SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH IRANIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL
Year:2009 | Volume:4 | Issue:4 (21)|Papers Count:18

105 Escherichia coli were isolated from 21 broiler flocks carcases with colisepticemia signs in Rasht region. Serotyping indicated that 19 E. coli were O2 and 86 isolates were not detected by none of available antiserums. The resistance percentages of all the isolates to II antibiotics were determined as follows: Oxytetracycline 92.38; Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim 83.81; Flumequine 73.33; Ampicillin 56.86; Erythromycin 54.29; Enrofloxacin 40; Tiamulin 23.81; Neomycin Sulfate 20; Lincospectin 17.31; Colistin 7.62 and Fluorfenico13.81. There were 70 resistance patterns among the isolates, 45.7% isolates belonged to more than one pattern and 54.3% isolates each belonged to one pattern only. Sixteen resistance patterns were observed for 19 serotypes of O2. Results showed that Fluorfenicol was the best antibiotics for the treatment of col ibacillosis cases in broiler flocks of Rasht region.

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) is described as one of the bacterial agents which cause respiratory disease, growth retardation, mortality and decrease of egg production in fowl. The aims of the present study were to isolate, determine the seroprevalence, drug susceptibility in broiler breeder of Guilan province.In this study, 460 serum samples and 220 tracheal swabs (22 samples), 90 ovaries and oviducts swabs, (15 samples), 90 misshapen egg shells swabs (15 samples) were collected from 22 broiler breeder flocks of 5 companies. Serological survey results showed that all of the 22 flocks (100%) were positive for ORT infection by ELISA. Out of the 460 serum samples, in each individual flock only 289 (62/83%) of the birds were positive for Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS software and k2 test. There was significant correlation between flock different ages and ORT titers (p<0.05), but statistically correlation of flock ages and ORT isolates, isolates and ORT titers were not significantly different (p>0.05). The bacteria were isolated from tracheal swabs of 5 flocks (22/73% of 22 samples or 2/73% of 220 tracheal swabs) in blood agar culture which contains 5% sheep erythrocytes and Gentamycin at 5-7/5% CO2 atmosphere incubation, All the isolates were determined serotype A by RAT. Drug sensitivity test using standard disk diffusion technique was performed with 27 antibiotics. All the isolates were susceptible (100%) to Ceftriaxon, Ceftizoxim, Ceftiofur, Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, Difloxacin, Flumequine, Tylosin, Tiamulin, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Nitrofurantoin, Furaltadon and 100% of isolates were resistant to Cephalexin, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Neomycin, Penicillin, Ampicillin, Colistin, Sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim. 80% of the isolales were susceptible to Doxycyclin, and 40% to furazolidon, 80% of the isolates were resistant to Lincomycin and 60% were moderately sensitive to Lincospectin. This study is the first report of prevalence rate of ORT, bacterial isolation, drug susceptibility of bacteria in Guilan province.

The rapid detection of equine influenza is necessary for the control of the disease. In recent years, attempts to' isolate equine influenza virus (EIV) has met with limited success in horses. In addition, up to five passages may be required to isolate viruses from vaccinated horses. In order to utilize a reliable, fast and sensitive test for detection of influenza virus as an alternative technique to virus isolation, a new nested PCR (nPCR) method was optimized. This nPCR can detect influenza viral RNA in specimens regardless to types and subtypes. At first, EIV A/subtype-1 was tested and a 244 bp PCR product from conserved region of Matrix gene of the virus was amplified using primer set which was reported previously. In the next step, a new set of internal primers was designed for increasing the sensitivity of the test and a 150 bp DNA fragment was obtained in nPCR. The specificity of the results was confirmed by direct sequencing of PCR products. The sensitivity of the tests for detection of the virus was found to be 10.55 ng and 5.275 ng of the virus RNA in the sample for RT-PCR and nPCR, respectively. This rapid molecular diagnostic method, which is very sensitive, can detect influenza virus in a short time. Therefore, it would be valuable for early detection of suspected EIV outbreaks. An additional advantage of the used PCR-based methods is its value in the identification of influenza A virus from different species.

Ornihtobacterium rhinotracheale has been repeatedly found to be the cases of some countries. In Iran, several studies showed that the bacteria have been isolated only from broiler chickens with respiratory signs, but not from healthy birds. In this study, the presence of ORT in healthy avian population in Ahvaz region was investigated. A total of 483 tracheal swab samples were randomly obtained from chickens sent to slaughter house (254 samples), chickens in two poultry farms (200) and those referred to poultry clinic (29). Swabs were streaked on to 5% sheep blood agar with and without gentamycin (5.2 mic.g./ml). The agar plates were incubated microaerobically (candle jar) at 37°C for 48 hrs. Small gray colonies that were oxidase positive, catalase negative and gram negative polymorphic rod were suspected to be ORT. The isolates were identified based on conventional biochemical reactions. ORT isolates were confirmed by slide serogalutination test with specific antisera. Twenty two (8.66%) isolates were obtained from 254 samples taken from slaughter house, 2 (1.73%) isolates belonged to 200 cases of poultry flocks and from 29 samples of clinical cases, 4 (13.7%) of isolates came out to be ORTAll isolates subjected to antibacterial susceptibility test by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. All of the isolates were resistant to gentamycin and trimethoprime sulfamethaxazol, but susceptible to ampicillin and chloramphenicol. All isolates showed relative susceptibility to erythromycin (3.57%) and penicillin (89.28%). It is concluded that almost 8% of broiler chickens of the flocks of this region carry the ORT in their respiratory tract.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of short-time cold exposure at early age on the incidence of ascites syndrome and its parameters in broiler chickens hatched at low altitude. Three hundred day-old (Ross 308) broiler chicks hatched at low altitude were transferred to a high altitude farm. Two hundred and fifty chicks were selected based on body weight and divided in two experimental groups (cold and control). At 3 and 4 d, the cold-group chickens were exposed to 15°C for 3 h, while the control birds reread under normal condition. During the period of 14 to 28 days, for ascites induction, both group chickens were again exposed to low environmental temperature. For hormone analysis, blood samples were taken 3 and 4 d (before and after cold exposure), and followed at 7, 14, 28 and 42 d. Daily mortal ity was examined for lesions of ascites. Ascites mortality was markedly higher in control, compared with the early cold exposed chickens. Mean plasma corticosterone and T3 levels were significantly higher in cold group chickens after their exposure to low temperature at early age. But the result was significantly reversed at day 28 of age. Evaluation of growth parameters showed that body weight of cold group chickens was significantly higher than control chickens at 42 d, however the differences between two groups in feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not significant throughout the experiment. The results of present study indicated that cold exposure at an early age can induce an improvement in thermo tolerance or cold-stress resistance during the period of cold stress at later age in broiler chickens. This can be related to the change in endogenous functions of chickens such as plasma corticosterone and thyroid hormones levels, leading to decrease of ascites syndrome incidence.

Lameness is the third significant factor of economic losses and culling in dairy farms following infertility and mastitis. Approximately 90% of lamenesses are due to claw lesions.Current study was carried out on the limbs 9f slaughtered cows in Najafabad slaughter-house to evaluate the presence and frequency of the hoof injuries in sole, interdigital space and wall of the hooves. The limbs of 73 cows have collected and sent to veterinary college of Shahrekord University during summer and spring 2006. Primary hoof trimming was done and injuries were recorded and photographed. In order to investigate the extent of the penetrated lesions, damaged hooves were boiled to separate corneal hoof from underlying structures. Lesions were studied in light (less than 300 kg live body weight as group 1), medium (300-450 kg body weight as group 2) and heavy (more than 450 kg live body weight as group 3) cows according to different ages of the animals.The most common lesions in this study were double sole (64%), subclinical laminitis (61%), white line disease (21%) and heel erosion (21%). 61% of lesions were recorded in hind limb and 39% in fore limb. Prevalence of lesions in group 3 (89.8%) was significantly more than groups 2 and 1. A significant difference was observed in prevalence of lesions by increasing age. 97.8% of hoof lesions were recorded in sole. All penetrated lesions were related to white line disease and 33% of these lesions penetrated in to the soft tissue of the hooves.

This study was conducted to determine causative agent of cutaneous mycosis of pet birds. One thousand and two hundred thirty-eight pet birds referred to avian diseases clinic of Veterinary hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and from pet birds shops were examined. They were collected from feathers and skin scrapings from birds with suspected cutaneous mycosis lesions. The samples were placed in sterile containers, cultured on to Sabouraud's dextrose agar with or without chloramphenicol (50 mg/liter) plus cycloheximide (500 mg/liter) and incubated at 25°c and 37°c. The cultures were examined daily for 5 days and kept for maximum 4 weeks. The grown colonies were examined by scoth tape method under light microscope. The results of the present study showed that fungi were isolated from 5 out of 23 birds with suspected cutaneous mycosis lesions. The fungal isolates were 2 Candida albieans from psittacine, 3 Aspergillus fumigatus from 2 nightingales, and one canary. The dermathphyte mycosis was not isolated from any birds. The frequency of mycosis contamination between pet birds was 0.4 percent.

Avian influenza virus subtype (H9N2) which has been pathotyped as non-highly pathogenic not only caused great economic losses in broiler farms in Middle East countries, but also it has some public health significance as well.The purposes of this experiment were to determine the effect of intranasal inoculation of Iranian AIV (H9N2) isolate on pathogenesis in broiler chickens to demonstrate the type, severity and frequency of histologic changes produced in broiler chickens following intranasal inoculation of the isolate and to show H9N2 AI viral antigen distribution in different tissues of chickens. Thirty six I-day-old broiler chickens (Ross, UK) were randomly divided in two equal groups (treatment and control) and were bled at certain time points for detection of specific antibodies against H9N2 subtype of AIV. At 20 days of age the treatment group was inoculated intranasally with 106 EID50 per bird of A/Chicken/Iran/SH-110/99(H9N2) avian influenza virus. Three birds from each group (treatment and control) were randomly selected on days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 postinoculation (PI). Then they were humanly sacrificed and were subjected throughout necropsy. Gross lesions were recorded and tissue samples from different organs (trachea, lung, liver, pancreas, spleen, thymus, duodenum, kidney, brain and bursa of fabricius) were collected for histopathology and immunofluorescence studies. The results indicated that the A/Chicken/Iran/SH-110/99(H9N2) avian influenza virus is epitheliotropic in chickens. In intranasal inoculation, tracheitis, pneumonia and tubulointerstitial nephritis were the most frequent histologic lesions. The AIV antigen was detected in the trachea, lung (pneumotropic) and kidney (nephrotropic) of inoculated chickens using indirect immunofluorescence technique.

Caspian miniature horse is an ancient rare breed assumed to be extinct more than 1000 years ago. This study was performed on 10 healthy 7-year-old horses with available family trees and no clinical sign of lameness on and prior to presentation. The shaved area was divided to 9 levels (1a-1b-2a-2b-3a-3b-4a-4b-5a). The ultrasonography of the right and the left metatarsal region was performed. All the structures started to appear with an acceptable contrast and visibility at the 2a level. SOFT and OOFT were well observed from the level 2a, however no definite borders were recognizable as ICL (except one case). No significant difference was observed between the sizes of tendons and ligaments in the right and left hind limbs in the present study and the area of transverse sections of DDFT were more than SOFT in all levels and the area of SL was more than SOFT in the observable surfaces. No significant difference was observed between the sizes of tendons and ligaments in the right and left hind limbs in the present study (P<0.05).

Forty meat samples of fishes caught from Choghakhor lagoon were collected and used for determination of lead and cadmium with the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after wet digestion. The mean concentrations of lead and cadmium in samples were 100.48 and 60.92 mg /kg, respectively. The mean concentrations of cadmium in samples examined exceeded the acceptable threshold established in the European Commission (EC). Lead and cadmium concentration in 10% and 57.5% of samples exceeded the tolerance limits established in EC respectively. The results showed that there was significant difference between cadmium levels in meat with fish species (P<0.05). The high concentration of cadmium and lead in fish meat is probably due to misusing phosphate fertilizers in agriculture affairs and entry of agricultural swage into the lagoon.

For evaluation and comparison of copper and zinc 'status with accepted standards, the coracentrations were determined in three fish species, namely Mullet (Mugil auratus), Sefid (Rutilus Frisii kutum) and Common carp (Cyprinus Carpio), from four fishing sites (Chaloos, Anzali, Roodsar and Fereidon Kenar) of Caspian sea. The Concentration of metals was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The mean concentration values of copper in muscles of Mullet, Sefid and Common carp were: 3.14±1.17, 3.69±2.24 and 3.39±1.24 mgkg-1 dry weight respectively. The mean concentration values of zinc in the same species were: 43.46±14.01, 37.99±15.06 and 73.81±21.14 mgkg-1 dry weight. Concentration of zinc was significantly affected by the fishing sites and fish species. The highest concentration of zinc was in Common carp which was recorded from Anzali fishing site (P<0.05). Trace elements in muscles of the investigated fish were in the permissible safety levels for human consumption.

Although there are many reports about the effects of morphine on female genital system, there are not enough studies on the effects of morphine on the ovarian cortex of mouse. Therefore, to the importance of ovaries it is necessary to do research on the histology and histometry of the effect of these substances in the cortex of ovary. In this study, 32 mice (Balb/c) at the age of 6 weeks were selected and divided into two experimental groups (A and B) and one control and one sham groups. Initially 0.04 and 0.4 mg/ml morphine solution in water was gradually fed to experimental groups and for the control group only solution of water and sugar and for intact group only water were used for 21 days. After the end of the experiment, mice were anesthetized by chloroform and the ovaries were removed from body, and for histological and histometrical studies, sections were cut and stained by H&E. Statistical results showed that morphine in puberty can significantly reduce the number of secondary and mature follicles and increase the number of atretic follicles (P<0.001). The thickness of tunica alboginea was increased in the experimental groups to controls (P<0.05). Therefore, these results showed that probably the use of morphine in puberty in female mice can make some changes in ovarian function.

Ectoparasites infestation in native chickens is very important and it causes low level of health in their culture method and their common keeping with other animals. In the first six months of 2005 this survey was done on 50 native chickens that were prepared with random sampling method from different parts of Tabriz city. Ectoparasites of birds were gathered keeping with routine parasitology method and the parasites species and numbers were recognized and counted. From the studied chickens, 44 (88%) were infected and 6 (12%) not infected. Parasites found and their infestation was Cuclotogaster heterographus (86%), Meopon gallinae (80%), Goniodes dissimilis (62%), Lipeurus caponis (36%) and from acarins they were Argas persicus (18%) and Cnemidocoptes mutans (8%).

Carcinomas of the gall bladder may occur more often than adenomas, but they are, less, very uncommon. Adenocarcinoma of the gall bladder is rarely reported in domestic animals. This paper describes the first report of cystadenocarcinoma of the gall bladder of a river buffalo in Iran. During routine postmortem inspection of condemned viscera in Ahvaz slaughter-house, a swelled and big gall bladder was observed. The gall bladder was from a river buffalo aged at least three-and-a-halfyears. Within its lumen there were pedunculated papillary masses that extended into the lumen. The masses were yellow to red or gray in color. They were firm, with an impure surface containing numerous enfolding or cystic spaces. Histopathological examination revealed that the masses were composed of acinar and tubular structures that were separated by thin fibrous stroma. Some areas of the neoplasm contained abundant fibrous tissue typical of the scirrhous response that can be provoked by biliary neoplasia within the liver. The growth of these neoplasms was invasive; the neoplastic cells penetrate the wall of the gall bladder and invade the adjacent hepatic parenchyma. Based on the gross and histological features, the tumor was diagnosed as a cystadenocarcinoma of the gall bladder.

Incidence of amorphus fetus is rare in domestic animals. Reports of this anomaly have been limited, in general, to cattle. Amorphus fetus is also called acardiac monster, holoacardius amorphus or acardius amorphus, amorphus globosus and fetal mole. These terms are used to describe the arcadias anomaly when the general body form was not recognizable. A six-year-old cow was referred to Veterinary clinic of Shahrekord University due to fetal membranes retention in May 2007. An amorphus fetus was expelled following the delivery of two normal calves. The amorphus fetus, weighing 30 gram, was kidney-shaped with two convex and concave surfaces and borders. The convex surface is composed of three segments but the other one had two parts. The entire mass was covered with hair which bore the characteristic pigmentation of Holstein cattle. Histological examination of amorphus fetus revealed that this mass was covered by thin keratinized squamous epithelium and collagenous connective tissue, hair follicles and associated sebaceous glands were seen beneath the epidermis. In addition to collagenous connective tissue, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue were observed in the central part of the mass. The purpose of this case report is to describe macroscopic and microscopic features of the amorphus fetus. To our knowledge, there is no report about occurrence of amorphus fetus along with two normal calves in cattle and, for the first time, it is reported in this study.