Political Quarterly
Year:2008 | Volume:38 | Issue:3|Papers Count:19

Allameh, martyr Sayed Mohammad Baqer-e- Sadr(r.) concludes three principles on the basis of belief in godliness, monotheism and the whole justice that are: absolute sovereignty of God on the world, The ruling laws on the Existence, and free will of men – as wise being- that their result is accept of khelafat and succession of man on behalf of God as natural and innate matter with religious accept and affirmation. Political aspect of this khelafat and succession is administration of public affairs or government that is not except safeguarding of public rights, dignities and public interests and also divine religion interests. Such a government is right of people and their responsibility as successor of God in the earth .Therefore he affirms the system of democracy or government by people, although basically he accepts the government of appointed imam on behalf of God on the basis chastity (esmat). Thus Sadr believes that in the age of absence of Imam-e-Asr(a.j.) government consists of two lines. The first is human khelafat (succession) with responsibility of form government branches, that is include legislative or lawmaker and administrative or executive branches. The second is testimony (shahaadat) of “a public Muslim religious authority” or” a grand ayatollah (Marjae faghihe aam) with responsibility of religious supervising on the government and express of religious edicts and judgment. Such a combinational government is named Islamic republic.

The present paper tries to investing ate represent thoughts and ideas of initiators and theoreticians of "democracy" in the west. The writer aims at introducing a kind of eastern democracy under the title of "religious democracy". Community and society and different theories on political parties are also discussed in this paper. Thus Islamic republic of IRAN with holing election once in a year in average paves the ground for changing IRAN toward a real democratic country.Iranian "also" due to great motivation and religion roots are prepared to warmly welcome this kind religious democracy.

It seems that resolution of internal conflict is studied less than the international one. Current literature in this regard is not focused on theoretical aspects of conflict resolution, particularly, on conditions and necessaries of resolving these kinds of conflicts. Nevertheless, in political science literature it is possible to find some texts that implicitly or explicitly are related to this subject. This article is a theoretical introduction to internal conflict resolution. In other word, by identifying and classifying important related texts, it seeks to conceptualize this phenomenon and provide an analytical framework.According to this framework, the state has an importance role because of its determining factor as well as variable both in to outbreak and to resolve of internal political conflict. Also to reconstructing of political, economic, legal and cultural systems are the essential conditions for to accomplish of any conflict resolution project. Therefore, establishment of "conflict resolving state" is a indispensable condition for resolution of internal conflict in ''Turbulent and Unstable societies". Such a state must be powerful, institutionalized, pluralistic, democratic, development oriented and justice oriented.

The Islamic Fundamentalism which turned into a major social course in many Arab countries in 1980s, has inspired a wide spectrum of theoretical analyses. In this article we have attempted to evaluate this course by the method of discursive analyse.Despite many dissimilarities that differentiate Islamic fundamentalism from other political, and even religious reformist, movements regarding methods of political struggle, organizing and organizational structure, our hypothesis is that its most significant distinctive aspect from previous movements is the conspicuous and unique role of Islamic signifier in shaping and articulating its discourse. Our hypothesis is that Islam did not enter to political arena of Ararb society by Islamic fundamentalism, but it turned into the master signifier or, what we call it here, the point de caption, by fundamentalists.Therefore, to comprehend the discursive change, from nationalism to fundamentalism, we describe the components of fundamentalist and Pan- Arabic discourses and compares their main signifiers. We, then investigate the contexts of increasing politicalization of Islam and its turning into master signifier, supremacy of Islamic fundamentalism discourse in contemporary Arab society and the failure of Arab nationalism discourse based on the factor of availability.

The concept of geopolitics which means geographical policy in Persian language has a long-distant way as a science which has been derived from the root of geography science. In this paper we have tried to study this science in three historical cross-sections and then we can extract different geostrategies from that. These three sections have been called classical geopolitics, new and special geopolitics; in classical geopolitics the seminal or staple concepts of it such as the concept of geopolitics and global theories have been researched.In the new age we have focused on the influence of the American united power and we have taken its new characteristics into consideration and in the section of becoming spatial geopolitics we have offered a new definition of it and through this approach we have paid attention to concepts such as network society, time-clocking, informative power, electronic democracy and global citizen. Altogether we considered the role of strategy in these three sections and out of all these strategies we came into a specific pattern for the Muslim Iran. This study is resulted from a purposeful and methodical research and the presented attitude is a descriptive one. Finally this essay leads you to the new formed situations in the world which has mostly affected the present world-wide redevelopment, electronic means such as informative mainlines and global flow of information.

With this in mind that the behavior and interactions of social actors and also the kind of power imagine at the level of social life directly impact political treatments of state and the ways in which political life is organized, then one can admit that understanding the nature and performance of state in every society is closely interconnected to understanding the structures of the society including the state as a part. This article is intended to provide the readers with brief realistic description of logic concerning reflective interconnection of state-society, using a theorical pattern based of experimental analyze.The analyze will highly focus on studding nature of traditional society, premodern political order and how or why this order is shifted to modem one.

An Analysis on terrorism: meaning, history, and approach on the balance, it be con said that terrorism, as a political phenomenon and a determining factor in political, social, and economic developments, has replaced the political phenomena which already was common such as revolutions, riots, rebellions, and conflicts (total wars between two political entities or more characterized as certain ideates under name of sovereign states) and ect, and has challenged policallife in (subnational, national, and international) different levels. This article seeks to outline the global spread of this political phenomenon, illustrate its different kinds as well as perceptions and finally explain existing analytical approa. Chs on this phenomenon.

After the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, the three Transcaucasian republics (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia) were emerged. But because of the great powers rivalry in Transcaucasia, withholding of recognition of the republics by the Allies in Paris Peace conference (1919), and the continuous conflicts between the republics themselves, the Soviet Union easily defeated the republics and annexed them to the Russian territory. But today, the economic and geopolitical importance of Transcaucasia and the rivalry between Russia and the West help the republics of Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia to protect their independence.

The objective of this paper is to shed light on the Islamic Republic of Iran's foreign policy toward the Middle East in the period 1979-2007. Iran's relations with Pakistan and Turkey within the framework of ECO can be defined as friendly and neighborly since the revolution. Iran- Iraq ties until 2003 can only be termed as antagonistic and conflict-prone. In 1980-1988, the two neighbors were engaged in one of the longest and deadliest wars of the 20th century. The author also discusses Iran's troubled relations with its southern Persian Gulf neighbors (with the exception of Qatar and to some extent Oman and Kuwait), Iran's uncertainties with Russia and other northern neighbors in Central Asia and the Caucasus, Iran- Israel hostility and war of words caused by Iran's opposition to Israel's treatment of the Palestinians and its military involvement in Southern Lebanon, and the continuation of the enmity of the American neoconservative politicians due to Iran's condemnation of their expansionist Middle East policies.

In U.S. public opinion before the 11 September has defined terrorism is a unprecedented events in their countries. But true is since two centuries ago until now, especially after Second World War, United States extremely has experienced domestic and foreign terrorist groups and their attacks.Whatever it wasn't as well as scale of the other west countries like Spain, Italy and Britain has incurred, but this is a big history operation mistake that anybody to notice terrorism as a new phenomenon after 11 September coming to this country. In this research in the first section evolution social bases and goals of domestic and foreign terrorist groups in U.S., and in the second section the influence of U.S. anti terrorism policy in hand right terrorist groups will be analyzed.

Good governance is an idea which has many advocates and opponents. From last years of 1980s this term became common. However, there is not any clear definition or description for good governance or even governance. Though unanimity on its characteristics is invisible, it is possible to consider eight characteristics for god governance: participation, accountability, transparency, rule of law, responsiveness, consensus-ward, to be fair and representing, and effectiveness and efficiency. Realization of these characteristics will minimize corruption. However, there are some problems for the realization of good governance and its appropriate pattern.

Imam Khomeini, the leader of the Islamic Revolution in pointing to the important events of contemporary history of Iran i.e coming together of the shi'a clergies & Safavid state, Tobacco uprising, Constitutional revolution, Reza shah era, Movement of Nationalization of oil industry, 15th khordad uprising (1963) and so on - has noticed to the actual and positive role of the clergies in maintaining the independence of the country and their endeavor for entering Islam to social and political fields from one hand and the lessons that we must learn from the events of contemporary history of Iran on the other hand.

The problem of Human Trafficking is a universal phenomenon with broad effects on global society. Its cause and locus is in poor and underdeveloped societies which have difficulties like poverty, unemployment, inequality, discrimination and violence against women, and the domination of men in patriarchal family, social and political systems. Women and children are the main victims of it, who become engaged in international criminal networks by assuming to save themselves and to find a shelter and support. This article seeks to pose this problem and its causes and effects, the responsibility of Governments and the inadequacy of their efforts and their legal and institutional cooperation, and the necessity of preventing and controlling it as modem slavery or slave trade in the modem age. Human trafficking, violence, discrimination, women, organization crime.

Vital importance of the energy in national and international economic development has made oil as a crucial and attractive factor for great powers. These powers have had permanent competition for establishing an oil system for securing their national interests. The Persian Gulf has been focal point of these competitions. After September 11, 2001, the role of oil has considered as one of the most determinant factors in the US Middle East policy. The Persian Gulf oil, war against terrorism, prevention of WMD proliferation and Israel-Arab conflict has become an integrated structure in the US national security strategy framework. This paper explains such an integrated structure.

Certainly, methodology of political jurisprudence (Feghe Seyasi) is closely related to "ejtehad"(practicing religious jurisprudence). So, methodologically, understanding characteristics of political jurisprudence requires understanding ejtehad. And ejtehad, in turn, requires understanding the relations of it with "language" and "action". Therefore, understanding the two relations, clears the nature of ejtehad as the methodology of political jurisprudence.This essay tries to explain the relation of language and action with ejtehad, to understand the nature of it and its characteristics and finally, explaining its effect on the nature and status of political jurisprudence. By analyzing the concept of ejtehad, we can define the political jurisprudence.The importance of this analyze of ejtehad in political life and politics, is because of the necessity of change and evolution of ejtehad in the efficiency of today political life of Muslims and the necessity of promotion of epistemological status of political jurisprudence as an Islamic Political Knowledge.

The collapse of the Soviet Union and the creation of the new republics more than ever strengthened Iran's Position in the region and the world. These newly formed Republics in Central Asia, the Caspian Area and Afghanistan are all landlocked. To provide their various needs and supply the Oil and Gas demands, and the lucrative markets of these states, for global economy it is imperative to find the shortest and most reliable transportation routes to the open sea. The Resulting supply and demand forces are enormous and they have led to a solid competition among players. Relying on investment, other neighboring countries, despite Iran's various advantage, are determined to replace Iran as the "axis" of these trade relations. The country that becomes the transit corridor for the emerging trading structure of the region will not only bring about a more prosperous economy and improve employment chances, it will also help to Promote its international - Regional Position and Status. Comparative examination of Capabilities and Geographical values of Iran Vis - a' - Vis Russia, Central Asia & Caucuses republics, Turkey and Pakistan Demonstrate Preferable Potentials of Iran's Chabahar & Eastern Axis.

In December 1953, the US President, General Dwight D. Eisenhower delivered his "Atoms for Peace" speech at the United Nations' General Assembly, which called for the promotion of peaceful uses of nuclear energy under special international agency. This proposal became the starting point for creating the IAEA in 1957 and adopting NPT in 1968. The Atoms for Peace initiative established the principles that all nations must work to stem nuclear proliferation and that all responsible nations should enjoy the peaceful benefits of nuclear power and technology under sound non-proliferation conditions.The purpose of this article is to analyze the degree of success of the international community in materialization of three main objectives of the Atoms for Peace proposal, i.e., the peaceful application of nuclear technology, the realization of nonproliferation and nuclear disarmament.

In the middle of the nineteenth century, Iran was shaken by a series of serious upheavals caused by the Babi movement. Some scholars like Ivanovo have emphasized on social and economic factors and examined this phenomen from a Marxist viewpoint. In this paper, Moojan Momen makes a more detailed analysis than any made hitherto of these upheavals and criticizes the Marxist viewpoint.