Year:2009 | Volume:21 | Issue:4 (81 IN NATURAL RESOURCES)|Papers Count:31

To study saxaul wood properties in various ecological regions of Iran sixteen 10-22 years old sample trees (5 or 6 trees from each species) were selected and cut from three different areas of Sistan-Baluchestan province. (Sefid tagh from Khash region, Zard tagh from Mirjaveh region and Ciah tagh from Tasooki region). Anatomical characteristics of wood samples were investigated. Antomical features were investigated by light microscopy. The results of this investigation revealed that fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness were 289, 8.32, 3.31and 5.02mm for Sefid tagh, 364, 12.87, 3.28 and 4.79mm for Zard tagh and 381, 13.38, 3.48 and 4.94mm for Ciah tagh respectively. These values lead to species with short and thick fibers. Anatomical structure is illustrated extendly and data from other provinces related to this project are available to compare the results wholly.

Eucalyptus microtheca F. Muell. is a native Australian species which established successfully at southern subtropical provinces of Iran. Explants from twigs of one years old seedlings of E. microtheca were cultured on modified MS medium (with half-strength KNO3 and NH4NO3), supplemented with 1 mg l-1 NAA+1 mg l-1 Kin and different concentrations of TDZ. Differentiation obtained with regeneration categories on direct shoot, indirect shoot and somatic embryogenesis. All plantlets were transferred into 0.5 mg l-1 NAA+0.5 mg l-1 Kin treatment for better shoot and root growth. Peroxidase activity was investigated in plantlets produced from different regeneration types, in order to find out the relationship between the plant growth regulators and the enzyme variation. Peroxidase activity was measured and analyzed in plantlets obtained from different regenerations for determining correlation between peroxidase and different levels of used hormones and also regenerations. However peroxidase activity in direct shoot was low but significant. In indirect shoot with increasing concentration of TDZ enzyme activity increased. This correlation was inverse in somatic embryogenesis so peroxidase activity decreased when TDZ increased. Statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference for peroxidase activity in different regeneration types. The findings of this investigation introduced peroxidase as suitable indicator in respond to various stresses.

Price index of wood and its products is represent for theirs marketing situation. Review is showing that price index of wood and its products are increasing in world, these products imports freedom in Iran and subsequently severe price fluctuation and weekender power with internal producers alongside unsure capitalize, these products lower quality, consumers negative mental image with internal products, low-grade products exports and in other wise this products low price in Iran, consumption market neighbor with Iran. Therefore, the basic of questions as fallow: How wood and its products price index and price annual growth rate are trend? Since, the research methodologies are analytic and approximate and also forecasting methods include; trend and regression formulations on the percent forecast error and single payment formulas were used to establish. The research result by low percent forecast error (trend average of products total: 6.7%) is showing that this products price index will increasing in next years (trend average of products total; 2009: 328.6% and 2008: 308%) but price annual growth (inflation) rate will lower (trend average of products total; 2007 to 2016: 4.75% and 1997 to 2006: 10.31%) and also market situation will better than years ago. Wood and its products freedom is affected on the price control. Thus, weekender power of external competitors against internal products will exist, but if technological situation is results that this products are low-price supplying and also forestation and products quality are consider, present situation will improve and wood and its products will bargain supplying with neighbor countries.

The Abarkooh Playa with an area of 1590 km² and altitude 1441m, situated in east of Abarkooh city in yazd province. Flora of this region includes 158 plant species (2 gymnosperms, 14 monocots and 142 dicots) that belong to 30 families and 113 genera. The important families are Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae and Boraginaceae with 27, 24, 21, 14, 10 and 10 species respectively. Life form of the plant species of Abarkooh playa include: therophytes: 48.1%, hemicryptophytes: 29.7%, chamaephytes: 3.8%, phanerophytes: 12.7% and cryptophytes: 5.7%. From the view point of regional elements plants of this region include: 72% Irano-Turanian, 12% Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Sindian, 5% Irano-Turanian, Saharo-Sindian and Mediterranean, 5% Irano-Turanian and Mediterranean, 0.6% Irano-Turanian, Saharo-Sindian, Mediterranean and Euro-Siberean, 0.6% Irano-Turanian, Mediterranean and Euro-Siberean,, 0.6% Irano-Turanian, Saharo-Sindian and Saharo-Arabian,, 0.6% Irano-Turanian, Mediterranean and Saharo-Arabian, 0.6% Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Arabian, 2.5% Cosmic.

Because of importance of physical properties and fiber dimensions of wood in different industries, particularly in paper making and fiberboard ones, these properties of normal wood and tension wood in beech (Fagus orientalis) were studied. The results showed that the basic density and green moisture content of tension wood were higher than those of normal wood. Tension wood in longitudinal direction shrinks and swells higher than normal wood. It presented higher fiber efficiency than the normal wood. The tension wood fibers had greater length and wall thickness, and lower total diameter and cell cavity in comparison with those of normal wood. The calculation of fiber dimensions ratios revealed that the slenderness and runkel ratios of tension wood were greater than those of normal wood, whereas the flexibility coefficient of the normal wood fibers was found to be higher. Based on the results, for optimum using of this species, the technical characteristics of the tension wood should be considered.

Fusarium oxysporumis generally known as a saprophytic and plant pathogenic agent. There are several reports that indicated this fungus as a entomopathogenic agent on several insect species. In this study a new isolate of this fungus is recorded for the first time on larvae of A. sarta in Tehran and named Sarta. Infections due to F.oxysporumhave been frequently observed on larvae of A. sarta in some regions of Iran. Furthermore, in this study, pathogenicity of this strain is subjected to bioassay larvae of A. sarta in laboratory condition. In this regard a completely randomized block design with 3 replications and 5 treatments was used. Experiment were conducted to determine efficacy of various treatments (1x105, 1x106, 1x107, 1x108 spore/ml) and control (distilled water) against larvae of A. sarta. The larvae were similar in size and age and they were individually treated with aqueous concentrations for 0.5 minute. After inoculation the larvae were placed in artificially made galleries in the sapwood of poplar trunks. After 15 days, the trunks were chopped and mortality rate of larvae was determined. Data were analyzed by Probit program and LC50 and LC90 concentrations were estimated. The results indicated that all of the treatments significantly different from the control (P<0.01). Mortality rate of various treatments (1x105, 1x106, 1 x107, 1x108 spore/ml) and control were 39.44, 43.61, 60, 64.17 and 0%, respectively. This suggest that by increasing the concentration, mortality rate increases and LC50 and LC90 level were 3.02x106 and 5.04x 1010 spore/ml., respectively. The entomopathogen can propound in biological control of the pest and supplementary studies must be continued.

The standing dead trees (snags) component was assessed in part of the close to nature beech forest in north of Iran (112 and 214 compartment). The aim of this study is to quantify the quality and quantity of standing dead tree in mixed beech forest. In this research all of dead trees were measured. The results showed that the volume of snags is 36 and 32% from total volume of dead trees in 112 and 214 (Down logs and Snags), respectively. The most of them were in 40 diameter class or more than. Meanwhile the most of snags located in southern slopes. Study of snags form in nature showed that most of them were snags with branches fallen off and main stem had broken. Compression snags form between beech and hornbeam snags showed that beech snags most had broken in main stem but horn beam snags intact branches. Cavity of snags was also study in this research. Results showed that the most of snags have cavity and only 7% from them have not any cavity. The most of cavities were in heist above 2 m and study size of cavity showed the most of them had medium size (10<R<20). Preserve standing dead trees (snags) in forest ecosystems will promote the longer-term persistence of sustainable snags as nesting habitat for cavity - nesting birds.

This research was carried out under laboratory conditions in 2007 at Research Institute of Forestrs and Rangelands. Experiments performed by using of randomized completely design with 4 replications. The results showed that effect of different levels of winter and Spring leaves of extraction Eucalyptus camaldulensis on shoot length radical, plant length, number of plant, germination percentage germination speed, seed vigor, shoot/root rate, seminal root and during of life time in abave named weed were significant (a=0/01). Comparison between treatments showed that using of 9 gli-1 of Winter and Spring leaves eucalypt extraction had maximum inhibitor on characteristics of weeds. Spring extraction had high effect in comparison with Winter extraction on morphological characteristics of weed leaves. The results of this research obtained that using of eucalypt leaf extraction could be control the weed growth of Amaranthus blitoids.

Growing in production and consumption of various grades of papers, especially packaging grades has caused the paper industry to face limitation and shortage of raw material. Consequently this industry has searched different ways of fulfilling the raw material needs and among them, recycling of waste papers is promising. Even though paper recycling shows advantages and potentials, but also faces limitations of which deterioration of fiber quality is very important. In order to reduce the adverse affect of paper recycling on fiber and paper quality, addition of different dry-strength additives is unavoidable. This is the main objective of this investigation. In order to study the influence of the combination of dry strength additives on properties of fluting paper produced from 100% OCC, the addition of four levels of cationic starch (0, 1, 2, 3% on BD basis) and four levels of CMC (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5% on BD basis) is investigated.Hand sheets were produced at 120 g/m2 basis weight and strength properties of hand sheets were measured. The results revealed that the addition of 1.5% CMC, not only reduced the strength properties of paper, but also adversely affected the performance of cationic starch. However, at all levels of CMC, increasing the consumption of cationic starch improved the strength properties significantly. The highest strength of fluting paper was reached at 1% CMC and 3% cationic starch. However, the highest folding strength was at 1.5% CMC and 3% cationic starch which is almost twice the value of control paper without dry-strength additives.

Khuzestan province covers an area of 6.5 million ha in South West Iran. The area belongs to two regions, Namely Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Sindian. It has a rich plant species because of geographic position, ecology, topography and hydrological condition. There are 15 types of wetlands according Ramsar classification for wetlands and 13 types of terrestrial habitats based on geographic position, topography and main vegetation. Altogether 102 families are reported from these habitats that 15 of them are monocotyledon, 80 families for terrestrial and 13 just for wetlands and 9 families for both of them. The families with high number of species are including: Asteraceae with 139, Poaceae with 106, Fabaceae with 99, Apiaceae with 62, Caryophyllaceae with 50 and Lamiaceae with 49 species.

SDP diameter is<30cm and SDP are utilizing in Iran and world by wood product industries, because large diameter timber decreased. SDP had not the best application because Eastern Azarbayjan province factory situation are unsuited.Since the research was accomplished on thepopulus nigra, particleboard and plywood industries of Eastern Azarbayjan province. Therefore, the basic of questions as follow: will SDP of application in particleboard and plywood industries economical grading on the basis of account criterions? Since the research methodologies are analytic and approximate.Engineering estimate, account analysis, cost regression analysis are used by research. The result of: Account criterions were showed that increasing SDP diameter more production rate and safety limits is reliable. If the main purpose is core production, plywood industries must utilize little SDP.SDP economic grading are desirability arrangement as follow.No.1; 25.01-30 cm diameter No.2; 20.01-25 cm diameterNo.4;<15 cm diameterNo.3; 15.01-20 cm diameter No.4;<15 cm diameterNo.3; 15.01-20 cm diameter No.4;<15 cm diameterlittle poplar SDT will profit if native technology as example; small move product system that has enough ability and suitable efficiency and product rate are propagate.

In this investigation, The composites were made from acetylated pine wood sawdust and cellulose acetate. The effect of extraction and esterification and the amount of cellulose acetate on the dimensional stability and mechanical properties of composite were studied. The pine wood sawdust was esterified by using acetic anhydride in the absence of solvent. The ester content was obtained 14%. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to prove the occurrence of thermo-plasticizition of the estrified fiber. In this research cellulose acetate content was 0, 10 and 20%.The properties of composite such as bending strength and water absorption and thickness swelling were studied and compared with control samples. The results show that the extraction and esterification have positive effects on these properties. Increasing the amount of cellulose acetate reduces the water absorption and thickness swelling. while the maximum bending strength was obtained at cellulose acetate content of 10%.

Identification and introduction of flora in each region is important and useful for other scientific projects. Up to the percent there has not been no complete studies concerning the Qazvin flora: Lamiaceae family. This project has carried out during 1995 -2006. To contact the research, plants were collected during the growth seasons in different years.Results showed that Lamiaceae in Qazvin include 30 genera and 84 species. Salvia, Stachys and Nepeta with 17, 10 and 8 species were the most genera in respect of number of species respectively.Life forms of the plant species include: Hemichrophytes 63.5%, thorophytes 22.4%, chamaephytes 9.4% and geophytes 4.7%. From the view point of regional elements plants of this region include: 45.88% Irano-Touranian, 40% Irano-Touranian and Europe-Siberian, 9.41% Irano-Touranian and Europe-Siberian and Mediterranean, 3.52% Irano-Touranian and Mediterranean, and 1.17% cosm determined. More than 70% of species were aromatic plants. Thymus, Ziziphora, Melissa and Dracocephalum were the most important of medicinal plants. Moluccella laevis was the rarely specie of Qazvin province that only distribution in limited area.

Alamut area with an area of 170461 ha is located at the north-eastern of Qazvin province. All of the region is mounthainous. The lowest and the highest of the area vries from 658 to 4175 meters. For the first time plants of this region were collected and identificated during 1998-2007. The aim of this research was to identify the plant species, introducing the flora determination of the life forms, and geographical distribution of plants in Alamut area. Results showed that a total 782 species is known from the area, that belong to 86 families and 452 genera. Among them 1 pteridophyta, 108 Monocotyledones and 673 Dicotyledones were identified.Asteraceae with 110, Papilionaceae with 83, Poaceae with 73, Lamiaceae with 68 and Apiaceae with 53 species were the families with the highest number of species.27 families only only one genera and one species. Hemicryptophyta with 418 species (53.45%), Throphyta with 215 species (27.49%), Geophyta with 46 species (5.89%), Chumuephyta with 37 species (4.73%) and Phanrophyta with 53 species (6.77%) are the life forms in the area. From the view point of regional elements plants of this region include: 46.04% Irano-Touranian, 6/39% cosmmopolit, 0.51% Euro-Siberian and others are ploriregional.29% of species are medicinal and aromatic plants. Moluccella laevis is a rare specie in Qazvin province limited to a small area. Lathyrus alamutensis is a new species is described separactly.

Eucalyptus is one of the fast growing trees and adapted to climate Conditions of Iran. Compared with other eucalypt species, Eucalyptus maculata is important for its essential oil, chemical componenets and medical utilization. Asexual propagation by conventinal methods has many problems and sexual propagation is not suitable, because the species is a cross- pollinated plant and wide range of genetic variablility exists in nature. Compared with the common method of tissue culture, woody plant propagatin by the new method of tissue culture (photoautotrophic conditions) has many advantages. The investigation was carried out to determine the best method of mass propagation for E. maculata, using photoautotrophic (artificial recharge of CO2) and semi- photoautotrophic (utilization of accumulated CO2 around the containers inside growth chamber) conditions. For this reason, terminal shoots of young plants of E. maculata, produced from prolifrated seedling, were used as explants. The explants were placed in Magenta (G7) containers, containing 70 ml of half-strenght, sugar and agar free MS medium, supplemented with vermiculite for six weeks. Gas exchange amount of culture containers with external and internal environments, containg different number of filters, was studied at photoautotrophic and semi- photoautotrophic conditions. The results showed that there is significant differences between photoautotrophic and semi- photoautotrophic conditions in terms of branch length, wet and dry weight, number and surface area leaf, chlorophyl and root number. photoautotrophic conditions was better than the semi- photoautotrophic conditions for micropropagatin of E. maculata. photoautotrophic.

Efficient use of radiation for medicinal plants production, might increase flower yield, essential oils and extract yield. A split plot design. was used in a two years (2005 and 2006) field study in Torogh region (36, 10oN, 59.33o E and 1300 m altitude) of Mashhad, Iran, to observe the effects of different nitrogen application and plants densities on flower dry matter production, essential oils, and radiation use efficiency in a multi-harvested Marigold (Calendula officinalis). The levels of nitrogen fertilizer were 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 and levels of density were 20, 40, 60 and 80 plant m-2. The combined analysis results revealed significant effects of nitrogen and density levels on flower dry matter production, essential oils, and radiation use efficiency of Marigold. The highest dry flower production obtained by 150 kg ha-1 N and 80 plant m-2 plant population (102.86 g m-2). The higher flower dry matter production caused more essential oils and extract production in high nitrogen and density levels. The amount of essential oils and extract per 100g flower dry matter decreased during the flower harvesting period. The higher amount of essential oil and extract obtained at early flowering season. The essential oil and extract ranged from 0.22 to 0.12 (ml. per 100g flower dry matter) and 2.74 to 2.13 (g per 100g flower dry matter) respectively. Increase of both nitrogen and density caused higher radiation use efficiency. The most radiation use efficiency obtained at 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen and 80 Plant m-2 desity treatments. In 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen treatment, increase of density levels from 20 plant m-2 to 80 Plant m-2 caused increase in radiation use efficiency from 1.41 g MJ-1 to 1.44 g MJ-1 respectively.

One of the basic methods for improving rangelands of the country is use of native and non-native species to improve them. One of non-native species is Atriplex canescens which is cultivated in many rangelands but the necessary point in this project is effects of these species on native species of the region. In the current study effect of chemical competition (allelopathy) of mentioned species on germination of Salsola rigida was studied. Salsola rigida is known as a native species that has good quality in arid and semi-arid rangelands. For this survey 10% weight / volume (w/v) extract from leaves and fruits of A. canescens was prepared and 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% concentrations were obtained with addition of distilled water and control treatment (distilled water) were used as another treatment. Five mentioned treatments with four replications in the form of completely randomized design (CRD) in germination was studied for 8 days and different groups of treatments was categorized by Duncan test. The obtain results showed that available material in shoots of Atriplex canescens (fruits and leaves) have allelopathic effect on germination of Salsola rigida include of Final germination (FG), Mean period of final germination (MPFG), Rate of germination (RG), Percentage inhibition or stimulation, (p<0/01).

Evaluation of organizational culture is an important tool for collecting information regarding the cultural atmosphere of an organization. Managers will be able to know culture of own organization and compare the divers parts of it and also will know employees’ beliefs and perceptions. This information helps managers to improve the gap between present and desired situations. In this research Denison Model is used to recognize the organizational culture in Forest, Rangelands, and Watershed Organization. This model is used in many companies and organizations all over the world. Based on model the organizational culture is based on four origin dimensions includes: involvement, consistency, adaptability and mission, each has three indexes. The organization including department of management and human resource development, department of dry and semi-dry regions, department of humidity and semi humidity region, and department of land protection and land affairs, and department of independent offices. The statistic society was 840 people and the base on kochran formula, 128 people was determined as samples.165 standard questionnaires distributed between the five different departments.. These data were collected and analyzed and figure of the organizational culture derived. The result showed that all of four dimensions in organization are in the medium level. The maximum score is in the core value and agreement. The minimum score is in creating change and customer focus.

At present, desertification as a problem, involves many countries, especially developing countries and includes some processes that caused by natural factors as well as human uncorrect activities. Aim of this study is investigation of water and soil indices in desertification condition of Ayne-khosh and finally preparing desertification map. For this purpose, MEDALUS methodology that prepared by European commission (1999), was used. In order to indicators access, produced indicators by Ahmadi et al (2005), and some of ICD modified indicators was used. Finally for each of water and soil indices, eight indicators were determined. Results show that desertification intensity is high and going to develop. Water and soil indices respectively classified to intensive (1.517) and moderate (1.381) classes. In soil index, Organic matter, soil texture and formation kind indicators with having numerical value as respectively; 1.871.83 and 1.80, are more effectives, and in water index, dryness, groundwater EC and decline, with having numerical value as respectively; 2, 1.78 and 1.67 are most effectives. Quantitative value of desertification intensity for studying area determined by weighting mean of tow indices (soil and water) numerical value as DS=1.385. So desertification intensity class estimated as critical (kind A).

Gum tracaganth is a gum which ooze naturally or by splitting in collar, stem or roots of thorny milk-vetch and realease it, s moisture in air and dry on trunk of plant easily. No production. It has used in different industries and for diseases therapy. To investigation on the number and type of construct in different times on amount of gum tracaganth a strip split plot in time in two years with below factors in a wearisome range selected: A: Number of construct (one-two) B: Type of construct (Horizontal-vertical-obliqut C: Time (15tir-30tir-15mordad-31mordad In each unit (24 unit in each replication) 5 plants selected and treated. The average of five plants calculated and used. Yearly and component variance analysis showed non significact between number of construct but for keeping of Airodinamic balance. One construct is better. Time had significant effect on amount of gum tracaganth production and most production was in 31 tir (flowering stage). Vertical construct is the best and obliqate was the next and Horizontal constrct isn’t suitable. The most production was in 31 tir with vertical construct and least was in end of mordad with obliqate constract.

Current Tehran Master Plan is based on adapting ‘zoning approach’ in land-use planning. By allocating mainly open and undeveloped lands to green and open space development, improving average per capita green space is targeted. With considering land availability and differences in population concentration all 22 urban districts faces different limitation and therefore need to adapt different and appropriate strategies. In this study the potential and applicability of this land-use approach and strategies were tested. The results demonstrate that by implementing this master plan average per capita green space relatively will be improved, but existing differences and gaps between different districts remain unresolved.

This investigation was performed to determining the most suitable planting density and date of maple seeding the nursery. This experiment was carried out in split-plot design with two factors of seedling density in four level (21, 29, 36 and 43gram seeds in unite area) and planting time in ten level (Nov.20, Des.5, Des.20, Jan.4, Jan.19, Feb.3, Feb.18, Mars 5 and Mars 15) in four replications in Vanamak nursery of Neka-Choob company in Mazandaran province. After leaf falling and before transfer of seedlings, quality and quantity factors of seedlings such as seedling quality, diameter, total height, number of seedling and number of transferable seedling were evaluated and analyzed. Results showed that there were significant differences among treatments. Seedling density affected on number of seedling and seedling height but did not affect on collar diameter. Time of planting was effective on measured parameters. On the base of results seeding density of 29 gram and planting times of December was suggested for nursery condition.