cutaneous infections.

Background: Cobalt 60 is used in sterilization and there are many other variable uses of cobalt sulfate in the synthesis of alloys in air-space army dependant manufactures and also regard of its domestic uses and importance of cobalt soils after bombardment we decided to investigate this metal. And because of WBC involvement in much important system 'disorders we decided to investigate effect of cobalt sulfate on WBC amount.Materials & Methods: In this experimental study: 47 four weeks old wistar rats with body weight 224 (male) and 1493 (female) were purchased from Pasteur Institute. One month was considered for their adaptation with animal laboratory with 20-26 centtigrade and 12hour dark and 12 hours light cycle. The animals were divided in every sex into 5 groups.4 Doses 1.0, 3.5, 8.0, 11.5miligramper kilogram body weight were prepared and were administered intraperitoneally for 1, 2, 3 and 4 groups. The fifth group receive distilled water with the same injection rhytme (2 milliliters, three times in the week). After 9 weeks they were anesthetized and blood from heart and bone marrow from the femur were sampled. The livers of the rats were dissected free and prepared for light microscopy. Their blood parameters were measured and the smears of bone marrow and blood were stained with Wright and Giemsa stain. Livers were stained by Hematoxicilin & Eosin and Van Giesson stain.The slides were studied and the results were analysed with Minitab software and Mann Withney test. Results: Eosinophil, basophil did not have any significant change in the groups. Liver pathologic figures like fibrosis and leukocyte infiltration has been seen in the fourth male group (P=0.02).Conclusion: The precise analytical changes of WBC in this exposure needs to study more in high quantity The results presents the possibility of WBC increase.

Background: The gestational diabetes is a disorder at tolerate of carbohydrates that for the first time has diagnosed in the gestational period. The risk factors that increased conflict mother to gestational diabetes include: age more than 30 years, history of diabetes disease in family hypertension, gravid more than 5, history of abortion or premature birth. The goal of this study is evaluation of knowledge, attitude and function of gestated mother's about gestational diabetes.Material and method: In this study 200 pregnant women who referred to army khanvadeh hospital from 2005 to 2006 have evaluated. Results: %62 of women had moderate knowledge and %77 had positive attitude and%69 had moderate function. Women who used from informative source include book-journal-news paper had better knowledge, attitude and function. Women with gestational age less than 12weeks, gravid less tban4and without abortion had better knowledge, attitude and function than others. Knowledge, attitude and function in persons more then 35 years were greater.Conclusion: Preparing proper educational project about pregnancy with special note on gestational diabetes for increasing knowledge, attitude and function of gestated mother's, causes decreased high risk pregnancies and promotes the level of healthy mother and birth the safe neonate.

Background: Mustard gas (sulphur mustard), the most widely used chemical agent in the Iran-Iraq war, affects many organs including the skin, respiratory tracts. This study was performed to evaluate respiratory complication on victims.Materials and Methods: In a historical cohort study, Two hundred and four victims were referred from the Mostazafan and Janbazan Foundation of kermanshah with confirmed mustard gas poisoning 14-17 years after the exposure were studied. Patient compared with control group.Results: Nearly all the victims complained of cough, dyspnea, and suffocation. Mortality was 7.5% (respiratory failure) and 25% (renal failure) in victim group and was %14.2 (Malignancy), %14.2 (heart failure), %28.5 (accident), %42.8 (aging) in control group. Median age of death in this group was 65.5 years and in another group were 70.Conclusion: From this study we are able to provide a suitable practical plan for workup and management of patients in this setting.

Background: The primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) are abnormalities in development and maturation of the immune system and PI patients may experience frequent infections. They may have a significant limitation in their physical and psychological well-being secondary to their illness. The purpose of this study was to describe the survival time of Iranian patients with PID over a period of 25 years.Materials and Methods: Four hundreds and forty six patients with definite diagnosis of PID (based on standard criteria and laboratory tests), attending Allergy and Immunology clinic in Children Medical Center Hospital, ranging in age from 8-18 Years old, were studied and followed. A questionnaire was filled for recording all necessary information.Results: The mean age of all patients (63.2% male and 36.8% female) was 8.66±13.01 years and overall survival time was 47.81±1.42 years. 20% of patients were died before 25 years old but about 80% of PID patients could live at least 60 years. The mean survival time in common variable immune deficiency was 42.76±3.23 year, in Bruton disease was 28.42±1.99 year, in Hyper IgM disease was 18.04±3.65year, in Chronic Granolomatose Disease was 51.77±1.93 year, in IgA deficiency disorder was 27.1±1.3 year and in SeverCombinedimmunedeficiencywas4.49±0.71 year.Conclusion: Diagnostic delay can result in high mortality and more complications in untreated patients and failure to provide therapy can be a cause of low survival rate in PID patients. Therefore early diagnosis, good control and appropriate treatment will improve the survival rate.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common infectious complication following renal transplantation. The purposes of this study were to determine the causative agents of UTIs and the survival rate among renal transplant recipients.Material and method: We evaluated 214 recipients who underwent transplantation in terms of their urine culture at first month and kidney function at the first year after kidney transplantation during the period 1995 to 2005 at shohada hospital. All patients received prophylaxis with co-trimaxazole. Medical records of the patients were reviewed retrospectively.Result: from all patients' urine cultures, urinary tract infections were confirmed among 96(44.9%) of them. Bacterial infections were the most frequent etiologies: gram-negative bacilli in 67 (69.7%), gram-positive cocci in 23 (24%), and six fungal (6.3%) infections. In fact, the causative microorganisms were E.coli as the principal isolated agent in 42 cases (43.8%). The survival rate of the graft at the end of the study period was 92.2%, and the survival rate of the transplant recipient's was 94.8%.Conclusion: The incidence of UTI in transplant patients who received antibiotic prophylaxis was high. E.coli was the main agent isolated. UTI, the most frequent post transplantation infection, showed a good prognosis.

Background: Since anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction become more frequently carried out, expectation of less morbidity and earlier return to activities become higher; for this reason graft selection become more important. The purpose of this randomized clinical study is to compare the outcomes of ACL arthroscopic reconstruction when using either patellar tendon (PT) or tendons of medial hamstring muscle (HS).Materials and Methods: We evaluate the clinical results of 187 patients who underwent these techniques, as assessed by history, instability tests, KT 1000 knee arthrometer, Lysholm and IKDC score, and MRI and compare them. Majority of patients were followed and evaluated 6 months (92%) and 3 years (84%) after arthroscopic reconstruction.Results: There were no differences between the study groups preoperatively. Our comparison has shown significant kneeling pain and anterior knee pain in the PT with respect to HS technique. Although, extension deficits were significantly greater in the PT group, Flexion deficits were not significantly different between the groups. Clinical results according to the Lysholm scale and IKDC score between these techniques were the same, except Lysholm score was worse in PT group than HS group at 3 year follow up. About radiologic evaluation, the tibial tunnel enlargement was significantly higher in HS technique in comparison with PT technique.Conclusion: The use of both grafts had a good and equal outcome and the only difference is their long-term complications. Anterior knee pain, kneeling pain, and more extension deficit could be good reasons for a surgeon to prefer tendons of medial hamstring muscle as graft for performing ACL reconstruction.

Background: Hypoglycemia is the most common complication of type-I diabetes. In diabetic patients, the common cause of hypoglycemia is absolute or relative increase in plasma insulin level. Sometimes overnight fasting or emission of one meal decrease blood glucose. But fasting-induced hypoglycemia in type-I diabetes without insulin consumption has been not reported yet. The aim of this study is the effects of fasting on blood glucose in type-I diabetic rats.Materials and methods: 16 male wistar rats with average weight 250±25 grams were used in this study. The rats were divided into control and diabetic groups. Rats were diabetized by IP injection of streptozocine (60 mg/kg). All rats were fasted for 24 hours. During fasting, the blood glucose was measured for interval of 3 hours.Results: In diabetic groups, blood glucose decreased from 546mg/kg at the bigining to 24mg/kg at the end of experiment and blood glucose in control groups, declined from 92mg/kg to 52mg/kg after 24 hours.However the most slope reduction of FBS in both groups was obtained six hours after fasting.Conclusion: It seems the prolonged fasting in type-I diabetic rats produces sever hypoglycemia (after 6-9 hours) even without insulin consumption. Hence diabetic patients can not undergo prolonged fasting more than 6 hours and achieve hypoglycemia.

Background: According to sever pain of laminectomy operation, this double blind clinical trial study was done for accompany postoperative analgrsia with preoperative IV dexamethasone and postoperative epidural dexamethasone in patients.Materials and methods: Two 45 patients groups that candidated for elective laminectomy under general anesthesia, according to double blind clinical trial study were randomly divided into two groups, one group received preoperative IV dexamethasone and second group received postoperative epidural dexamethasone and then data were gathered, analyzed with Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U and T-Student tests by spss software.Results: Two groups were similar with demographic parameres as age, weigh and sex (p>0.05). In the postoperative epidural dexamethasone severity of postoperative pain was lower (p<0.05). The time of free pain period in the postoperative epidural dexamethasone group was longer (p<0.05).Conclusion: Usage of postoperative epidural dexamethasone in laminectomy operation can decrease of severity of pain and cause longer free pain period in patients.

Background: A total of 76 rats including 4 black rat (Rattus rattus) & 72 brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) were captured from Kouzestan Province, Southern Iran.Materials and Methods: In the study area Dung beetles were prevalent and residents were complaining about. These arthropods act as intermediate hosts for Gongylonema species, and may cause infectivity in animaly, such as mose, rabbit, cat, cattle, and even accidentally humans.Results: In this study, the eosophagus and stomatch of rats were examined microscopically and three species of Gongylonema including G.pulchrum, G.neoplasticum, and G.monigy were found and their morphological charactery were described.Conclusions: The occurrence of these nematodes in rats is health treatening for human and domestic animals.

Recent advances in regenerative medicine and stem cell therapy has opened new horizons with promising results in treating diseases so far known as incurable. Therapy with stem cells has been considered in treating various disorders encompassing hematologic, cardiovascular, neurologic, dermatologic and orthopedic entities as well as diabetes. Stem cells transplantation has been lately evaluated in treating hearing impairments in experimental studies and it is expected to open its way in treating patients with sensori-neural hearing loss in future. The present study is a review of literature published in medical databases current as of July 2007. Authors in this article has highlighted important characteristics of this novel approach including basics of stem cell biology and its potential application in treating auditory disorders. Despite primary hopeful results from stem cells transplantation in treating hearing impairments in experimental research, there are many questions which should be answered before their being introduced in clinical trials. Finding a proper source for cellular isolation, method of differentiation, way of delivery to the target organ and the right dosing as well as the ethical issues and potential hazards confronted are such challenges which should be first overcome.

The investigation of past operational and disposal practices at military facilities and formerly used defense sites has dramatically increased in the past several years. The manufacture; load, assembly and pack; demilitarization; washout operations; and open burn/open detonation of ordnance and explosives has resulted in contamination of soils with munitions residues. The primary constituents are nitro aromatic and nitramine organic compounds and heavy metals. A number of sites have soil contamination remaining where waste disposal practices were discontinued 20 to 50 years ago.In conjunction with site investigations, biological treatment studies have been undertaken to evaluate the potential for full scale remediation of organic contaminants. Because the cleanup of areas contaminated by explosives is now mandated because of public health concerns, considerable effort has been invested in finding economical remediation technologies. Bioremediation is now available as an alternative cleanup remedy for explosives-contaminated soils. Bioremediation boosts the activity of naturally occurring microorganisms to degrade hazardous substances in soil or sediment into nontoxic materials. This paper reviews some of the best performed studies in the recent years and tries to introduce bioremediation as a proper alternative for the more conventional methods.

Background: Among the most common complaints in elderly age group is constipation. Appropriate dietary regimes and administration of dietary fibers are effective in alleviating this symptom. When the mentioned problem continues, it is the time that some of patients use unusual methods for treating constipation! Till now, several reports have mentioned using different types of foreign bodies in return for relieving constipation. We have reported five patients with severe constipation, after self-enema with high pressure water in home, leading to colorectal perforations.Materials and Methods: Five patients with peritonitis due to perforation of colon due to improper self enema, characteristics & outcome of them after operation have been reported through a descriptive study.Results: The average age was 69.6 year, four of them were male and one was female. All of them had used self-enema because of constipation. One of patients had permanent colostomy because of severe anal sphincter injury & did self-enema through colostomy site. Clinical presentations of patients were sudden onset severe abdominal pain, peritonitis. Two of them died during 24 hours after operation (mean age: 76.5). Average time needed since onset of symptoms till operation for dead and alive patient was 12.6, 4.6 hours respectively. Average age of patients that were alive was 65 years. In dead patients operation finding was rectal perforation in upper third segment & in *alive* patient was sigmoid colon perforation. The cause of death of two patients was severe sepsis & myocardial infarction. The average hospital stay of other three patients was 11.6 day four of five patients had chronic diseases such as OM, HTN and CRF. Early post up complication in one patient was facial dehiscence and in another was wound infection. One of patients after two years, with clinical diagnosis of colonic obstruction due to cancer of colon was operated.Conclusion: We recommend emergency laparotomy with least time consuming for pre-operation work up. With regards to advanced age, high incidence of constipation in this age group appropriate & correct ways should be educated to families & discourage them from self-enema with high pressure water! Other clinical trails with more cases are needed to determine relationships between concomitant intra luminal pathology & colorectal perforation following self-enema.