JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN CROP SCIENCES
Year:2011 | Volume:3 | Issue:10|Papers Count:10

To determine the effects of planting date and different methods of weed control on the agronomic traits of sunflower, an experiment was carried out in Khandizaj region Khoy in year 2009. A factorial experiment based on a Randomized Complete Blocks Design with four replications was conducted. Experimental parameters consisted of planting date in three levels (April 4th, May 5th and June 5th) and methods of weed control in five levels (Trifluralin+Focus, Trifluralin+Nabo-S, Trifluralin, hand weeding and the without control). The results indicated that the date of planting and weed control methods had meaningful effects on the following features: Bush height, Stem diameter, biological yield and grain and oil yields. However, oil percentage was affected by the date of planting. The most important weeds included: common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.), field bind weed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), bastard cabbage (Rapistrum rugosum L.), flower-of-an-hour (Hibiscus trionum L.), cockspur grass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.) and green bristl grass (Setaria viridis L.). It was observed that in different planting dates, the dry material weight was varied in each one of the species. So on April the 4th, the dry material weight of common lambsquarter and bastard cabbage, in the third planting date dry material weight of cockspur grass, green bristl and flower-of-an-hour were the highest. Trifluralin herbicide was weaker than hand weeding in the case of Convolvulus and Hibiscus. Among two post emergence herbicides Nabo-S and Focus, there were not statistically significant difference in the control of thin leaf weeds. The interaction of two factors on features like bush height, stem diameter, grain yield, biological yield, oil yield and weeds dry material weight was significant. In conclusion, the current research demonstrated that 5th of May planting and using pre-emergence herbicide Trifluralin and post-emergence herbicides Focus and Nabo-S were suitable for maximum growth rate in this region.

To study the effects of salinity on morphological and physiological characteristics, an experiment was performed in Factorial completely randomized design with four replications in greenhouse condition in 1388. Factor A included two levels of salinity a1) The salinity of irrigation water as control a2) The salinity of 6 dS/m, factor B include three levels b1)the rate of nitrogen based on soil test, b2) the rate of nitrogen is 50% more than soil test b3) the rate of nitrogen is 100% more than soil test, and factor C also included in three, levels C1) the rate of potassium based on soil test C2) the rate of potassium is 50% more than soil test, and C3) the rate of potassium is 100% more than soil test. During the growth morphological characteristics were studied: diameter of stem height of shrub in two time stages, number of leaves in harvest time, the greenish rate in two times, leaf surface, relative water content and membrane stability indicator. The result showed that the exertion of salinity causesd the decrease of stem diameter, height of shrub, Leaf area, and relative water content. However the greenish rate and membrane stability indicator were increased but this didn’t have any meaningful effect on the number of leaves. With nitrogen usage increase at sline condition there was a meaningful increase in shrub height greenish rate, leaf surface, relative water content and membrane stability indicator. Also it was shown that with application of 50% of nitrogen the greatest leaf surface increases to 0.178m2 was attained. The use of potassium with and without salinity condition caused some changes. In salinity condition the height was increased with the usage of 100% potassium (50%) there was no significant difference.

To investigate the effects of planting date of safflower genotypes under Urmia climatic conditions, an experiment was conducted in 2009-10. A factorial experiment was arranged in Randomized Complete Blocks Design with four replications. Four sowing date (April 21, May 5, May 21, June 5) and five genotypes (IL-111, S-541, PI-250536, PI-250537, Syprus bregun) were established levels as second factors. Results of analyses of variance showed that the effect of planting date were significantly differenct for traits of grain yield, number of grain per boll, number of bolls per plant, harvest index and oil grain percentage. The grain yield of first, second, third and fourth sowing dates were 223.12, 197.65, 185.71 and 173.99 gr/m2, respectively. The highest fertile boll, kernel per boll and 1000-kernel weight were allocated for PI-250537, S-541 and Syprus bregun genotypes in the first planting date, respectively. Interaction between planting date and genotype on lateral branch, total dry matter, grain yield, number of bolls per plant, number of grain per boll, harvest index, oil percentage and 1000-kernel weight were meaningful (P 0.01). Correlation coefficients between traits showed that there were positive significant differences for number of grain per boll with grain yield. Based on these results, early spring planting date will be move suitable than other dilatory planting.

CK and ABA not only regulate the process of senescence, but also have major roles in the formation of sink and source strength capacity. This study carried out to determine effect of exogenous application of ck and ABA(100Mm ) at the 9 levels: 1 - Control, 2 - CK at the time of appearance, 3 - CK 14 days after its spike emergence 4 - ABA at the time of appearance 5 - ABA 14 days after its spike emergence, 6 - CK at the time of appearance and ABA 14 days after its spike emergence, 7 - ABA at the time of appearance and CK 14 days after its spike emergence, 8 - ABA at the time of 1 and 14 days after its spike emergence, 9 - CK at the time of 1 and 14 days after its spike emergence, on some aspects in different steps of wheat growth in using a Randomized complete Block design(RCBD) with three replications in experimental field of Islamic Azad university of Karaj branch in growing season 1387- 88. Results showed that when these plant growth regulators applied at different stages of spike appearance and 14 days after its spike emergence, grain yield, harvest index (HI), 1000 grain weight, were meaning fully influenced by the exogenous application of the two regulators. The highest grain yield (738.09 gr/m2) one related to exogenous application of CK at the time of spike emergence. The highest hardest index and number grain spike is related to the exogenous application of CK at both time (1 and 2). The highest 1000 grain weight is related to the exogenous application of CK at the time of appearance and ABA 14 days after its spike emergence respectively. The results of the study showed that exogenous application of CK at cell division and ABA at grain filling on stage in grain growth phase may significantly improve grain yield.

To study the effects of earthing up and barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer together with Zn, Fe, Mn, Br, micronutrients foliar application on yield and yield components of potato, an experiment was conducted in Agricultural Research Center in Islamic Azad university of Ardabil, Iran, in 2009. The experiment was carried out using factorial design based on Randomized Complete Block design with three replications in two factors: The first one in two levels (earthing up in one time and its repetition in two times) and second factor in six levels (Control, barvar-2-phosphate biofertilizer, barvar-2phosphate biofertilizer together with foliar application of Zinc Sulfat, barvar-2phosphate biofertilizer together foliar application of Iron Sulfat, barvar-2phosphate biofertilizer together with foliar application of Manganese Sulfat and barvar-2phosphate biofertilizer together with foliar application of Boric acid). The results showed that the effects of earthing up and fertilizer except the number of tuber per plant, on plant height, Number of main branches per plant, Number of leaf per plant, tuber weight mean and tuber yield in per unit area were significant. Maximum tuber yield per unit area was obtained from experimental treatment of earthing up in two times and barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer with foliar applications of Iron sulfat.

The use of appropriate fertilizer and its consumption in the crops is of important factors in achieving high performance in the product. In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer on yield and yield components of cowpea, an experiment was carried out in a factorial randomized complete block design in 2009, with 3 replications at Astaneh Ashrafiyeh, in East Guilan Province. The factors included nitrogen fertilizers 0, 30 and 60 (kgN/ha) and potassium fertilizers 0, 30 and 60 (kgK/ha). Interactions of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer showed 30 (kgN/ha) and 30 that (kgK/ha) with grain yield of 1555 (kg/ha) was the highest. The nitrogen and potassium fertilizers had significant effect on total biomass, harvest index, seed weight, and number of pods per plant, pod length, plant height and seed numbers per plant. Simple correlation showed that grain yield had significant positive correlation with total biomass, harvest index, pod yield, number of pods per plant, seeds per pod and plant height, but significant correlation was no observed between seed yield and 100 seed weight.

Tolerance increasing to salt stress is essential need for sustainable safflower production in areas with risk of salinity. This requires new genetic sources of salt tolerant and more efficient techniques for identifying salt-tolerant germplasm. This study was conducted to access salt tolerance in primary growth stages of six safflower genotypes and finds the most beneficial salt tolerance traits in this stage. Investigation traits were germination percentage, germination speed, root length, shoot length, seedling length, seed vigor, seedling index, germination speed index and germination mean. An experiment with factorial arrangement was conducted by using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in Biotechnology laboratory Islamic Azad University- Karaj Branch. Genotypes of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) including KM5, KM8, KM12, KM19, KM47 and Kouse with five concentrations of NaCl (0, -0.3, -0.5, -1 and -1.5 ds/m) were treated. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences between genotypes, stress levels and their interaction. According to the fitted logistic model, the NaCl concentration level required for 50% reduction of seed vigor was -2 dS/m. Cluster analysis according Ward’s method, classified genotypes into three different groups. According to the results of this research, Kose was resistant cultivar at germination stage and early seedling growth.

Today all countries are seeking to achieve high productivity. This means that they can achieve more production with fewer resources. Productivity has an important and effective role in increasing production and growth in sectors of economy. Through calculating and analyzing the indicators of productivity the efficiency of various economic sectors can be reviewed. In this study with a Solow residual and lag model, total factor productivity growth in agricultural production during the period 1387-1358 were calculated. For this purpose, the Agriculture crop sector production function with capital, labor and energy was estimated using the ARDL approach. Then, using the index of Solow, TFP growth in agriculture crop sector was calculated. The results showed that total factor productivity growth in agriculture crop sector had experienced periods of high volatility. So that the average period of 0.8 percent. The mean total factor productivity growths in crop sector of agriculture, with the figure predicted in the fourth program (2.2) are of significant difference. It is suggested that the cycle of productivity policy should be done, to increase TFP in this sub-sector of agriculture.

To evaluate the effects of nitrogen and methods of control on yield and its yield components of corn, an experiment was conducted in Urmia region during 2009 growing season. The experimental design for this study was factorial design based on C.R.B. design with 3 treatments. The treatments consisted of: Application of nitrogen fertilizer in four levels (0,100,150,200 kg N ha-1) and methods of weed control in four levels (without controling, pre-planting herbicide Alachlor, 2, 4-D herbicide and hand weeding). In this study the weight of the dry matter of broad and thin leaves of weed grass was considered in two stages. The results showed that nitrogen application rates and methods of weed control had significant effect on the amount of seeds, hundred seed weight, and grain yield in maize and harvest index. The highest grain yield and harvest index obtained from Alachlor herbicide and hand weeding with 200 kg N ha-1. All weed control levels with 200 kg N ha-1 fertilizer showed the highest yield index and the lowest one was observed on the one which had no control and no nitrogen fertilizer treatments. In The meantime, the lowest dry matter of weed was attained by hand weeding and the highest one in 200 kg N ha-1 and without control.

Limitation of irrigation water during years with low rainfall has a remarkable impact on the root yield and income of sugar beet growers. In 2008 an experiment was conducted on the farm of Agricultural Faculty of Islamic Azad University, Mahabad in order to study the effects of amount of water usage on the quality and quantity of sugar beet. In this study three irrigation treatments; I1, I2 and I3 (8243, 7419 and 6594 water use per ha) were applied to two sugar beet cultivars. The results showed that with the increase of the amount of water use from I1 to I2, root yield, impure sugar, root Na and the extractable sugar decreased, but the percentage of sugar and the amount of detrimental root Na increased significantly. The maximum root yield in L1 increased to 49.5 t/ha while it decreased to 31.06 t/ha in I3. With the decrease of irrigation water use the sugar yield decreased to 5.57 in I3 compared with 9.08 in I1. The amounts of Na and K in I2 were maximum whose accumulation in the roots of the two cultivars had a significant difference. In general, the results of the study showed that the yield could be assumed as a product of (root yield x impure sugar) and it is a criterion for the growers' income. The treatment I2 can be recommended for the conditions of the cities in the vicinity of Miyandoab Sugar Factory in order to obtain the maximum sugar yield and use the minimum water. Meanwhile, we have to consider the suitable cultivar for the areas.