JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES
Year:2007 | Volume:16-17 | Issue:63-64 (SPECIAL ISSUE ON LINGUISTICS)|Papers Count:11

Aesthetics is a philosophy that, in part, deals with explanation of artistic phenomena and their ways of appreciation. In this paper, the writer aims to show that this trend of thought in its initial stage as a philosophy, explicated from the late 18th Century and throughout 19th Century, could not explain art for the sake of art in a complete practical manner and in the context of realities.Literature, as a branch of art, with language as its material has a scientific and experiential basis The existence of scientific element in the heart of artistic creation can fill the gap long felt by Kant, Baum garten among others to a great extent.In this paper an attempt has been made to show that by using Baktin's dialogism' in his linguistic studies, some of the beliefs in the 19th Century philosophy of aesthetics do not seem to be warranted, rather a scientific basis in the context of artistic creation is to be found.

One of the issues dealt in post-generative approaches in phonological systems is the important issue of depth of derivation. In this respect, modern theories have tried to reduce the distance between deep structures and surface structures: they have encouraged functions of simultaneous unrelated rules, put aside iteration, omitted transformations, etc.Nevertheless, movement transformations have not yet been able to explain the matter, an issue still present in transformational syntax.This study aims to argue the movement and its interaction with other phonological processes. In this vein, a contrastive study in line with stylistic-obligatory behavior of glottal consonants on two varieties of Persian, that is, standard and Kermani will be presented. In addition, this study aims to describe some aspects of the Iranian language heritage.

Some words in modern Persian in the past centuries have been subject to change.Some of these changes are related to a particular period of time.As such, one of the words changed is the simple infinitive 'khoftan' (to sleep) whose changed forms can be seen in old texts. The existing Persian dictionaries have not registered its entered form and some of the editors of the old books unwittingly have chosen other terms, which are not the changed forms of the word 'khoftan' and include ones that have different grammatical categories. Using similar evidence, this paper investigates the variation of the verb'khoftan' and its trace in some modern dialects.

In this paper, some of the approaches in generative-transformational theory, functionalism and cognitive theories are critically reviewed in terms of their view on semantic roles. Moreover, the roles of agent, patient and recipient are defined in a thematic manner and by using criteria such as frequency, energy consumption and classification of semantic acts into material, spiritual and mental models, a different view for depicting agent, patient and recipient as semantic roles have been presented.

One of the most important issues in language processing is the problem of ambiguity. In general, the systems developed for disambiguation can be classified into two groups: rule-based and statistical. Markofs procedure is one of the statistical models for disambiguation used frequently in linguistic studies in general, and in computational linguistics in particular. So far, this procedure has been one of the best methods for disambiguation especially for parts of speech, in addition to automatic tagging of language corpora. In this paper, the methods of tagging and disambiguation within the framework of Markof’s Model are described and then a simplified version of the formula based on the first edition of ' Constituent-Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System' (CLAWS) which follows Markof’s procedure will be modeled. In this regard, two sample sentences are chosen, and then for each word or syntactic role, the frequency of occurrences and also its possible transfer from that word to the next one or from the syntactic role of that word to the syntactic role of the next one will be recorded in separate tables.The numeric value related to the multiplication of these numbers, that is, the computation of the probability in the structures of the two words and the sum of these probabilities is the basis of language analysis. The greater the number, the greater the possibilities of the tags found for the words to be correct in new sentences. If instead of the two sample sentences, we analyze the sentences of a language corpus using this method and record the probabilities of two or three - words structures in tables, then we can compute the sum of these probabilities and provide a computer program so as to tag and disambiguate different sentences.

Discourse cognition has different levels of which the most important ones are the surface and the abstract levels. The surface level can be called the quantitative cognition and the abstract, the qualitative one. In the abstract realm, the very cognition can be program-oriented, that is, operational and active or value-oriented, that is, non-operational, inactive, and presence- oriented. The program-oriented cognition is practical and useful and brings about change, development, substitution and progression.In fact, such cognition is dynamic, whereas the value-oriented cognition is more analytical and is intertwined with some kind of self-insight and is in general intentional. The collection of these types of cognition is in contrast with another type of cognition which is neither operational nor intentional, but rather self-oriented. Such cognition which is directly related to types of emotions, is called cognitive sensibility which emphasizes the existence of discourse elements. But it should be borne in mind that cognition has two main roots, that is, referential and cultural (individual or collective) which are developed on the basis of values.In fact, the purpose of this paper is to investigate these different levels of cognition and their relationship towards each other within discourse.

The semantics of words has great importance in the correct comprehension of texts. The change of the meaning of words and evidence are considered as basic aspects of the semantics of words. The variation of the meaning of words in hadith is depicted in different forms, such as difference, narrowing and expansion of meaning, reality, abstractness simile, and metaphor. The study of different evidences and symmetrical roles is a step forward in the semantics of hadith texts.In this paper, connected and disconnected discourse evidence as well as status evidences which include delivery, direction of delivery, the status of the speaker and speech intonation are discussed.

This paper investigates some of the current phonological processes in Delvari dialect. These processes are as follow: vowel raising (the change from re to e in the open non-final syllable sræfrer to safær), vowel harmony (harmony of short vowels, re, e, 0 with long vowels a, i, u as in saheb to sahav), compensatory lengthening (consonant deletion and vowel length ening as in poxt to po: t), assimilation (the change oft to s in the consonant cluster st as in bæste to bæsse in which complete assimilation is seen), weakening (the change of b to v and sometimes w as in xæbær to xævær), insertion (glide insertion as in tʃu+oku to tʃu-w-oku), and deletion (deletion of n at the end of the word as in nan to nu).The data was collected from ten male and female illiterate to educated native speakers within the age range of 17 to 65 within ten hours of interview.Then, on the basis of descriptive-analytic method and within the framework of transformational-generative phonology, phonetic contexts and changes were analyzed. In order to have a correct understanding of the roots of the words in the dialect, in addition to the phonological study, historical and morphological aspects were studied. In this dialect, the processes of weakening and deletion are more productive than others. Also, some of the processes appl ied for deriving acceptable syllable structures in phonotactics of this dialect.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the theory of mental spaces within the framework of cognitive semantics and on the basis of the theories presented by Gilles Fauconnier (1985, 1994, 1997...).The theory of mental spaces using linguistic structures, especially reference, seeks to develop a cognitive model for the comprehension and thought of human beings. This theory provides new solutions or justifications for many semantic and applied issues in traditional semantics of which one can refer to the issue of 'ambiguity, obliqueness of reference, and presupposition'. In this paper, apart from these issues, a new process named as 'integration' that has in recent years been dealt with in mental space model will be investigated. In this procedure, different mental spaces are combined in a creative way and bring about a different mental environment. An attempt has been made to study semantics from mental and psychological perspectives by investigating hypothetical diagrams from space process mg.