Year:2006 | Volume:19 | Issue:2 (71 IN AGRONOMY AND HORTICULTURE)|Papers Count:16

Esfahan province is one of the important places of wallflower (Cheiranthus cheiri L.) production and in recent years is exporting to other provinces such as Tehran, Shiraz and Tabriz. Foot rot and wilting of the plants were observed in wallflower greenhouses. symptoms of the disease in above-ground of infected plants were yellowing, wilting and death of leaves, and crown region shows dark sunken lesions. In order to determine the causal agent of the disease, samples were collected from infected plants and transferred to the lab. Root and crown samples were first thoroughly rinsed with tap water and surface sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite. Pieces of stems and roots were cultured on PDA medium and incubated at 27°C. After 2 days, from the majority of the stem pieces, a slow growing fungus was recovered, and isolated by hyphal tip. On the basis of morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Rhizoctonia solani Kiihn. As the causal agent of the disease is soilborne and its chemical control in infected soils is difficult, it is proposed to disinfect the soil before use in pots.

Providing the sugar beet water requirement with modem irrigation methods as sprinkler, micro and subsurface irrigation methods are very important because of it's high water requirement and long growth period. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility decreasing in water application in trickle irrigation and effects of trickle irrigation on quality and quantity parameters of sugar beet and to compare water consumption and water use efficiency. The experiment (C.R.B.D) was conducted at Ekbatan Research Station in Hamedan with 3 replicates. Treatments were: (1) Trickle (Tape) irrigation with water consumption equal of evaporation replishment 100%,(2) Trickle irrigation with water consumption equal of evaporation replishment 75%,(3) Trickle irrigation with water consumption equal of evaporation replishment 50%.The results showed that amoung of irrigation treatments in respect of sugar content, white sugar content, extractability, sugar yield and white sugar yield haven't significant difference (a=5%). The maximum and the minimum of water use efficiency related to sugar yield to be connected Tape( 50%) and Tape (100 %) with 905(gr/m3) and 699(gr/m3) respectively. The cooperation of Tape (75%) and Tape (100%) irrigation showed that water consumption was decreased about 18 percent and water use efficiency was increased about 27.6 percent in Tape (75 %) treatment.

Rooted cuttings of four cultivars of grape namely, Askari, Rotabi, Siyah and Rishbaba were planted in sand culture to study the effect of nutrient solution pH on the absorption of iron (Fe). Treatments were four pH levels of half concentration Hogland nutrient solution (namely pH 6, 7, 8 and 9). The criteria measured were chlorophyll, greenness, fresh and dry weight of aerial parts of plants and total Fe concentration and Fe++ of root, stem and leaves. The results showed that increasing pH and bicarbonate concentration of nutrient solution significantly reduced chlorophyll content and greenness of leaves in all 4 cultivars. But no signs of chlorosis were seen in the leaves of any cultivars. Only pH= 9 significantly reduced fresh and dry weight of aerial parts in all cultivars. The highest Fe++ level of leaves was seen at pH= 6 and the lowest at pH= 9.Thus the best treatment was pH 7 and the most tolerant cultivars was Rishbaba.

All alive organisms of soil depend on organic matters for energy and nutrients. So, one of the properties offertile soils is content of organic matters. This research was conducted in agricultural lands, rangelands, gentle and steep slope rain fed lands in three regions (Kermanshah-Paveh- Javanroud) of Kermanshah province to analyze the content of organic matter in three soil layers (0-30<30-60<60-90 cm) based on split plots as a completely randomized blocks experimental design. The results of organic matter analysis for 81 soil samples showed that there is a significant difference between agricultural treatment and soil layers (99%). Also comparison of different treatments using Duncan analysis showed that the highest rate of organic matter is related to Kermanshah while the lowest amount was obtained in Paveh, more over rangelands had the highest amount of organic matter but the steep slope rain feds had the lowest organic matter content the highest content of organic matter was obtained from topsoil but the lowest one is related to the deeper layers of soil in gentle slope rain fed lands.

In order to estimation of wheat production function and so water and nitrogen demand functions at deficit irrigation condition a field experiment was conducted as split plot arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during 2000-2002 at Maragheh Agricultural Research Station of DARI. The treatments included four levels of irrigation (average of two years: 0, 100, 160 and 220mm) as main plots and five N rates (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120kg.N.ha-1) as sub plots, and winter wheat, Alamout as variety. Data analyzed by Partial Budgeting, Marginal Benefit -Cost Ratio (BBCR), different states of water and irrigation prices, production function and income functions. Wheat production function was a polynomial (quadratic) and estimated its coefficients. Optimum level of deficit irrigation was 2/3 of full irrigation (160=), combined with 90kg.N.ha-1, although it reduced 19.8 percent of grain yield comparison with full irrigation, but it got maximum water productivity (27.9kg.mm-1). In this treatment, 27.3 percent increase in cropping area mentioned 10.2 percent increase in total yield production. Limit of benefitability for optimum level of deficit irrigation was determined as 2690 Rial.m-1 water.

In this research, the effects of Hoagland, s nutrient with different concentrations of lead (0, 100, 200, 400, mM Pb (NO3)2 on contents; chlorophylls a, b, total chlorophyll in leaves, ions calcium, iron and Pb2+ accumulation in root and shoot of two varieties of rape seed (Brassica napus L.) PF7045.91 and Hyola 401; in hydroponic culture conditions were studied.Samples were digested (wet digestion) using mixture of nitric and perchloric acid was used to contents, ions calcium, iron and lead Concentration of chlorophylls a and b and metals were determined using Spectrophotometer (U.V) model Hitachy U-2000 and atomic absorption instrument model shimadzo AA - 6300, respectively. In order to interpretation of data, different statistical methods were used. Results showed that, lead caused decrease the contents; chlorophylls a, b and total chlorophyll in leaves and ions Ca2+, Fe2+ in root and shoot of two varieties of rape seed in comparison with control (p< 0.05). By increasing lead concentration of nutrient solution, Pb2+ accumulation in root and shoot of each two varieties in comparison with control was increased (p< 0.05).

Among necessary nutrients for plant survival, some nutrients have special role including N, P, K. in order to study. the importance of the mentioned nutrients, three regions were considered in Kermanshah province to determine the variation of the nutrients in different agricultural and rangelands. A split design based on the completely randomized blocks in three treatments (steep slope rain fed, gentle slope rain fed and rangelands) for three regions and three replications were considered. Soil samplings from three layers (0-30, 30-60, 60-90 cm) and analysis of variance showed that is a significant difference between treatments, soil layers and regions (99%). Also comparison of means using Duncan analysis showed that in each three layers amount of N in gentle slope rain fed lands of Kermanshah and Javanroud is suitable while in steep slope rain fed lands of Paveh and Kermanshah is not suitable. The results of K showed ideal condition in gentle slope rain fed lands and unsuitable variations for rangelands of Kermanshah. Mean while variation of P in gentle slope rain feds of Javanroud have acceptable condition but in steep slope rain feds of Kermanshah it was not idea.

Water deficit affects plant physiology, morphology and metabolism. In order to evaluating the effects of nitrogen on the yield and its components in water deficit conditions, an experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment with randomized complete block design. The main plots were irrigation regimens with 7, 14,21 days interval and the amount of nitrogen application as equivalent 30,60,90,120 kg of nitrogen and the sampling times (49, 59, 69, 79, and 89 days after sowing) were subplots. The stress of water deficit reduced the yield of soybean through reducing the number of pods in each plant as well as the grain weight of the soybeans. However, the application of nitrogen led to a reduction in the adverse effects of water deficit, with increase in the application to as much as 90 kg pure nitrogen per hectare resulting in a significant increase in the yield of soybeans as evidenced through the increase in the number of pods per plant as well as the grain weight of soybeans in all levels of irrigation conditions. Corresponding to an increase in the amount of nitrogen applied from 30 to 90 kg per hectare, increases yield of 53%, 84% and 54%, respectively in 7, 14 and 21 days irrigation intervals.

Rye (Secale cereale) is one of the most important weed in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). Herbicides are main factors in weed control but herbicides resistance, environmental problems and high costs get researchers to find non chemical weed controls. On of these ways is competitive ability to management weeds. It is important to know plant traits inducing higher competitive ability. An experiment was conducted in Karaj and Varamin during 2002-2003. Eight Iranian winter wheat cultivars (Azadi, Mahdavi, Roshan, Tabasi, Pishtaz, Shiraz, Karaj 2 and Nicknejad) were used in this experiment and a factoiral experiment design arranged in a randomaized complet block was used. Feral rye was planted with wheat seeds at 120 Kg m-2. Among these Cultivars Mahdavi and Karaj2 are competitive and non competitive Cultivars against feral rye respectively. Comparison of the morphological and physiologival traits showed that Leaf Area Index (LAI), number of tillers plant, rate of germination and canopy structure were the most plant traits in enhancing competitiveness in wheat against feral rye.

Crop growth modeling for forecasting various plant's functions and their contribution to yield, is one of the ways to improve field management. This trial was set up to evaluate radiation use efficiency of mung bean, common bean and cowpea cultivars in a double cropping system. Field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj. A 4-replicate group balanced block field experiment was set up. Results showed that the differences among three pulses were significant in terms of biomass (p<0.05). Cowpea, producing 5876.8 Kg/ha, had the highest yield among the species used in this study. Comparison of grain yield observed in this experiment with mono crop yield potential, showed that cowpea, common bean and mung bean produced 40%, 37% and 58% of their mono crop grain yield potential, respectively. In the late vegetative growth period, cowpea, mung bean and common bean absorbed 90%, 33% and 36% of photosynthetic active radiation, respectively. There was a significant difference among pulses, in terms of their radiation use efficiency and light extinction coefficient (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Cowpea, common bean and mung bean had radiation use efficiencies of 0.84, 0.82 and 0.99, g/MJ and light extinction coefficients of 0.605, 0.344 and 0.458, respectively. Results indicated that in some cultivars, when K decreases and LAI increases, LUE might be increased twice.

The main scope of this research is to develop a method in order to organize and manage the business process reengineering (BPR) projects. The users of the BPR approaches have always faced different problems in using them. In this study first, the necessity and importance of the BPR design plans within the framework of the scientific approach toward and implementation were defined. Then the main components of BPR plans such as goals, limitation, organization and methodology of the projects were discussed in detail. The further step was the study of the well-known and credited methodology of the international consulting companies. Due to importance, varieties and necessity of localization of the common methodologies, in this study a modified methodology was developed. Finally, sophistication and comprehensiveness of the developed methodology was studied. In addition to the all capabilities of the international methodologies, this methodology consists of much more useful abilities. The considerable aspects, important innovation, and the comprehensiveness of the developed methodology are mentioned in the research conclusion.

Sugar beet plants only in spring in Kerman province and incidence of disease and pests cause many problems. Primary experiments were carrid out in Orzoieh plan to develop the sugar beet cultivation in Kerman province and find out the new climates for Autumn cultivation of this crop. Two varieties of sugar beet (DEZ and BRI) in three planting date (22 Aug, 10 Sep, 2 Oct) and three harvesting date (3 Apr' 4 May and 4 lun) were used as a factoria11ayout in a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2002 year. The results showed that: DEZ variety had higher root yield and white sugar yield than BRI variaty at p=0.5 level of probability but root impurity and bolting percentage were less in DEZ variety at p=0.5 level of probability. The best planting date was reported 22 August with white sugar yield of 9.64 ton/ha' root yield of 85.09 ton/ha and white sugar content of 11.44% and the best harvesting date was June 4 with white sugar yield of 9.38 ton/ha. Results indicated that autumn planting of sugar beet in Orzoieh could be successful in Orzoieh which the best planting and harvesting date were 31 August and 4 May respectively.

In vitro production of potato virus-free microtubers is an expensive procedure. With the aim of decreasing the production costs, this study was carried out using four potato cultivars, Sante, Agria, Diamond and Kasmos. In vitro stock plants originated from meristem culture were used as explants in experiments. Low-price substitutes including ordinary and red sugars, wheat and corn starches, different concentrations of fusamco liquid nutrient and chemical fertilizers (urea, triple super phosphate and potassium sulfate) were used in midia of tuber induction stage instead of sucrose, agar and minerals of culture mediol, respectively. Results showed that ordinary sugar may be an appropriate substitute for pure sucrose. It could reduce the culture medium cost by 87.53%. The mentioned starches, however, could not be used for optimum solidification of the medium. Chemical fertilizers may be an appropriate substitute for nitrogen, phosphor, and potassium supply resources in MS basic culture medium and reduced culture medium costs by 2.04%. Concentration of 4 ml of fusamco liquid nutrient showed a decrease in number and weight indices of produced tubers, and had a significant difference with the control, but culture medium cost was reduced by 4.43%.